Multiple Choice Questions

In Milgram's shock experiment, the percentage of participants who showed total obedience by delivering the maximum shock level to learners was a. 75% b. 63% c. 52% d. 37% e. 12 %

63 %

Maria defines herself in terms of many different domains, each of which includes distinct traits and abilities. Arthur defines himself in terms of just a few domains, with similar traits and preference represented in each domain. According to self-complexity theory, who will be able better to manage a negative event that threatens one of these life domains? a. Maria will be better at managing a negative event than Arthur because she will be able to identify other domains in which a success. b. Arthur will be better at managing a negative event than Maria because he will be able to identify ways in which to improve himself. c. Both Maria and Arthur will be able to manage a negative event because they will compare to their ought selves. d. Both Maria and Arthur will experience drops in their relational self as a result.

Maria will be better at managing a negative event than Arthur because she will be able to identify other domains in which a success.

Which is the following is true of need to belong? a. Need to belong can be satisfied by many casual friends or by one or two very close relationships" b. Need to Belong predicts relationship satisfaction; those people who are high in Need to Belong have better relationships with others c. Need to Belong is highest at the end of the year, as students consider leaving their friends behind for the summer. d. Need to Belong causes people to assume that others like them better than the other people really do

Need to belong can be satisfied by many casual friends or by one or two very close relationships

A relationship in which individuals feel responsible for each other and will give and receive according to the principle of needs is known as : a. a communal relationship b. companionate love c. exchange relationships d. relational interchange

a communal relationship

Which of the following is not related to high self-esteem? a. better paying jobs and higher college GPAs. b. a more vague and situation-dependent self-concept c. violence, especially after a threat to self d. being happier and more likely to be accepted within social relationships

a more vague and situation-dependent self-concept

The most likely target for genocide is a group that is a. does not represent a threat to the majority b. a target that is numerically in the minority c.. a target with high group status d. walk and low in status

a target with high group status

Information processing limitations help explain why our judgements can depend on the order in which information is presented. For example, primary effects often result from a. the belief that information encountered early on is particularly accurate b. a failure to engage in schematic processing c. a tendency to pay great attention to information presented early on d. strong emotions that disrupt the memory of information presented early on

a tendency to pay great attention to information presented early on

Which of the following is true of the differences between the attributions for a behavior made to an actor as compared to an observer? a. actors are more likely than observers to make attributions based on distictiveness b. actors are more likely to make internal attributions than are observers c. actors are more likely than observers to make attributions based on the reasons behind the observed actions d. actors are more likely than observers to be cognitive misers

actors are more likely than observers to make attributions based on the reasons behind the observed actions

If you were trying to guess how much the average American watched television per day, you would probably start by judging how much television you watched. This strategy is called a. anchoring and adjustment b. availability heuristic c. functional fixedness d. framing

anchoring and adjustment

A person who is highly motivated and able to think clearly will be persuaded by _____________,; a person who is distracted or who is less motivated or would be persuaded by _________. a. argument clarity; argument strength b. argument strength; authority of source of subliminal cues c. peripheral cues such as the color of a shirt; meaningful cues such as number of speech errors d. message characteristics, personal relevance

argument strength; authority of source of subliminal cues

One of the ways we regulate our emotions is when we choose to distract ourselves r to ruminate in order to change what aspect of the situtation we are paying attention to. This strategy is known as a. situation selection b. situation modification c. attentional deployment d. cognitive change e. response modulation

attentional deployment

George believes that practicing safe sex is important. However, he often forgets to use a condom when engaging in sexual activity. According to what we know about attitudes, George's behavior is most likely due to the fact a. attitudes often prime behavior b. george doesn't really believe in safe sex; his behavior is a better indicator of his true attitude. c. attitudes are not very likely to predict behavior if the attitudes are based on personal experience d. attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior

attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior

According to your textbook, which of the following is not a reason that attitudes do not always predict behavior? a. attitudes may conflict with other determinants of behavior b. attitudes are sometimes inconsistent c. attitudes are based on second-hand information d. attitudes usually guide automatic behaviors

attitudes usually guide automatic behaviors

People sometimes hold an attitude about a group that they consider to be favorable, but reinforces traditional, subservient roles for members of oppressed groups. These attitudes, which are favorable towards the group member for behaving in a way that fits with conventional, subservient roles, are known as a. modern racism b. benevolent racism c. prejudice d. positive illusions

benevolent racism

Which of the following would not help to increase the persuasiveness of a detailed, complex message? a. having a message that was high in personal revelance, such as recommending a comprehensive exam to be required for graduation b. choosing a topic which the target is not knowledge enough to examine the message c. ensuring that the message makes the target feel responsible for some action or outcome d. having a target that is motivated and has time to think about the message.

choosing a topic which the target is not knowledge enough to examine the message

In a interdependent culture, people tend to define themselves as being a. active and involved in political or religious domains b. sure that rules that govern behavior should apply equally to everyone c. closely tied to the group, and they feel they have little personal control over their lives d. satisfied if they are working in a congenial and friendly atmosphere, especially if they can fully use their own skills and abilities

closely tied to the group, and they feel they have little personal control over their lives

Over time, the most important predictor of satisfaction and logevity of an intimate relationship is a. communication b. proximity c. belief in romantic destiny d. the intensity of emotional responses

communication

Jessica has a hypothesis that all mathematicians wear plaid shirts. She decides to do an informal survey around campus. Every time she sees someone wearing a plaid shirt coming out of the mathematics building, she asks the person what his/ her major is. What bias could Jessica be demonstrating in this example? a. lack of generalizability b. cognitive misers c. confirmation bias d. mudane realism

confirmation bias

According to your text, a situational attribution is most likely when a. consensus and distinctiveness are high b. distinctiveness is low c. distinctiveness is high but consensus is low d. consistency is high and committment is low

consensus and distinctiveness are high

The model that suggests that self-esteem is based on successes and failures in the domains in which a person has based his or her self worth is known as a. contingencies of self-worth b. self-serving biases c. self-complexity theory d. implicit positivity bias

contingencies of self-worth

People's emotional reactions to an event are more strong when the event almost did not happen. The phenomenon of greater emotional reactions based on how readily the individual can imagine the event is no happening is now as a. framing b. emotional amplification c. cognitive effort d. automatic vigilance

emotional amplification

According to the concept of effort justification, a. enduring chronic hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity b. woking too hard for a promotion should lead one to underestimate its attractiveness c. feeling overwhelmed should prompt a person to give up. d. receiving tutoring free of charge should increase ones motivation to study

enduring chronic hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity

A woman's opinion of a man's physical attractiveness tends to change over time. In particular, she is likely to find him more physically attractive as she gains a more favorable view of personality. This phenomen is known as a. halo effect b. relational interactions c. erotic plasticity d. contrast effect

erotic plasticity

Performing an activity because of external influences on behavior, such as rewards or social evaluation is known as a. reward contingency b. extrinsic motivation c. hedonic motivation d. distraction conflict theory

extrinsic motivation

In a study described in your book, physicians were asked if they would recommended surgery or radiation for patients diagnosed with a particular type of cancer. Some were told that of 100 patients who had the surgery, 90 lived through the postoperative period and 34 were alive after 5 years. Others were told that of the same 100 patients, 10 died during the postoperative patients and 66 died by the end of 5 years. According to this study, decision making is influenced by a. framing b. heuristics c. representativeness d. implicit egotism

framing

Experiments that use the minimal group paradigm suggest that a. groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show ingroup favoritisms b. in order for ingroup favoritism to occur, groups must be created based on some true differences between ingroup and outgroup members c. ingroup favoritism is stronger in highly similar than highly variable group d. ingroup favoritism is only found when people choose to participate in the group

groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show ingroup favoritisms

Strongly cohesive groups may assume that their decisions cannot be wrong, and that all group members strongly support the group's decisions. This is known as: a. the illusion of unanimity b. deindividuation c. groupthink d. group polarization e. the collective effort model

groupthink

Which of the following statement is true of emotions? a. men are more likely to feel guilt in a relationship, whereas women are more likely to feel jealousy. b. guilt is the way for less powerful person in a relationship to exert control over the more powerful person. c. anger is usually harmful and has no place in maintaining close relationships d. jealousy is what you feel when you want something, such as highly desirable partner, that another person haS.

guilt is the way for less powerful person in a relationship to exert control over the more powerful person.

Typically, attractive people are seen as less likely than non attractive people to commit crimes. If an attractive person is found to be guilty, the sentence is typically more severe than for a non-attractive person. This occurs because of a. social exchange b. mere exposure effect c. halo effect d. evolutionary psychology

halo effect

You might know one thing about Dave Matthews, which is that he a talented song writer and performer. From that one characteristics, you might form a global impression of him as smart, friendly, and a great actor. Your judgement reflects the influence of a. automatic vigilance b. the halo effect c. the false consensus effect d. illusory correleation

halo effect

Instead of considering every single brand and variety of pasta sauce at the grocery store, most people make quick decisions about which one to purchase. This is an example of how people use past experiences as a. self-fulfilling prophecies b. priming c. controlled processess d. heuristics

heuristics

If we know ten positive pieces of information about a person, and then learn on negative thing, we are likely to grant the negative information extra weight in our decision simply because it is unexpected, even if its is directly contrary to everything else we know. This phenomenon is known as a. halo effect b. automaticity c. importance of inconsistent information d. casual inference bias

importance of inconsistent information

Which is the following is NOT true of relationships? a. social exchange theory states that people want to date others who are successful, attractive, or otherwise reflect positively towards themselves. b. in dating relationships, people highly value intelligence, motivation and future aspirations. c. proximity is the first rule in predicting who will be attracted. d. over time, similarity becomes more important than proximity in predicting who will become attracted.

in dating relationships, people highly value intelligence, motivation and future aspirations.

According to the theory of affective forecasting, people's hypothetial estimates of how they would feel if an intimate relationship ended would be a. inaccurate, because people's are poor at judging how long their emotional responses will last b. accurate, because people are very high in need to belong c. inaccurate, because people are poor at judging how positively or negatively they will feel d. accurate, because of people are very good at learning from experience and from modeling others

inaccurate, because people's are poor at judging how long their emotional responses will last

Bob tries to memorize a bunch of theories for his psychology exam. Specifically, right after he reads about a theory, he thinks of personal experiences that are relevant to the theory's predctions and works to integrate the information into his self-knowledge. According to research on the self-reference effect, Bob's study strategy should a. increase his memory for the theories if the experience is consistent with the theory, but decrease his memory for the theory if the experience is inconsistent with the theory b. increase his memory for the theories by integrating them into his self-knowledge c. decrease his thoughts of the theories because thoughts of previous events are distracting d. decrease his memory for the theory by altering the theory to fit his self-schema

increase his memory for the theories by integrating them into his self-knowledge

The tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase changes of survival of genetic relatives a. kin selection b. evolutionary altruism c. inclusive fitness d. generativity

kin selection

When you work as a sales person, you are taught to dress well, to smile, and to compliment your customers because these things all increase your sales. These techinques rely on the persuasion of a. reciprocity b. liking c. authority d. commitment and consistency e. social validation

liking

The more often a stimulus is seen, the more it is seen as attractive. This phenomen is known as a. mere exposure b. reflected appraisal c. availability d. need to belong

mere exposure

Characteristics of the message, including the quality of evidence, vividness of the images, and explictness of the conclusions, are referred to as a. knowledge elements b. source characteristics c . cognitive attributes d. message characteristics

message characteristics

The influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgements, and other social sanctions is known as a. obedience b. societal norms c. empathetic influence d. normative influence

normative influence

People tend to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than members of the ingroup. This phenomenom is known as a. recategorization b. self-enhancing bas c. outgroup homogeneity d. illusory correlation e. implicit association

outgroup homogeneity

According to your textbook, strangers are more likely to be helped when is rural communities and opposed to urban areas. Which of the following is not a reason for helping rates to be greater in rural communities? a. urban areas are made of more diverse populations and helping is more likely with someone similar to oneself b. people are more likely to help if they grew up in a small town and value community connections c. in a rural community, people are less suspectible to stimulation overload, and thus will broaden their focus and attend more to the needs and situations of others d. with fewer people around to help, people in rural areas are more likely to feel responsibility for helping

people are more likely to help if they grew up in a small town and value community connections

According to Gibert's two step process theory of attributions, a. people consider a person's actions as being more important than their words b. people first consider personal success, then group identity when making decisions c. people tend to make emotional decisions when explaining stable personal characteristics d. people consider a person's behaviors are being caused by internal factors, and then consider how much situational factors might have contributed to the behavior

people consider a person's behaviors are being caused by internal factors, and then consider how much situational factors might have contributed to the behavior

According to the hedonic treadmil hypothesis a. people spend self-regulatory resources to maintain stable emotions b. people habituate to life events and tend to return to their baseline levels of happiness c. happiness is based on continuing effects of an event, not on the peak level of emotions one experiences. d. running in the park or on a treadmill will make you happy

people habituate to life events and tend to return to their baseline levels of happiness

Which of the following is not true of embarrassment? a. people like others who make them feel embarrassed b. signs of embarrassment smooth the way when initiating romantic relationships c. one of purposes of embarrassment is to increase socially appropriate behavior in the future. d. people tend to forgive social transgressions if the individual shows signs of embarrassment

people like others who make them feel embarrassed

When presenting oneself to others, the basic rule is that a. people affirm their best positive abilities to as many people as they can b. people present themselves in terms of the situation c. people present themselves as favorably as they plausibly can d. people are more modest with strangers, as we don't like people who boast.

people present themselves as favorably as they plausibly can

Which of the following is true of automatic processing of information? a. automatic processing of information will produce the wrong answer most of the time b. people process information automatically most of the time unless they are motivated to think carefully c. automatic processing leads to automatic vigilance of decision- making d. automatic processing is not very efficient, as the person must carefully consider if the answer is correct or not

people process information automatically most of the time unless they are motivated to think carefully

According to the theory of social exchange, a. people want to be in relationships with similar others b. people will conform to the expectations of othes if there is a social advantage for themselves c. people tend to like others who provide them with rewards d. people are willing to help out others who will help them in return

people tend to like others who provide them with rewards

Which of the following is not a reason that people use stereotypes? a. people use confirmation bias, thus "proving" that the stereotypes is correct b. people are cognitive misers c. people use self-serving emotional processing d. people seek to enhance their own self-esteem by favoring ingroups over outgroups

people use self-serving emotional processing

Modern racism in the United States refers to a. possessing explicitly racist that encourage outgroup favoritism b. prejudice directed at other racial groups that exist, along with a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs c. any erroneous belief about members of an outrgroup d. competition between racial groups that is caused by economic scarcity e. any erroneous belief held by members of the outgroup

prejudice directed at other racial groups that exist, along with a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

In a study conducted by Bargh and colleagues, particpants were given a task of unscrambling words to create sentences. Some of the words that did not fit into the sentences were related to being old, whereas other words were neutral. After the task, participants who crossed out the words related to the elderly walked more slowly than particpants who crossed out only neutral words. This study is important because it shows a. people are more likely to cooperate with others after they consider their own mortality. b. priming of categories can influence behaviors c. when people encounter unexpected information, they slow down to process more carefully. d. people respond more positively to the elderly than to normal, neutral words.

priming of categories can influence behaviors

People use cognitive restructing tools such as justification and self-serving biases to subjectively a. self-serving emotional processing b. overjustification c. psychological immune system d. optimization effect

psychological immune system

The tendency to help others with the expectation that they will be likely to help in return at some other time is referred to as a. reciprocal altriusm b. transactive helping c. the prisoner's dilemma d. partner dynamics

reciprocal altruism

Grocery stores often find that their average sales are higher in days that they offer free samples to their customers. In doing so, the grocery stores are using the persuasion rule of a. liking b. commitment and consistency c. reciprocity d. social validation

reciprocity

In a study described in your textbook, children were threatened with either mild or severe punishment for playing with a forbidden toy. Although none of the children played with the toy, the effect of the threat of punishment a. sufficient to make none of the children ever want to play with the toy again b. reduce the temptation to play with the toy, but only when the threat was mild enough for cognitive dissonance to occur c. strong enough for effort justification to occur, so the boys had to work hard to explain why the toy was desirable d. distract themselves from the toy, so as to avoid feelings of fear, shame, and guilt

reduce the temptation to play with the toy, but only when the threat was mild enough for cognitive dissonance to occur

According to the information presented in your textbook, which of the following is most likely to make people happy, over the long run? a. gender; women are generally significantly happier than men b. money; earning a lot of money will make people happier than earning less (but above the poverty line) c. winning a multi-million dollar lottery d. relationships: people who are in relationships are happier than people who are not in relationships

relationships: people who are in relationships are happier than people who are not in relationships

One of the ways we regulate our emotions is when we choose behaviors such as getting drunk, going for a run, or watching television so as to distract ourselves from even thinking about the event after the event has already occured. This strategy is known as a. situation selection b. situation modification c. attentional deployment d. cognitive change e. response modulation

response modulation

When Bob was a young child, his parents were sensitive to his responsive to his needs. This parenting style will lead to Bob's having a ________ style in adult relationships. a. trusting attachment b. ambivalent attachment c. warm attachment d. secure attachment

secure attachment

Which of the following is not true of self-awareness? a. self-awareness is unpleasant, as you typically compare yourself to your ideal self. b. high levels of self-awareness interfere with performance, as you attempt to control automatic aspects of performance in order to succeed. c. self-awareness involves looking at oneself and considering what you are like based on your actions d. self-awareness usually gives accurate information about true self and your abilities

self-awareness usually gives accurate information about true self and your abilities

The theory that an individual's emotional response is a result of the contrast between their actual selves and their ideal or ought self is known as a. self-discrepancy theory b. self evaluation maintenance c. working self- concept d. approach theory

self-discrepancy theory

In a study described in class, black candidates who were interviewing for jobs seemed less capable than white candidates. Further analysis of the experiment revealed that the white interviewers were treating black candidates diferently than they treated white candidtates, thus causing the black candidates to act in a less capable manner. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. modern racism c. heuristics under cognitive load d. subtyping

self-fulfilling prophecy

After a long and difficult semester, you decide to spend some time increasing your levels of happiness. Based on what you have learned in class, which of the following strategies will not lead to increases in happiness and satisfaction with life? a. counting your blessings and jotting them down in a notebook b. setting goals and working towards them, even if you do not end up reaching the goal c. practicing random, anonymous acts of kindness d. self-reflection and rumination on past events and how they could have worked out better than they did

self-reflection and rumination on past events and how they could have worked out better than they did

According to the control theory of self-regulation, a. self-regulation depends on acceptance from others b. working on self-regulation task will use up all of one's self-regulation ability c. self-regulation operates according to a feedback loop d. people are usually able to control themselves if they really want to

self-regulation operates according to a feedback loop

In a study by Correl et a. (2002) described in the text, people played a video game in which they saw white and black people holding either a gun or a cell phone, and had to press either a "shoot" button if the target had a gun or a "don't shoot" button if the target had a phone. People made the most errors in a. shooting black men who had phones b. failing to shoot white men who had guns c. shooting white men who had phones d. failing to shoot black men who had guns

shooting black men who had phones

One of the ways we regulate our emotions is when we choose to put ourselves in situations that we think will lead to the desired emotions. This strategy is known as a. situation selection b. situation modification c. attentional delployment d. cognitive change e. response modulation

situation selection

People tend to clap less when others are also clapping, or work less hard in a group project if they are not motivated and individually accountable for their actions. This phenomenon is known as: a. social loafing b. groupthink c. emergent properties d, self referent effect

social loafing

Characteristics of the person who delivered the message, including the person's attractiveness, credibility, and expertise are referred to as a. knowledge elements b. source characteristics c. congnitive attributes d. message characteristics

source characteristics

According to self-verification theory, a. identify cues are useful for building self-esteem. b. self-views that are not in accordance with the person's personal views are forgotten c. stable, accurate beliefs about abilities give the individual a sense of coherence. d. self-criticism gives people social harmony and a better sense of right and wrong

stable, accurate beliefs about abilities give the individual a sense of coherence.

Mishel's studies with children involved giving them a piece of candy, then seeing if the child could wait without eating the candy until a larger reward was offered. a. the relative stability of personal traits such as self-esteem. b. the child's ability to delay gratification was stable across the lifespan. c. overjustification keeps people from waiting for very long d. control theory is how people control their emotions

the child's ability to delay gratification was stable across the lifespan.

The tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all is known as a. the conjunction fallacy b. the base rate fallacy c. the illusory correleation d. counterfactual thinking

the illusory correleation

Djiksterhuis and his colleagues conducted a study in which participants thought for a few minutes about the category of professors or the category of soccer hooligans a. the influence of subtle suggestions of categories on behaviors b. the pervasiveness of negative stereotypes about female professors c. the automatic processing of negative facial expressions d. the importance of evolutionary psychology in predicting behavior

the influence of subtle suggestions of categories on behaviors

According to Crocker and Major, outgroup members can still have high self-esteem, but there are costs to the strategies by which they maintain self esteem. Which of the following is not a cost of maintaining self esteem? a. the outgroup places pressure on other groups members to not succeed on the relevant dimmension b. the outgroup pressures other groups to not succeed on the relevant dimmension c. the outgroup does not gain feelings of success on other dimmensions d. the outgroup discounts failure as being completely due to prejudice, not their own efforts

the outgroup does not gain feelings of success on other dimmensions

Providing compelling external reasons for a behavior causes people to underestimate the importance of intrinsic factors. This phenomenon is known as a. performance accomodation b. social verification effect c. social facilitation d. the overjustification effect

the overjustification effect

Cognitive dissonance is likely happen when a. the person performs a behavior is inconsistent with the attitudes of his or her friends b. the person cannot justify why they did not act in accordance with their attitudes c. the behavior was only mildly different from the individual's attitudes d. there were no consequences from performing a behavior that did not match with attitudes

the person cannot justify why they did not act in accordance with their attitudes

When estimating how long it will take you to complete your SAGES writing assignment, you tend to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly you will finish. This is known as a. an illusory correlation b. the planning fallacy c. the unrealism bias d. magical thinking

the planning fallacy

Imagine that you are waiting for class to start. Another student sits down next to you and offers you one of his two Cokes.You like Coke, so you take it. A few days later, the same student sits next to you again. This time, you have a bag of potato chips, and you feel obligated to offer him some. This urge you have is manifestation of a. the negative state relief hypothesis b. the reciprocity norm c. the foot in the door technique d. public compliance

the reciprocity norm

Which of the following is not one of the ways that people can achieve happiness, as we discussed in class? a. the pleasant life, which refers to increase positive moments in life. b. the rich life, which refers to increasing peak moments of satisfaction c. the meaningful life, which refers to giving back to concepts bigger than the self. d. the good life, which refers to maximizing personal skills

the rich life, which refers to increasing peak moments of satisfaction

People are strongly motivated to see themselves in a positive light, although they do not see others in as positive a light. This tendency is known as a. the self-presentation bias b. the fundamental attribution error c. the self-serving bias d. the ego-defensive bias

the self-serving bias

although erin could afford to live in a more expensive apartment, she lives in a small and inexpensive apartment so she can spend her money on travel. Michael, Erin's friend, thinks that this choice says somethign about Erin's personality. Michael clearly agrees with a. Kelley's theory of casual attribution b. the theory of correspondent inference c. social comparision theory d. the theory of social desirability

the theory of correspondent inference

According to your textbook, people are most likely to be persuaded by a message about the harmful nature of caffeine use in females a. the message doesn't reinforce their pre-existing attitudes b. they are not female caffeine users, therefore the message is not personally relevant to them. c. they have previously made a public statement regarding their moderate to high caffeine usage. d. they have prior knowledge to provide attitude inoculation.

they are not female caffeine users, therefore the message is not personally relevant to them.

The principle of ideomotor action states that a. people intentionally mimic each others' behavior b. most behavior is consciously determined and deliberative c. pretending to feel a certain way can make you truly feel that way d. thinking about a behavior can make its actual performance more likely

thinking about a behavior can make its actual performance more likely

Which of the following is true regarding people's tendency to view the world in a slightly word in a slightly more positive light than they should? a. this belief is known as the self-reference effect. b. this belief leads to narcissism and poor mental health. c. this tendency helps to reduce stress and increase persistence. d. this more favorably people view the world and their own abilities, the better.

this tendency helps to reduce stress and increase persistence.

Intense national pride and sense of collective greatness can be difficult to sustain, and challenges can be extremely difficult to cope with. This phenomemon, which often is a factor in genocide, is known a. generativity b. terrorism c. threatened egotism d. nationalistic polarization

threatened egotism

Wegner had particpants try to control their thoughts of white bears. Some participants had to initially express or focus on white bears, then suppress their thoughts, whereas other paticipants had to initially suppress thoughts of white bears and then express thoughts of white bears. The results of the study suggest that a. suppressing thoughts increases the excitment about the suppressed thing, leading to arousal and reactance b. people who have phobias or obsessions cannot control their thoughts very well c. priming thoughts of white bears leads to increased aggression d. trying not to think about something leads to more thoughts about that thing

trying not to think about something leads to more thoughts about that thing

Most Western cultures tend to prioritize the rights and identify of the individual, rather than the importance of knowing one's social roles. This is often reflected in saying such as "the squeaky wheel gets the grease" in Western cultures, but the "nail that stands up is pounded down" in many Asians cultures. As a result, people who grow up in Western cultures tend to rate themselves. a. using an interdependent self-construct b. using more positive words related to the self c. using an independent self-construal d. in terms of willingness to defy authorities

using an independent self-construal

Why is the waist to hip ratio important for relationships? a. waist to hip ratio is a reliable predictor of promiscuity b. waist to hip ratio is useful to assess the present state of fertility and physical health c. waist to hip ratio is a good predictor of physical attractiveness of females, although it is not useful for judging attractiveness of males. d. waist to hip ration indicates a person's current sexual availability

waist to hip ratio is useful to assess the present state of fertility and physical health

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that a. we think heuristically about external causes of behavior and rationally about internal causes of behavior b. we tend to focus our attention on the individual and his/ her behaviors not on the situation that the individual is in c. we use a self-serving bias in explaining others actions d. we consider situational factors more heavily than individual factors when trying to understand someone's behavior

we tend to focus our attention on the individual and his/ her behaviors not on the situation that the individual is in

The part of our self-knowledge that is conscious and brought to mind in a particular context is called the a. self-concept b. conscious self-concept c. working self-concept d. distinctive self-concept

working self-concept

In the classic "Robber's Cave" study, boys at summer camp very quickly formed alliances within their cabins, such that the Rattlers and Eagles developed a feud. This study is important that _____ can reduce prejudice. a. social learning b. working towards common goals c. stereotype threats d. recategorization e. dowward comparisions

working towards common goals

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed a. better on a verbal test when they took it in the presence of male students b. worse on a verbal test when they had to indicate their gender of demographic questionnare c. worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher d. better on a math test when they were threatened with punishment for doing poorly

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher