MSA 1

Climate change is predicted to have an impact on Earth's biodiversity. What could be a consequence of climate change on marine biodiversity? A An increase in the temperature of the ocean may cause bleaching of corals, thus dramatically reducing biodiversity. B An increase in the temperature of the ocean will cause coastal wetlands to shrink, thus decreasing biodiversity. C An influx of fresh water as the ice caps melt will increase salinity of the ocean, thus eliminating species sensitive to changes in salinity. D An increase in atmospheric temperature will cause increased evaporation from the ocean, thus shrinking the amount of viable habitat in the ocean.

An increase in the temperature of the ocean may cause bleaching of corals, thus dramatically reducing biodiversity.

Runoff from land often contains harmful pollutants that end up in our ocean ecosystems. Which would be an accurate example of a pollutant found in runoff and its impact on our oceans? A Fertilizer runoff can cause harmful algal blooms. B Pesticide runoff can cause harmful algal blooms. C Dioxins from paper mills can cause harmful algal blooms. D Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from electric plants can cause harmful algal blooms.

Fertilizer runoff can cause harmful algal blooms.

As beaches are continually developed and the shores erode, many sea turtles struggle to reproduce. What impact on biodiversity could result from this low rate of reproduction? A Genetic diversity of the turtles will decrease as fewer individuals successfully reproduce. B Individuals most fit for survival will reproduce and improve the genetic diversity of the population. C These species will adapt to reproducing in different locations and biodiversity will not be impacted. D Loss of these few species through lack of reproduction will not significanly impact ocean ecosystems and their diversity.

Genetic diversity of the turtles will decrease as fewer individuals successfully reproduce.

How is wavelength defined? A It is the distance between the crest and the trough of a wave. B It is the number of complete waves that pass a point in one second. C It is the maximum distance of a wave on either side of its mean position. D It is the distance between one point on the wave and the nearest point where the wave repeats itself.

It is the distance between one point on the wave and the nearest point where the wave repeats itself.

Which of these statements best describes the function of models in science? A Models are a necessary component of conclusions. B Models eliminate the need to test full-scale versions of an object. C Models incorporate all the details of complex natural phenomena. D Models provide a testable interpretation of a complex system

Models provide a testable interpretation of a complex system

The venomous lionfish is native to the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. This fish has recently been introduced into the Atlantic Ocean. Which of the following could describe a consequence of the introduction of this species? A Native fish species will not be affected by the non-native lionfish. B Native fish species will increase in population due to a new prey species. C Native predators will quickly decrease the population of the non-native lionfish. D Native fish species will show reduced populations due to competition with the lionfish.

Native fish species will show reduced populations due to competition with the lionfish.

The following are characteristics of a living organism: Single-celled Eukaryotic No cell wall Heterotrophic Aquatic habitat Based on these characteristics, to which kingdom would this organism belong? A Archaebacteria B Eubacteria C Plantae D Protista

Protista

Shark fishing has become a popular sport among fishermen. Which of the following accurately describes a possible impact of this new sport on marine biodiversity? A The reduction of shark populations will leave room for predatory invasive species to take over. B The reduction of shark populations will increase the populations of all organisms in lower trophic levels. C The reduction of shark populations will not significantly impact any other populations because they occupy a common niche. D The reduction of shark populations could cause their normal prey to overpopulate which in turn will dramatically reduce populations below them in the food chain.

The reduction of shark populations could cause their normal prey to overpopulate which in turn will dramatically reduce populations below them in the food chain.

Which of the following statements explains how bottom dwelling fish find food in murky waters? A They use sight to locate food. B They use gill slits to filter out nutrients. C They use sense of hearing to locate prey. D They use their sense of taste to locate food sources.

They use their sense of taste to locate food sources.

Which of the following occurrences will have the greatest effect on a population of plankton in a coastal ecosystem? A an increase of the pH of water B a decrease in the amount of sunlight C a decrease in the salinity of the water D an increase in the temperature of the water

a decrease in the amount of sunlight

Which example can be classified as a hazard of mercury? A concentration increases up the aquatic food chain B enlarging the hole in the ozone layer C increasing the temperature of Earth's oceans D highly radioactive to aquatic life

concentration increases up the aquatic food chain

Which property of water explains why glacial ice floats rather than sinks? A adhesion B capillary action C density D heat capacity

density

Which of the following examples can be classified as a characteristic belonging to the phyla vertebrate? A being autotrophic B cells having cell walls C having a spinal cord D having an exoskeleton

having a spinal cord

Which natural selection condition example can be classified as a struggle to survive? A A guppy laying many eggs in a fish tank. B A carp having a mutation that makes it immune to a fungus. C A baby sea turtle crawling towards the ocean after hatching. D A shark having a mutation that makes it "extra" immune to most disease.

A baby sea turtle crawling towards the ocean after hatching.

How do sponges feed? A Filter microorganisms from water brought in through pores B Use nematocysts to capture small prey C Extract decaying plant matter from sediment D Absorb Hydrogen Sulfide directly from the water

Filter microorganisms from water brought in through pores

In an environmental study of an estuary, population data is gathered for the fish species that live there. During the first year of the study, twelve species of fish were found to be abundant in their population size. Five years later, the study indicates that only 6 of those species remain and only two of those species are abundant in population size. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the change in fish populations? A The amount of natural predators in the estuary increased during the five year span of the study. B A hurricane or tornado occurred during the five year study and wiped out most of the native species. C Global warming caused the climate to change significantly and many species couldn't adapt to the higher water temperatures. D One or two of the fish populations were introduced exotic species and they outcompeted the native species of fish for estuary resources.

One or two of the fish populations were introduced exotic species and they outcompeted the native species of fish for estuary resources.

Water's high heat capacity directly affects ocean currents. How does the heat capacity of water connect to the ocean currents? A Since water is used as a renewable energy source, the high energy surface water is replaced by the cold water, which begins the current process. B Since water can store large amounts of energy in the form of heat, the high energy surface water flows towards the cold water, which begins the current process. C Since water can store small amounts of energy in the form of heat, the high energy surface water flows towards the cold water, which begins the current process. D Since water can release large amounts of energy into the atmosphere, the high energy surface water flows towards the cold water, which begins the current process.

Since water can store large amounts of energy in the form of heat, the high energy surface water flows towards the cold water, which begins the current process.

Whales and dolphins can tell the difference between objects as small as a BB pellet from 15 meters away by using sonar. Which statement correctly explains how dolphins and whales are able to do this? A Sound waves are sent out, and they reflect back off objects. B Sound waves are sent off and create an image when they strike an object. C Distant animals create sound waves which are captured by dolphins and whales. D Dolphins and whales splash their tails and waves of water bounce off an object creating sound.

Sound waves are sent out, and they reflect back off objects.

Whales communicate to each other using sound waves at various frequencies. It has been shown that these waves can travel faster and longer distances in water than in air. Why do sound waves behave differently in these two mediums? A Sound waves travel slower in air because buildings causing interference. B Sound waves travel across the particles of matter; since water molecules are closer together, the wave can travel further. C Sound waves travel faster in empty space; since air molecules are further away from each other, the wave will travel further. D Sound waves travel at the same speed in both mediums; they only travel further in water because there are fewer obstructions.

Sound waves travel across the particles of matter; since water molecules are closer together, the wave can travel further.

An increase in global temperature is the leading explanation for the decrease in sea ice. In Greenland, the sea ice is covered with algal growth, which darkens the ice. Based on this observation, a scientist claims that this "dark ice" is contributing to the rate at which the sea ice is melting. Which statement explains why this claim could be a valid alternative scientific explanation to the decreasing amount of sea ice? A The claim can be easily changed. B The claim has been peer-reviewed and accepted. C The claim was proved in a controlled experiment. D The claim is based on currently accepted knowledge.

The claim has been peer-reviewed and accepted.

Which consequence would occur if dolphins lost their ability to use sonar? A They would be unable to hear. B They would lose their ability to float. C They would not be able to find food. D They would not be able to detect distant movements.

They would not be able to detect distant movements.

The diagrams below show four stages of the ecological succession of a coral reef. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF A CORAL REEF Which stage most likely represents the result of climate change and oceanic warming? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

4

Which of the following examples of natural selection conditions can be classified as inherited variation? A A salmon is swimming upstream to spawn. B A toad has thousands of eggs that turn into tadpoles. C Birds are flying south for the winter for warmer weather. D A family of fish has a mutation that protects then against a harmful bacteria.

A family of fish has a mutation that protects then against a harmful bacteria.

The Mariana Trench is the deepest location in any of the Earth's oceans. Which of the following describes the most likely cause of its formation? A A plate topped with oceanic crust diverged from another plate topped with oceanic crust. B A plate topped with oceanic crust was subducted under another plate topped with oceanic crust. C A plate toped with oceanic crust was subducted under another plate topped with continental crust. D A plate topped with continental crust was subducted under another plate topped with oceanic crust.

A plate topped with oceanic crust was subducted under another plate topped with oceanic crust.

Which statement best describes a reason for changing the classification of a species? A The habitat of the species becomes altered by humans. B Non-inheritable mutations randomly occur in a species. C The number of individuals belonging to a species increases. D Additional scientific information about the species is found.

Additional scientific information about the species is found.

The characteristics of a kingdom are written on one side of a card, and the correct classification is written on the back of the card. BIOLOGY FLASH CARD Multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells organized into tissues and lacking cell walls. These organisms are unable to perform photosynthesis; instead, nutrients are obtained by ingestion. Kingdom:_________________________ If a student has the card shown above, what kingdom is written on the back of the card? A Eubacteria B Animalia C Protista D Fungi

Animalia

The table shows basic characteristics of organisms in a particular kingdom: CHARACTERISTICS FOR A KINGDOM OF LIFE cell type: eukaryotic cell #: multicellular only cell wall: absent reproduction: sexual -- Which kingdom is characterized by the information shown in the table? A Animalia B Fungi C Plantae D Protista

Animalia

Students collected the following information and data in a Marine Science class: Humpback Whales have one of the longest distance migrations of any mammal. In the summer they migrate to the northern latitudes to feed on krill and in the winter they migrate to the southern latitudes near the equator. The Effect of Intensity of Lighting on the Number of Krill in an Area *chart* What conclusions can be drawn from the information and the data provided? A Area 1 has the least number of Krill due to low light intensity. Therefore, this data can represent a winter season. Hump back whales can be found in the southern latitudes. B Area 4 has the most number of krill due to an increased light intensity. This data can represent a summer season. Hump back whales can be located in the southern latitudes. C Area 4 has the most number of krill due to increased light intensity. This data can represent a winter season. Hump back whales can be located in the southern latitudes. D Area 1 has the least number of Krill due to low light intensity. Therefore, this data can represent a summer season. Hump back whales can be found in the southern latitudes.

Area 1 has the least number of Krill due to low light intensity. Therefore, this data can represent a winter season. Hump back whales can be found in the southern latitudes.

Use the food web below to answer the question that follows. What would occur if all the snapper suddenly disappeared from this ecosystem? A Blenny would increase due to the loss of a predator. B Dolphins would increase due to the loss of a predator. C The pilchard would decrease due to losing a primary food source. D Tiger sharks would increase due to the increase in its food sources.

Blenny would increase due to the loss of a predator.

Which is not a role that oceans play in the carbon cycle? A Carbon dioxide is released by marine mammals. B Carbon dioxide is released from deep sea sediments. C Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere by the ocean. D Carbon dioxide is taken in by phytoplankton during photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide is released from deep sea sediments.

Marine ecosystems are vital parts of the carbon cycle. Which correctly traces the path of a carbon atom involving marine systems? A Carbon monoxide is taken in by phytoplankton during cellular respiration and the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is then released back to the atmosphere as a by-product of cellular respiration. B Carbon dioxide is taken in and converted to sugar by a small fish during cellular respiration. A large fish then consumes the small fish and uses the sugar for energy. When the large fish dies, carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere. C Carbon dioxide is taken in by phytoplankton during cellular respiration and converted into sugar. A small fish consumes the phytoplankton and uses the sugar during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is released back to the atmosphere as a by-product of photosynthesis. D Carbon dioxide is taken in by phytoplankton during photosynthesis and converted to sugar. A small fish consumes the phytoplankton and uses the sugar during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is released back into the water as a by-product of cellular respiration.

Carbon dioxide is taken in by phytoplankton during photosynthesis and converted to sugar. A small fish consumes the phytoplankton and uses the sugar during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is released back into the water as a by-product of cellular respiration.

Which of the following Phyla have radial symmetry? A Mollusca (clams, squid, octopus, and snails) B Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, and corals) C Porifera (sponges) D Chordata (whales and dolphins)

Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, and corals)

An environmental group claimed that an oil company drilling very close to coral could damage the coral habitat. Which step should be taken to determine whether the drilling is affecting the coral? A Stop drilling because the environmentalists' claim should be considered valid evidence. B Compare coral areas near the drilling site to coral away from the drilling site. C Continue drilling until an eyewitness sees damage being done to the coral. D Debate the controversy of damage to the coral reef.

Compare coral areas near the drilling site to coral away from the drilling site.

How do currents such as the Gulf Stream affect regional climates? A Currents absorb heat as they move from low latitudes to high latitudes. B Currents distribute heat from offshore regions to coastal regions. C Currents distribute heat from the equator to higher latitudes. D Currents remove heat from higher latitudes and distribute it at the equator.

Currents distribute heat from the equator to higher latitudes.

What best explains why ocean ecosystems are an open system with regards to the Law of Conservation of Energy? A Energy is transferred among many different food chains within the ocean. B All of the energy in the ocean stays in the ocean but does convert between forms. C Energy is constantly transferred between organisms and the water environment of the ocean. D Energy is transferred between the ocean and other areas such as the atmosphere, the soil, and the land masses.

Energy is transferred between the ocean and other areas such as the atmosphere, the soil, and the land masses.

Which of the following is not an advantage of the exoskeleton in arthropods and mollusks? A Provides protection from predators B Provides rigid places for muscles to insert and against which they can do work C Enhances sensory perception D Permits greater range of movement than body plans without a rigid skeletal structure

Enhances sensory perception

When nurse sharks find that brightly colored red crabs move more slowly and are easier to catch than other crabs, they will change their behaviors to catch these brightly colored crabs more often. What behavioral change would you expect to see in the brightly colored red crabs over time? a. The brightly colored red crabs will leave the area to look for a habitat that does not have any predators that like to eat them. B The brightly colored red crabs will learn to avoid the predators and will not be eaten anymore after subsequent generations. C Faster bright red crabs will survive longer, will reproduce more, and will have more offspring. Over time, the bright red crabs will become faster. D There will be no change in the behavior of the brightly colored red crabs over time. They will just learn to exist with the predators the way they are.

Faster bright red crabs will survive longer, will reproduce more, and will have more offspring. Over time, the bright red crabs will become faster.

Which of the following pieces of evidence were given by Alfred Wegener in 1912 to support the theory of continental drift? A The edges of the continents fit together like a puzzle, and volcanic islands are present in the oceans. B Fossils of tropical plants are found in polar regions, and the edges of the continents fit together like a puzzle. C Fossils of tropical plants are found in polar regions, and fossils of polar animals are found in tropical regions. D Volcanic islands are present in the oceans, and earthquake-prone regions are located near the edges of the continents.

Fossils of tropical plants are found in polar regions, and the edges of the continents fit together like a puzzle.

Surface currents redistribute heat from the equator towards the poles. Why are the climate and waters around the Galapagos much cooler than would be expected, given their proximity to the equator? A There are only cold water currents around the Galapagos. B The warm water cools by the time it reaches the Galapagos. C The current in this area is moving warm water away from the Galapagos. D Heat distribution is uneven and upwelling brings cold water to the surface around the Galapagos.

Heat distribution is uneven and upwelling brings cold water to the surface around the Galapagos.

Which of the following statements is an appropriate research question for this data table? A Why do environmental parameters affect marine life? B How do environmental parameters affect marine life? C How does marine life influence environmental parameters? D Why does marine life influence environmental parameters?

How do environmental parameters affect marine life?

Which of the following are abiotic factors pictured in the aquatic ecosystem above? I. Coral II. Sand III. Water --- A I B I and II C II and III D I, II, and III

II and III

Students in a marine science class want to test the effects of temperature on the reproduction of sea animals. Students learn that sea urchin are often used as an indicator species in environmental studies and so decide to use sea urchin in this investigation. Sea urchin prefer 26.6 degree Celsius (C) water, feed on a variety of algae, and need space in a tank due to their mobility. Students carefully introduce and place sea urchin into their new environments. Which experimental design diagram represents an appropriate experiment? A Independent variable: number of sea urchin in each tank 1 sea urchin 2 sea urchin 3 sea urchin 4 sea urchin 5 sea urchin Dependent variable: number of new sea urchin Constants: sea urchin, algae diet, 26.6 degrees Celsius B Independent variable: temperature 0 degrees C 20 degrees C 30 degrees C 40 degrees C 50 degrees C Dependent variable: number of new sea urchin Constants: sea urchin, algae diet C Independent variable: temperature 24 degrees C 25 degrees C 26 degrees C 27 degrees C 28 degrees C Dependent variable: number of new sea urchin Constants: sea urchin, algae diet D Independent variable: algae diet 1 part per gallon 2 parts per gallon 3 parts per gallon 4 parts per gallon 5 parts per gallon Dependent variable: number of new sea urchin Constants: sea urchin, 26.6 degrees Celsius

Independent variable: temperature 24 degrees C 25 degrees C 26 degrees C 27 degrees C 28 degrees C Dependent variable: number of new sea urchin Constants: sea urchin, algae diet

San Diego, CA has a semi arid climate characterized by mild sunny weather year round. The California Current is a Pacific Ocean current that moves southward along the western coast of North America. Which of these statements best explains how the California Current moderates the climate of San Diego? A It carries cool polar water resulting in cooler temperatures. B It carries warm equatorial water resulting in warmer temperatures. C It conveys cold deep ocean water resulting in cooler temperatures. D It creates surface eddies of warm water resulting in warmer temperatures.

It carries cool polar water resulting in cooler temperatures.

Which statement describes the life cycle of the plates that form Earth's surface? A As ocean plates circulate, they lose mass from being attracted by Earth's magnetic field; however, as continental plates circulate, they gain mass from being repelled by Earth's magnetic field. B As plates move away from each other, volcanoes and mountains rise from beneath Earth's surface and eventually erode, thereby completing the cycle. C Energy from the outer core causes earthquakes and plate movement; the plates first rise and later crumble as they age and move across Earth's surface. D Ocean plates emerge at ocean ridges and recycle back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches; continental plates are less dense and exist much longer but also recycle when they are pushed under another continental plate.

Ocean plates emerge at ocean ridges and recycle back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches; continental plates are less dense and exist much longer but also recycle when they are pushed under another continental plate.

The theory of plate tectonics helps explain the formation of some Earth features. A drawing showing the formation of some of these features is shown below. This drawing illustrates that volcanoes most likely result from which tectonic process? A Island arcs form. B Plate boundaries converge. C Plate boundaries diverge. D Plate boundaries slide past one another.

Plate boundaries converge

There are many components to the theory of plate tectonics. Prior to the development of plate tectonics, the accepted explanation of the physical forces that shaped Earth's geography was continental drift. Which of the following choices best explains why the continental drift theory was dismissed in favor of plate tectonics? A Plate tectonics proved the continents were joined together through fossil evidence. B Plate tectonics disproved continental drift by providing evidence of the continents being static. C Plate tectonics disproved the use of mantle convection currents that was crucial to continental drift. D Plate tectonics used a variety of mechanisms such as seafloor spreading to prove how the continents moved over millions of years.

Plate tectonics used a variety of mechanisms such as seafloor spreading to prove how the continents moved over millions of years.

It has long been thought that solar energy was the ultimate source of all energy on Earth. What must have occurred in the scientific community when scientists discovered the existence of ecosystems near ocean hydrothermal vents? A. Scientists immediately changed the theory to include this new source of energy. B. Scientists discounted the importance of this new discovery and maintained the existing theory. C. Scientists immediately changed the theory to reflect that these vents are the ultimate source of all energy on Earth. D. Scientists conducted further research and eventually modified the theory to include this source of chemical energy.

Scientists conducted further research and eventually modified the theory to include this source of chemical energy.

The green sea slug is an animal that eats a type of algae and then uses chloroplasts from the algae to perform photosynthesis. The green sea slug does this by replicating the genetic material of the algae. Which classification change could occur due to this new information? A The green sea slug is unable to be classified. B The green sea slug will be classified based on public opinion. C Scientists will ignore organisms with difficult-to-classify traits. D Scientists may make a new kingdom for organisms with both animal- and plant-like traits.

Scientists may make a new kingdom for organisms with both animal- and plant-like traits.

Use the food web below to answer the question that follows. Which of the following would occur if there was a sudden, dramatic increase in the sea urchin population? A Sea otters would decline in numbers. B Abalones would decrease in numbers. C Sea stars would become more numerous. D Kelp and other seaweeds would increase in numbers

Sea stars would become more numerous.

Wave action on beaches and the erosion of sands create zones on the shore in which specific marine species survive. What describes the limiting factors that determine the populations in these zones? A Species living in shoreline zones must adapt to high heat, variable salinity, and abundant food supply. B Species living in shoreline zones must adapt to high heat, variable salinity, and limits on gas exchange. C Species living in shoreline zones must adapt to lower temperatures, low salinity, and limited food supply. D Species living in shoreline zones must adapt to lower temperatures, higher salinity, and limited food supply.

Species living in shoreline zones must adapt to high heat, variable salinity, and limits on gas exchange.

The continents and oceans of Earth have changed over time. These changes are shown in the figure below. CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CHANGES OVER TIME Which of these statements best describes how the ocean has changed over time? A The Pacific Ocean basin has diminished due to forces at transform plate boundaries. B The Pacific Ocean basin has diminished due to the interactions of ridges at junctions. C The Atlantic Ocean basin has expanded due to the formation of new ocean floor at divergent plate boundaries. D The Atlantic Ocean basin has expanded due to the formation of new ocean floor due to the subduction process.

The Atlantic Ocean basin has expanded due to the formation of new ocean floor at divergent plate boundaries.

Which of the following correctly describes the pattern of energy transfer in the food web above? A The amount of energy available increases as energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers. B The amount of energy available increases as energy is transferred from primary to secondary consumers. C The amount of energy available decreases as energy is transferred from primary to secondary consumers. D The amount of energy available stays the same as energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers.

The amount of energy available decreases as energy is transferred from primary to secondary consumers.

Which of the following consequences would occur if the lateral line organ in a fish was damaged? A The fish would lose sense of sight. B The fish would be unable to use sonar to navigate. C The fish would be unable to detect movement and vibrations. D The fish would be unable to sense water temperature changes.

The fish would be unable to detect movement and vibrations.

Humans continue to burn large amounts of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Scientific data indicates that worldwide, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased from about 290 parts-per-million (ppm) in 1850 to 390 ppm in 2013. The ppm figure would be different if it were not for the ocean absorbing 30% - 50% of the released carbon dioxide. What effect did the ocean have in relationship to global temperatures and climate change during this time period? A The oceans have increased the rate of global temperature increase by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. B The oceans have decreased the rate of global temperature increase by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. C By absorbing carbon dioxide, the oceans have increased global temperatures by increasing the rate at which the polar ice caps are melting. D The oceans have no effect on the rate of global temperature change, since burning fossil fuels has no effect on global temperature changes.

The oceans have decreased the rate of global temperature increase by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A large phytoplankton bloom is reported off the coast of western Florida in the Gulf of Mexico; within thirty days, this same bloom is sighted off the coast of North Carolina. How did the phytoplankton travel such a large distance in a short amount of time? A The Franklin Eddy shifted into the Loop Current sending the phytoplankton further westward. B A hurricane came up from Cuba and carried the phytoplankton across Florida into the Atlantic Ocean. C A strong northern storm pushed the phytoplankton down past Cuba where it picked up the Equatorial Current. D The prevailing winds push the phytoplankton into the Gulf Stream current where it travels down around Florida Straits and into the Atlantic Ocean.

The prevailing winds push the phytoplankton into the Gulf Stream current where it travels down around Florida Straits and into the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1976, scientists in the submersible Alvin discovered a rich community of strange and specialized organisms living together near hydrothermal vents. Despite living well below the the photic zone, this hydrothermal vent community included diverse organisms such a clams, giant tubeworms, and crustaceans. How can life exist in such abundance at hydrothermal vents? A Hydrothermal vents are a source of preformed organic matter, which spews out of the vents. This forms the basis of a complex food chain. B The primary producers are chemosynthetic organisms that use dissolved chemicals as an energy source. This forms the basis of a complex food chain. C The chemicals produced by hydrothermal vents kill large organisms such as whales that happen to swim by and the other organisms then feed on the dead carcasses. D The primary producers are photosynthetic organisms that use sunlight and the warm water of the hydrothermal vent to survive. This forms the basis of a complex food chain.

The primary producers are chemosynthetic organisms that use dissolved chemicals as an energy source. This forms the basis of a complex food chain.

In the early twentieth century, Alfred Wegener introduced the theory of continental drift, citing fossil evidence, the similarity of coastlines between continents, and matching rock formations and mountain changes on different continents. Scientists rejected his theory, stating that he did not have enough evidence. Instead, they proposed land bridges between continents to explain the fossil evidence and a shrinking Earth to explain mountain formation. In the 1920's, the British geologist Arthur Holmes returned to Wegener's theory, proposing that thermal convection caused the movement of Earth's continents. Why were the competing explanations helpful to the scientific community? A They provided scientists with multiple hypotheses to investigate. B They provided scientists with fewer assumptions about continental drift. C They provided scientists with enough evidence to prove continental drift. D They provided scientists with evidence supporting well-established theories.

They provided scientists with multiple hypotheses to investigate

Which of the following processes best describes the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? A Thin oceanic plates moved slowly together and forced the edges of both plates upward, forming a mountain range. B Thin continental plates moved slowly together and forced the edges of both plates upward, forming a mountain range. C Thin oceanic plates moved slowly apart and allowed molten rock to spew forth between the plates, forming a mountain range. D Thin continental plates moved slowly apart and allowed molten rock to spew forth between the plates, forming a mountain range.

Thin oceanic plates moved slowly apart and allowed molten rock to spew forth between the plates, forming a mountain range.

Observations in a Marine Environment alligator feeding on fish and frogs snapping turtles and herons competing for food shrimp feeding on seaweed small fish feeding on seaweed 1 cm of rain after 24 hours air contains 21% oxygen limestone rock dissolving Which of the following statements describes how one abiotic factor of the marine environment uses one of the biotic factors listed in the data table? A Shrimp eat and digest seaweed. B Alligators feed on both frogs and fish. C Erosion of sediment adds oxygen to the air. D Underwater plants release oxygen during photosynthesis.

Underwater plants release oxygen during photosynthesis.

Which property of light waves explains why the ocean normally appears blue in color? A Water and other particles in the ocean refract blue light and absorb red light. B Water and other particles in the ocean aborb blue light and reflect green light. C Water and other particles in the ocean absorb red light first and reflect blue light. D Water and other particles in the ocean scatter blue wavelengths of light to greater depths.

Water and other particles in the ocean absorb red light first and reflect blue light.

Water is a special molecule that has many properties that are vital to living things. What is one of those properties and a reason it is vital to living things of marine ecosystems? A Water is cohesive, meaning its molecules cling to each other, so it allows ice to float on liquid water. B Water expands when it is frozen, this causes ice to sink and leave liquid water for organisms to continue inhabiting. C Water is able to dissolve many substances, which is vital to organisms that live in the water and get their nutrients from the water. D Water has a high specific heat, which means it changes state with very little energy input. This property is responsible for maintaining a narrow temperature range in the ocean.

Water is able to dissolve many substances, which is vital to organisms that live in the water and get their nutrients from the water.

Which of the following is a property of water that makes it essential for life in marine systems? A lack of cohesion B contraction upon freezing C contraction with evaporation D ability to absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature.

ability to absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature.

Which statement best describes how an abiotic factor will change the population of algae within a marine ecosystem? A decreased pH level increases the population of algae B amount of light will influence the population of algae C decreased salinity will increase the population of algae D carnivore-herbivore relationship will influence the population of algae

amount of light will influence the population of algae

Hurricane, cyclone, and typhoon formations in the tropical oceanic areas help maintain Earth's heat balance during the summer and fall seasons. How do these tropical storms accomplish this task of transferring heat energy? A by absorbing heat energy from the sun within the ocean's surface waters B by moving radiant heat energy absorbed by the atmosphere and transferring it to the warm ocean's surface waters C by moving heat energy from the warm surface waters of the ocean and transferring it into the atmosphere above the ocean's surface D by releasing heat energy from the warm ocean's surface and transferring it to the cooler ocean layers below the surface

by moving heat energy from the warm surface waters of the ocean and transferring it into the atmosphere above the ocean's surface

Hydrothermal vents are typically found along cracks in the ocean floor. These vents support a diverse range of organisms, from chemosynthetic bacteria to four-meter-long tube worms. The bacteria use hydrogen sulfide generated from the vents to create organic molecules. The microorganisms form the base of the hydrothermal vent food chain. Which factor plays a key role in the success of the hydrothermal vent community? A chemistry B light C pressure D salinity

chemistry

The population distribution pattern for seaweed in the Gulf of Mexico is shown below. Which pattern of distribution represents the seaweed? A bushels B clumped C random D uniform

clumped

Triston was assigned a science project for his Marine Science class. He decided that he wanted to focus on abiotic factors that affect marine ecosystems. Triston conducted a controlled experiment and tested the effect of salinity on the growth of brine shrimp. He used one brine shrimp as his test population and conducted the experiment one time. The next day he wrote his conclusion and turned in the complete science poster board. When the teacher returned his project to him, he learned that he received a low grade on the project. What could Triston change in his experiment to improve his grade? A test salinity, temperature, and size of population at the same time B make the poster board more colorful and organized C collect more data by using a larger population and having multiple trials D copy information on abiotic factors from the Internet into the conclusion

collect more data by using a larger population and having multiple trials

Remora fish have adhesive disks on their heads that allow them to attach to and ride on the backs of whales. Riding on whales allows the fish to eat leftover food morsels from what the whale has eaten. It appears that the fish does not harm the whale. Which term best describes the relationship between the whale and fish? A commensalism B mutualism C parasitism D predation

commensalism

A small crab will make its home inside a mussel, obtaining food and shelter, while the mussel simply tolerates the situation. In contrast, a different crab falls victim to an intruder who slowly extracts nutrients from its body by spreading a fungus-like substance throughout its extremities. Which two symbiotic relationships are described in the examples? A commensalism and parasitism B communism and predation C competition and mutualism D competition and symbiosis

commensalism and parasitism

Two marine fish species interact in such a way that neither receives a benefit and both are harmed. This relationship would best be classified by which of the following terms? A commensalism B competition C mutualism D predation

competition

A population of crabs was recently exposed to a new disease. Which type of limiting factor is this disease and what will be its predicted impact on the carrying capacity of this population? A density dependent; the carrying capacity will increase B density dependent; the carrying capacity will decrease C density independent; the carrying capacity will increase D density independent; the carrying capacity will be reduced

density dependent; the carrying capacity will decrease

Oceans heat up and release water into the atmosphere as a gas. This helps moderate temperatures. Which of the following is occurring? A condensation B evaporation C precipitation D transpiration

evaporation

The ice layers which form on top of Arctic waters protect aquatic life by insulating the water beneath from the extreme cold temperatures. Which property of water contributes to the formation of this ice barrier? A ability to moderate temperature B cohesive behavior C expansion when frozen D versatility as a solvent

expansion when frozen

Which of the following examples can be classified as belonging to the phyla invertebrate? A being autotrophic B cells having cell walls C having a spinal cord D having an exoskeleton

having an exoskeleton

An organism that is a scavenger with little pigmentation, bioluminescence, and a large mouth most likely resides in which part of the ocean? A near the shore in coastal ocean water with plenty of light B in the upper part of the open ocean with some light C near the top of an ocean ridge with some light D in the deep ocean with no light

in the deep ocean with no light

Which natural selection condition example can be classified as inherited variation? A a guppy laying many eggs in a fish tank B a hermit crap burrows into the sane to hide from predators C a six gill shark swimming in the extreme depths of the ocean D kelp developing a mutation that helps it survive against adverse diseases

kelp developing a mutation that helps it survive against adverse diseases

In the panhandle of Florida, the temperature of the coastal areas is typically a few degrees milder than the temperature of the inland areas. Which contribute(s) to the climate of the coastal areas? l. altitude of the coastal beaches ll. breeze from the Gulf of Mexico lll. waters ability to moderate temperatures A ll only B l and lll C ll and lll D lll only

ll and lll

In the marine environment, natural selection takes advantage of natural variations in the traits of organisms within a population of clams. The major source of this variation among clam populations is due to which of the following events? A changes in the environment B responses to the needs of the clams C response to the stress of competition for food items D mutations in the genetic code which has allowed for successful reproduction rates

mutations in the genetic code which has allowed for successful reproduction rates

In the late 19th century, scientists proposed various explanations for the observation that the continental coastlines fit together like jigsaw puzzle pieces. One theory was that the continents had once fully covered Earth's crust, but that Earth had then expanded to form the oceans. Later, that theory was rejected and replaced by the theory of plate tectonics due to new evidence. What does the passage demonstrate about how new evidence changes science over time? A new evidence requires new theories to be made B new evidence is detrimental to developing new scientific theories C new evidence leads to change in scientific theories but not in scientific knowledge D new evidence leads to change in scientific knowledge which can then lead to new scientific theories

new evidence leads to change in scientific knowledge which can then lead to new scientific theories

An ecosystem must maintain a delicate balance in order to sustain living organisms. In a marine system, which of the following would be an abiotic resource required for small feeder fish? A coral B kelp C oxygen D phytoplankton

oxygen

Icthyophthirius multifiliius is a protozoan that lives on the gills, skins, and fins of fish and causes white spot disease. Which best describes the relationship between Icthyophthirius multifiliius and fish? A commensalism B mutualism C parasitism D predation

parasitism

Trichodina is a protozoan that lives on the gills, skin, and fins of fish and interferes with the release of mucous and causes the fish stress reflected in a high respiration rate. Which best describes the relationship between Trichodina and fish? A commensalism B mutualism C parasitism D predation

parasitism

Alex is learning how life in the aquatic ecosystems is distributed. She is studying about the different types of organisms that live in different ocean zones. To understand these concepts better, she draws a picture for herself to study. Which zone would she show as containing autotrophic producers? A abyssal zone B aphotic zone C benthic zone D photic zone

photic zone

Use the food web below to answer the question that follows. Which of the following is the correct classification for the kelp and seaweed shown in the food web? A carnivore B decomposer C omnivore D producer

producer

Estuaries are transitional environments with a high diversity of life. Although estuaries are influenced by the tidal intrusions and inland rains, they can provide protection for many young animals, hence why they are often referred to as nurseries. What are two forms of protection an estuary ecosystem can provide for young fish and crustaceans? A protection from predators and pollution B protection from ocean waves and winds C protection from high salinity and dissolved oxygen levels D protection from sedimentary runoff and temperature variations

protection from ocean waves and winds

During spring break, a student observes the intertidal zone in an ocean to study the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. The intertidal zone contains sand, crabs, starfish, sea urchins, algae, and barnacles. The water contains dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals ,and salts. Which of the following does not describe how abiotic factors affect biotic factors in the intertidal zone? A sea stars feed upon mussels B tides expose animals to the sun C the actions of waves displace plants D warm temperature cause small fish to move into deeper water

sea stars feed upon mussels

Which of the following situations would not have a negative impact on coral reefs? A decreased temperature of the ocean B rising sea levels C sediment pollution that increases the cloudiness, or turbidity, of the water D slight variations in salinity

slight variations in salinity

Diatoms, like most phytoplankton, are much more abundant in the photic zone than in the aphotic zone. Which two factors found in the photic zone are the two most essential factors for phytoplanton growth? A nutrients and carbon dioxide B nutrients and oxygen C sunlight and carbon dioxide D sunlight and oxygen

sunlight and carbon dioxide

Talia lives near a coastal area that experienced an oil spill in the area waters. Talia wants to experiment to see how different materials can absorb oil out of water. Which of the following would not need to be constant in all of Talia's test groups? A amount of material used B temperature of water C type of material used D type of oil

temperature of water

The popularity of lined seahorses has increased from the late nineties to present day. They are prized for their small structure and are used in a variety of economic trade industries. What limitations do the seahorses face over the next decade? A the ability for them to maintain their small size B the ability to maintain a stable population as demands increase C the ability to find more than one mate to increase population size D the ability to camouflage their appearance to reduce being captured

the ability to maintain a stable population as demands increase

Mullet are local estuarine fish that move in schools and feed on plankton and plant matter. Natural predators of the mullet include spotted sea trout, sharks, pelicans, and dolphins. An experiment was conducted to monitor the mullet population over a five year period. The data below shows that the number of mullet in the area has changed over a five year period. Year 1: 850 mullet 2. 800 3: 700 4. 610 5. 550 Based on the data, one researcher concludes that a new predator was introduced into the area during this time period. Which of the following is a likely alternate explanation for the change in the mullet population? A. mullet prey increased in the area B. mullet parasites decreased in the area C. the temperature of the area increased D. the amount of aquatic plants in the area decreased

the amount of aquatic plants in the area decreased

Which of the following symbiotic relationships demonstrates mutualism? A the sea spider larvae will pierce through a coral polyp and live inside it, gaining food and nutrients from the coral B a goby fish living in the spines of a toxic sea urchin to gain protection from its predator, the sea urchin is not affected C a sponge that provides a safe home filled with nutrients for worms and crustaceans, but the organisms do not harm the sponge D the anemone hermit crab attaches several small anemones to its shell as camouflage, the anemones in turn get a mobile home exposing them to more food options

the anemone hermit crab attaches several small anemones to its shell as camouflage, the anemones in turn get a mobile home exposing them to more food options

Carter likes to go fishing off a local pier. He catches his own baitfish in a special trap he designed. He would like to see what type of food attracts the most baitfish. He sets out three traps, each with a different type of raw food from his kitchen. Each day he checks his traps and records the number of baitfish in each trap. Which is a constant in Carter's experiment? --- a. the amount of baitfish b. the depth of the trap c. the size of the baitfish d. the type of food

the depth of the trap

In 1915, Alfred Wegener proposed the Theory of Continental Drift. At that time Wegener's idea that the continents were once joined was generally rejected by the scientific community. Wegener died in 1930. By the 1960's, new evidence resulted in the widespread acceptance of Wegener's ideas. Wegener's work was the foundation of what is today known as the Theory of Plate Tectonics. What new evidence prompted scientists to accept Alfred Wegener's idea that the continents were once joined and moved to their current locations? A the discovery of land bridges under the surface of the ocean B data showing no pattern in the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes C the exploration of the seafloor along with its pattern of magnetic fields D indications that the surface of Earth has contracted creating mountains

the exploration of the seafloor along with its pattern of magnetic fields

A food chain of a salt marsh is shown below. What do the arrows in this food chain indicate? A the flow of energy B the size of organisms C the amount of biomass D the number of organisms

the flow of energy

Juan lives near a local pier on a canal that connects with the Gulf of Mexico. He notices that large numbers of jellyfish are near the pier in the late afternoon, but in the morning the jellyfish are gone. Juan questions how the number of jellyfish changes throughout the day. He sets up a chart to record the number of jellyfish at different times throughout the day. What is the dependent (outcome) variable in Juan's experiment? A what time of day the number of jellyfish were counted B the temperature of the water at the time the jellyfish are counted C the number of jellyfish counted at each time interval D the species of jellyfish counted at each time interval

the number of jellyfish counted at each time interval

Which statement best identifies a purpose of scientific models? A to add complexity to a real system B to predict behavior of a real system C to control events happening in a real system D to replace experimentation about a real system

to predict behavior of a real system

Volcanic island arcs are formed when matter from the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and erupts as lava. The volcanic debris continually piles up until the submarine volcano breaches the ocean's surface to form an island. Which feature of the ocean floor is most likely to be found near volcanic island arcs? A trench B mid-ocean ridge C hydrothermal vent D transform fault zone

trench

Carter likes to go fishing off a local pier. He catches his own baitfish in a special trap he designed. He would like to see what type of food attracts the most baitfish. He sets out three traps, each with a different type of raw food from his kitchen. Each day he checks his traps and records the number of baitfish in each trap. What is the independent variable in Carter's experiment? A. bait fish trap design B. depth of trap C. number of baitfish D. type of food

type of food

Which ocean process brings vital nutrients from the bottom to the surface waters? A density B downwelling C floating D upwelling

upwelling

The nitrogen cycle is important to marine oganisms. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) must be converted to usable forms for use by aglae, phytoplankton, seaweeds, and many other marine plants. Some nitrogen is "fixed" by bacteria, but a majority of nitrogen is "recycled" as dead plants and animals drift to the ocean bottom and decay. Which ocean circulation brings usable nitrogen compounds to the surface where they are available for marine producers? A thermohaline currents B tidal waves C upwellings D wind driven currents

upwellings

Many aquatic species such as fish require dissolved oxygen for survival. Which property of water allows it to dissolve oxygen gas? A ability to moderate temperature B cohesive behavior C expansion upon freezing D versatility as a solvent

versatility as a solvent

All living things are classified into kingdoms based on specific characteristics. Which of the following would be a possible habitat for organisms in the Archaea domain based on their characteristics? A garden soil B freshwater lake C human throat D volcanic vent

volcanic vent

Coral reefs are highly diverse ecosystems found in ocean water with very specific characteristics. Which of the following would be characteristic of waters in which coral reefs are found? A cool water in the neritic zone B deep water in the abyssal zone C shallow water in the aphotic zone D warm water in the photic zone

warm water in the photic zone

Which phrase best describes what happens to wave height and wavelength as a wave nears the coastline? A wave height increases and wavelength increases B wave height decreases and wavelength increases C wave height increases and wavelength decreases D wave height decreases and wavelength decreases

wave height increases and wavelength decreases

Specific processes have led to the water in the oceans of Earth becoming more salty. Which process best describes how this change in the oceans may have taken place? A weathering of minerals on land B comets striking Earth C glacier ice melting D rainwater falling

weathering of minerals on land