Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts

B) adipocytes

The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol

B) aldosterone

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid—based hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine

B) calcium

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis

B) is partly contained within the infundibulum

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) activates or deactivates enzymes B) stimulates production of an action potential C) alters plasma membrane permeability D) induces secretory activity

B) stimulates production of an action potential

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) gastrin B) secretin C) leptin D) renin

C) leptin

Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) kidney C) spleen D) skin

C) spleen

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) sensitivity increase B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a stressor reaction

C) up-regulation

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles

D) bones and skeletal muscles

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissiveness B) synergism C) antagonism D) feedback

D) feedback

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine

C) cortisol

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin

B) epinephrine

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors

A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production

A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen

A) the heart

Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH

B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) thyroid hormone D) gonadotropic hormones

B) parathyroid hormone

ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone

B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

8) Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) blood levels of hormone B) type of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone

B) type of hormone

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone

C) epinephrine

Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins

C) hydrocortisones

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop

C) hypophyseal portal system

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system

D) direct control of the nervous system

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system`

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) carbohydrate oxidation B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation

D) humoral stimulation

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) activation of osteoclasts B) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys C) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol

D) is inhibited by alcohol

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) polycythemia

D) polycythemia

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers