MTG 300 Exam 4

A(n)_____ predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more money than it pays out.

Cash flow analysis

_____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Charismatic leadership

The two types of visionary leadership are _____.

Charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

The two primary types of grapevine communication networks are _____ chains.

Cluster and gossip

_____ is a method of gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur.

Concurrent control

Rubylyn is a very enthusiastic person hired to work as the personal assistant for an event planner. At first, Rubylyn drives her boss to distraction by constantly interrupting him with queries. However, after Rubylyn receives feedback from her boss, she understands what her job entails and becomes a valued employee. Rubylyn's boss would have most likely given her _____ feedback.

Constructive

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders care about having a friendly, enjoyable work environment but don't really pay much attention to production or performance.​

Country club

_____ is a performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and the rate at which customers are leaving.

Customer defection

The _____ is the measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning.

Balanced scorecard

A(n) _____ is used to project costs and revenues, prioritize and control spending, and ensure that expenses don't exceed available funds and revenues.

Budget

How can companies create value for customers?

By simultaneously controlling excellence, price, and durability

Because workplace injuries cost businesses a heavy sum every year, many are of the opinion that increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means that:

a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior.

Which of the following traits refers to the ability of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong?

Emotional stability

According to _____, people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

Equity theory

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is _____.

Existence

_____ holds that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards.

Expectancy theory

As a general rule, managers prefer written communication methods over oral communication methods.

False

Control loss usually has no effect on goal achievement.

False

Feedback control is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur.

False

In nonverbal communication, the term kinesics is used to refer to the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.

False

In the behavioral approach to managerial control, a company's widely shared values and beliefs guide workers' behavior and decisions.

False

In the perceptual process, apprehension is the process of remembering interpreted information.

False

In the perceptual process, interpretation is the step of incorporating new memories with old memories and creating the ability to recall both.

False

Needs are defined as the social requirements that must be met to ensure survival.

False

The basic components of equity theory are outcomes, instrumentality, and valence.

False

The control process begins when managers set goals.

False

Within the path-goal model, the achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles directly parallel the key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration, respectively.

False

Shoreman Builders Inc. realized that one of its major steel suppliers is likely to go out of business. In order to avoid a scarcity in the future, the company is now looking for other suppliers. Shoreman Builder's Inc. used _____ to ward off a possible performance deficiency.

Feedforward control

Speedway Motors Inc. ordered 20,000 window assemblies from Steelbird Glass LLC. To make sure the assemblies were made to specifications, Steelbird Glass shipped a sample to Speedway Motors for testing. This is an example of _____.

Feedforward control

Karl was injured at work when a shelving unit fell on him. Karl was trying to reach an item on a high shelf by climbing on the shelving unit since there was no ladder. If Karl's employer blamed the entire incident on Karl, the employer would be committing a(n) _____.

Fundamental attribution error

A(n) ____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.

Goal

According to management expert Bill Roche, results from goal setting can virtually be guaranteed, but only if "you have first won the hearts and minds of your workers. When they are on board with the goal—they agree that it is important and can be done—you really will get dramatic improvement." Roche is describing ____.

Goal acceptance

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of goal-setting theory?

Goal congruity

_____ means that transformational leaders act as role models for their followers.​

Idealized influence

Feedback is more likely to be constructive when it is _____.

Immediate

The crew renovating the downtown area accidentally dug up the sidewalk belonging to a privately owned section of the sidewalk, because they understood that all sidewalks were to be replaced. The crew was actually supposed to replace all city-owned sidewalks. In terms of the communication process, the crew members engaged in _____.

Incorrect decoding

A group of assembly line workers at an automobile manufacturing plant felt that they were being severely underpaid. Their bosses wouldn't give them a chance to explain their problem. So, the group approached a labor union to help them with their problem. In terms of equity theory, this group is trying to restore equity by:

Increasing outcomes

_____ means that transformational leaders drive followers by providing meaning and challenge to their work.​

Inspirational motivation

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. In terms of the expectancy theory, the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction is called _____.

Instrumentality

According to expectancy theory, in order for employees to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.

Instrumentality

According to attribution theory, we use two general reasons or attributions to explain people's behavior. They are _____.

Internal and external attributions

_____ are the natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

Intrinsic rewards

Which of the following statements best describes economic value added (EVA)?

It is the amount by which profits exceed the cost of capital in a given year.

When Mark assumed the role of CEO of Splendour Inc., he immediately began to make drastic changes to the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient company becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. In this case, Mark _____.

Performed the functions of a leader

Perceptual filters are the _____ differences that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli.

Personality-based

In the context of restoring equity, which of the following statements is true?

Rationalizing or distorting inputs or outcomes can help restore equity.

Mathew is a manager at Wonderworld Hypermarket. He finds it difficult to cooperate and work with Anthony when it comes to getting the work done to meet the targets. Anthony is Mathew's least preferred coworker. He describes Anthony as gloomy, insincere, lazy, unfriendly and boring. In this context, Mathew has a _____ leadership style.​

Task-oriented

The balanced scorecard approach to control _____.

forces managers at each level to set specific goals and measure performance in each of four areas

The normative decision theory _____.

helps leaders determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

Task structure

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

A sense of achievement

_____ is feedback that is disapproving without any intention of being helpful and almost always causes a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient.

Destructive feedback

In equity theory, _____ is the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly allocated.

Distributive justice

Linda Stein is the manager of an ad agency. Recently her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team. Linda has decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness. Which of the following advises can be given to her on how to motivate using reinforcement theory?

Don't reinforce the wrong behaviors.

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as _____.

Downward, horizontal, and upward

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

Transformational leaders _____.

Help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision

_____ is a multiplicative function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

Job performances

During a job interview, interviewers can use their knowledge of face and body movements to determine when interviewees are telling the truth. This knowledge is called _____.

Kinesics

Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve communication?

Managing organization-wide communication

Which of the following organizations would be described as bureaucratic?

Mezzanine Inc., where employee behavior is influenced by a strict adherence to company rules.

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership ​grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders show a moderate amount of concern for both people and production.

Middle-of-the-road

Kinesics and paralanguage are two kinds of _____.

Nonverbal communication

​_____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.

Organizational silence

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

Organizations need both leaders and managers

_____ is the regulation of workers' results through rewards and incentives.

Output control

According to some researches, deceptive answers have a slower onset than honest ones. In a job interview, these characteristics would be examples of _____ that may help the interviewer evaluate the job applicants.

Paralanguage

In nonverbal communication, _____ includes the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.

Paralanguage

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Referents

_____ costs are the costs associated with implementing or monitoring control.

Regulation

____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Reinforcement expectancies

Which of the following is most relevant to the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard?

Shareholders

_____ are factors beyond the control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performance.

Situational constraints

Leaders who possess the trait of _____ are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' trust.

Self-confidence

A person who attributes his or her success to hard work and failure to bad luck is likely to be experiencing a(n) _____.

Self-serving bias

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cybernetic control process?

Set corporate objectives

NutriStar bakery has decided to downsize its staff to cut its overhead costs. This has been financially beneficial for the bakery. However, the reduction in the number of staff has adversely impact efficiency in the customer service section. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in the scenario?

Suboptimization

_____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.

Suboptimization

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following leadership styles involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate?

Supportive leadership

Which of the following is a phase in the development of concertive control?

The emergence and formalization of objective rules to guide and control behavior

Which of the following is an example of a rule used within normative decision theory to increase decision quality?

The goal congruency rule

Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person or place to another.

True

Listening is an example of a voluntary behavior.

True

Once lower-order needs are satisfied, it is difficult to predict which higher-order needs will motivate behavior.

True

One recommendation for managers wishing to improve their formal communication is to decrease reliance on downward communication.

True

The leadership behavior of consideration has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."

True

The leadership trait of integrity refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

True

The use of the need-satisfaction theories to determine what motivates employees is not a straightforward task because different needs theories have identified different needs categories.

True

Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

True

When it comes to improving communication, managers must manage one-on-one communication while also managing organization-wide communication.

True

When self-control is used, leaders and managers provide workers with clear boundaries within which they may guide and control their own goals and behaviors.

True

While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is based on an exchange process.

True

Carlos worked as a sales manager at a retail outlet for five years. During that time, he had taken just two days of leave. Shirley holds the same position at the same organization. During her tenure of two years, she had taken five weeks of leave both years. In the end, Shirley was offered a promotion that Carlos had been vying for. In terms of equity theory, from Carlos's perspective, this is a(n) _____.

Underreward

Dennis is a team lead at Informtech Inc. He does only those things that are beneficial to him instead of the company. He puts his interest before the interest of the company and keeps information confidential if there is a loss to the company because of him. In this context, Dennis is most likely a(n) _____.

Unethical charismatic

_____ is the customer perception that the product quality is excellent for the price offered.

Value

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that fluctuate around a specified average time.

Variable interval

_____ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

Visionary leadership

In which of the following cases would written communication be preferable to oral communication?

When messages are straightforward

Transactional leaders often _____.

rely too heavily on discipline or threats to bring performance up to standards

The basic control process of business begins with _____.

the establishment of clear standards of performance