MT 11 LAB: Laboratory Hazards and Safety

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

- Semen - Vaginal secretions - Cerebrospinal fluid - Pleural fluid - Peritoneal fluid - Amniotic fluid - Saliva - Any body fluid visibly contaminated with blood

Biological Hazards such as HIV, HBV, HCV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood and body fluids including:

- Sexual contact - Sharing of hypodermic needles - Puncture from contaminated needles, glass or sharps - Contact between broken skin or damaged skin to an infected body fluid - Contact of the mucous membranes with infected body fluids

Bloodborne diseases are transmitted by:

- Physical Hazard - Chemical Hazard - Biological Hazard

Classification of Hazards in the Laboratory

Safety can

Designed to safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure

- In the event of emergency situation, dial the emergency hotline number. By doing so the department will be alerted of the situation. - Record the names and phone numbers of the appropriate personnel to be contacted during emergency cases. - Be familiar with the location and use of the following safety devices: a. safety shower b. fire blanket c. eyewash station d. fire alarm e. first aid kit f. fume hood g. spill clean up kit h. fire extinguisher - Clean up all spills immediately.

Emergency Procedures

- Hazardous to Aquatic Environment (Acute/Chronic) - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer

Environmental Hazards(2 classes)

- Be aware of ignition sources in your laboratory area (heat source, electrical equipment). - Do not store flammable liquids in standard refrigerators. Explosion-proof refrigerators are needed for storage of flammable liquids - Store flammable liquids in appropriate safety cabinets/safety cans. - Make sure that all electrical cords are in good condition. All electrical outlets should be grounded and should accommodate a three pronged plug.

Fire Prevention

- alarms - Fire Extinguishers - Fire Blankets - Chemical Spill Clean-Up Kits

Fire Safety Equipment

near acids

Flammable materials should never be stored near?

- Personal protective equipment - Always wear PPE - Replace PPE when its torn, punctured or soiled - Washing of hands before and after laboratory work - Standard precautions should be used and treat all body fluids as potentially infectious. - Contaminated surfaces, materials, tools, equipment and other objects should be decontaminated with 1:10 dilution of household bleach and then sterilized after decontamination.

General Guidelines

- Be prepared. Think safety first. - Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times. - Always follow the teacher's instructions and only perform a procedure at the presence of the instructor. - Follow all written and oral instructions. - Perform the assigned activities only!

General Guidelines 1-5

- Do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until told to do so. - Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. - Do not use laboratory glassware as food or beverage containers. - Notify the laboratory instructor of any medical problem that may affect laboratory work. - Report all accidents to your teacher immediately, even if you think it is only a minor one.

General Guidelines 6-10

- Acute Toxicity (Oral/Dermal/Inhalation) - Skin Corrosion/Irritation - Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation - Respiratory or Skin Sensitization - Germ Cell Mutagenicity - Carcinogenicity - Reproductive Toxicity - Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Single Exposure - Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Repeated Exposure - Aspiration Toxicity

Health Hazards(10 classes)

- Eliminate safety hazards by maintaining laboratory work areas in order. - Keep the laboratory floor dry at all times. Immediately attend spills of any fluid that may cause accidents.

Housekeeping

- Eye Protection: Goggles - Protective clothing - Hand protection - Foot protection

Personal Protective Equipment

- Use fume hood whenever possible when dispensing or pipetting dangerous chemicals - Safety goggles/glasses with side shields should be worn at all times in the laboratory - Fluid-resistant laboratory coats (buttoned up)will be worn at all times in the laboratory and removed when the student leaves the laboratory - Gloves will be worn at all times when handling blood and other body fluids and removed at the end of the laboratory period. Gloves should be dispose properly to the respected trash bin.

Personal Safety

- Keep work area clean and free of clutter. - Wear appropriate PPE. - Observe proper hand washing before and after work. - Disinfect countertops each day. - Discard soiled countertop liners. - Use biological safety hood if available when handling body fluids. - Know where all the safety equipment is located and how to use it in case if it's needed. - Avoid sitting on laboratory working tables or benches.

Personal Safety Procedures

- Explosives - Flammable Gases - Aerosols - Oxidizing Gases - Gases Under Pressure - Flammable Liquids - Flammable Solids - Self-Reactive Substances - Pyrophoric Liquids - Pyrophoric Solids - Self-Heating Substances - Substances which, in contact with water emit flammable gases - Oxidizing Liquids - Oxidizing Solids - Organic Peroxides - Corrosive to Metals - Desensitized explosives

Physical Hazards(17 classes)

Occupational Safety Health Act

Recommends that all laboratories provide written bloodborne and airborne (TB) safety policies

- Review and read all reagents in the MSDS manual that will be used in the experiment before using and note their hazards and precautions. - Know where the MSDS manuals are stored. - Never directly smell any substances . - Do not perform or do mouth pipetting when filling the pipets. - Do not return any unused chemicals to the original container to minimize the risk of contamination. - All chemical spills should be cleaned up immediately with the necessary precautions. - Any broken glassware should be disposed off in the appropriate container. - Disposal of chemicals should be followed as per laboratory instructor's advise.

Safety Procedures for Chemicals

be cool enough to prevent ignition in the event the vapor mixes with air

Storage areas should be?

- Mechanical Hazard - Electrical Hazard - Fire Hazard

TYPES OF PHYSICAL HAZARD

TREAT ALL BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS AS POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS

Universal Precaution

- Dispose all biohazardous substances in biohazard bags or trash bin. - Dispose of swab wrappings, band aid wrappings, used paper towels, kit boxes, and any other non-biohazardous waste in the regular trash bin. - Dispose all used needles, pipettes, broken glass, and slides in a plastic biohazardous sharp containers. - Dispose of all used tubes in red biohazard bags or trash bin. - Dispose of all bacterial and fungal culture plates in yellow biohazard bags or trash bin. - Do not throw non-biohazardous waste into the red biohazard bags or trash bin.

Waste Collection

R - RESCUE anyone in danger A - Activate the nearest fire ALARM and call for fire response C - CONFINE the fire by closing the doors E- EXTINGUISH the small fire or evacuate / if fire cannot be extinguished, then EVACUATE

What to do when fire occurs? (RACE)

Laboratory Safety

a careful process, with the goal of preventing injuries and diseases from occurring among students, scientists, laboratory staff and the community.

Corrosive

a chemical substance that can destroy or burn living tissue, and can corrode (sulfuric acid)

Toxic/Poisonous

a chemical that can cause death if inhaled, ingested/absorbed by the skin (Concentrated HCl, Muriatic acid)

Flammable

a chemical that will burn if exposed to an open flame

Explosive

a chemical that will explode to heat or flame

safety can

an approved container of no more then five gallon capacity. It has a spring-closing lid and spout cover, and is designed to safely relieve pressure build up within the container

volatility of a material

an indication of how easily the liquid or solid will pass into the vapor stage

Laboratory Hazard

anything that has the capacity to cause damage or injury

Fire Extinguishers

are classified according to a particular fire type and are given the same letter and symbol classification as that of fire

Alarms

are designed to alert the endangered personnel

alarms

can be motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns

Irritant

can cause inflammation upon contact with the skin or mucous membrane, e.g. xylene

Laboratory Chemical Fume Hoods

capture, contain and expel emissions generated by hazardous chemicals via the laboratory exhaust system

- carcinogenic - toxic - corrosive - irritant - sensitizer - flammable - reactive

chemicals considered hazardous

- HIV - HBV - HCV

example of Bloodborne pathogens

Treponema pallidum

example of bacteria

- Bloodborne pathogens - Parasite - Bacteria

example of biological hazards

Plasmodium

example of parasite

- broken/cracked/chipped glasswares - leaking glasswares - improper handling and manipulation of equipment used in the laboratory procedure

examples of mechanical hazard

material safety data sheet

gives information on the potential hazards and how to work safely with the chemical product

CHEMICAL HAZARD

hazards caused by chemicals used in the laboratory

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

hazards caused by living microorganisms that can infect humans and animals

Mechanical Hazard

hazards due to materials and equipment used in a laboratory procedure

Fire Hazard

hazards encountered in the laboratory when handling biodegradable materials and volatile chemicals/gases are exposed to heat or any source of flame

Electrical Hazard

hazards mainly due to electricity supplying the equipment, overloaded electrical circuits, improperly labeled electrical sockets, chipped electrical wires, laboratory equipment not grounded or regularly maintained

Multipurpose Fire Extinguisher

highly recommended against type A, B and C fires

Adequate ventilation should be provided to prevent vapor build up

how much ventilation should be provided for storage and why?

- apply neutralizer or sodium bicarbonate to the perimeter of the spill - mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas ceases - transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label and place in a fume hood

how to clean acid spill

- Apply activated charcoal to the perimeter of the spill - Mix thoroughly until material is dry and no evidence of solvent remains - Transfer absorbed solvent to a plastic bag, tie shut, and place in a fume hood

how to clean solvent spill

- all sharps, including needles and broken glass will be disposed in a labeled plastic sharps container - needles may be recapped only by using a mechanical device and may not be broken, cut or bent. - sharps containers must be puncture-resistant, leak-proof on sides and bottom, and labeled biohazard.

how to dispose sharps

storage of flammable and corrosives in the laboratory should be limited to as small quantity as possible. They should be stored in ventilated cabinets

how to store chemicals

P - Pull the pin in the handle A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire S - Squeeze the lever slowly S - Sweep from side to side

how to use a fire extinguisher (PASS)

Flammability

is a measure of how easily a gas, liquid, or solid will ignite and how quickly the flame will spread once ignited

Chemical Spill Clean-Up Kits

laboratories are equipped with this equipment for various types of spills. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment when cleaning the spills

Fire Blankets

laboratory personnel are discouraged from using this equipment as a way to extinguish the fire

- Laboratory Chemical Fume Hoods - Chemical Storage Cabinets - Individual Storage Containers - Safety can - Refrigerators - Safety Showers and Eye Wash Station

laboratory safety equipments

material safety data sheet

meaning of MSDS

Occupational Safety Health Act

meaning of OSHA

volatility

measured by the boiling point of the material (the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the material is equal to the atmospheric pressure)

Safety Showers and Eye Wash Station

provide an effective means of treatment in the event an accident wherein the chemicals spilled or splashed onto the skin or clothing

Chemical Storage Cabinets

provide safe and convenient way of storing containers of liquids including those in safety cans.

Safety Showers and Eye Wash Station

provides on-the-spot decontamination

- each refrigerator and freezer must be monitored daily to ensure proper functioning. - each refrigerator and freezer must be labeled: "No Food or beverages may be stored in this refrigerator" - containers placed in the refrigerator will be completely sealed or capped, securely placed and permanently labeled - use caps or paraffin film to cover

refrigerator rules

- safety shower - first aid kit - fire blanket - fume hood - eyewash station - spill clean up kit - fire alarm - fire extinguisher

safety devices

Individual Storage Containers

selecting the best means of storage for chemical reagents depends on the reagent's compatibility with the container

Fire Blankets

should be used as a mean to keep shock victims warm

freezer temperature

temperature ranges from -26 to 0 degrees Celsius (-15 to 32 degrees Fahrenheit)

refrigerator temperatures

temperatures ranges from 2 to 7 degrees Celsius (36-45 degrees Fahrenheit)

flash point

the temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off vapor in quantities significant enough to form an ignitable mixture with air

pyrophoric

they can ignite spontaneously with no external source of ignition

flash point and volatility(boiling point)

two properties of a material that can indicate its flammability

Type D fire extinguisher

type of extinguisher for combustible metals: - magnesium - titanium - sodium - lithium - potassium

Type A fire extinguisher

type of extinguisher for combustibles: - wood - cloth - paper - rubber - plastics

Type C fire extinguisher

type of extinguisher for energized electrical equipment: - electrophoresis

Type B fire extinguisher

type of extinguisher for flammable liquids: - oil - grease - paint thinners

- explosive - flammable - toxic/poisonous - corrosive - irritant

types of chemical hazard

blood, urine, sputum and other body fluids

types of specimens that carry infectious microorganism

Refrigerators

used to cool samples or specimens for preservation

Fire Extinguishers

uses monoammonium phosphate which is a dry chemical that is able to quickly put out the fire

water

what not to use when cleaning up flammable liquid spills

Use gloves and safety goggles

what to use when handling flammable liquids or vapors

can be found in the MSDS under Fire and Explosion Data

where can Flammability information be found

can be found in the physical properties

where can Flash point and boiling point information be found

in conventional refrigerators. Sparks generated by internal lights or thermostats may ignite flammable material inside the refrigerator causing explosion hazard

where should we avoid storing flammable materials?

Dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids should only be done under a fume hood or in an approved storage room

where to dispense flammable or combustible liquids

the vapor from the liquids are combustible

why are flammable liquids not actually flammable

Safety Showers and Eye Wash Station

will be used if there is an accident of chemical splashing to the eyes or face.


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