Multiple choice set 3 midterm—AP Euro
What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality? A. Always adhere to a strict moral code. B. Whatever is fashionable is acceptable. C. Those who fall into poverty or crime are not responsible for their circumstances. D. Morality is based on natural law, not on Christianity.
A. Always adhere to a strict moral code.
What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
What is "Orientalism"?
A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
What characterized the middle-class single-family home? A. A special drawing room used to entertain guests B. A music room, preferably one equipped with a grand piano C. A carriage house D. A separate wing for the servants' quarters
A. A special drawing room used to entertain guests
What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.
What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buying on margin
What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?
Quinine
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?
Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with
Russian peasants.
What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for
Social Democrats.
As excerpted in Primary Source 26.5: George Orwell on Life on the Dole, in what way does Orwell see the working class in England coming to terms with the Great Depression?
The working class has settled down to make the best of life on the dole.
What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units.
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation.
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country
argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.
In Primary Source 27.2: Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan, Stalin wants the Soviet Union to
catch up with the West in terms of technology and industry in a very short time or risk going under.
In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and
championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities.
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science.
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
Walter Rathenau is remembered for his
role in Germany's total war mobilization.
The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society.
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
In Primary Source 23.3: Ernest Renan on National Identity, what does Renan consider one valid way to define a nation?
A nation can be defined by having a common past.
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? A. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing. B. The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor. C. Urban dwellers adopted the practice of returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment. D. Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded.
A. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature? A. Dramatic, colorful scenes B. Portraits of the rich and powerful C. The transforming power of industrialization D. Gentle Wordsworthian landscapes
A. Dramatic, colorful scenes
15. In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice? A. Electoral reform B. Land redistribution C. Repeal of high tariffs on imported food D. A minimum wage
A. Electoral reform
According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which peoples were located within the Kingdom of Hungary? A. Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs B. Croats and Serbs, Slovenes, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Germans C. Germans, Czechs, Romanians, Slovenes D. Hungarians, Ruthians, Italians
A. Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs
What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution? A. His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity B. His denial that human beings had evolved from other primates C. His claim that genetic mutations were random D. His belief that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater complexity
A. His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity
What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace? A. Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values. B. Great men are able to bend history to their will. C. The idealistic young always surrender to feverish ambition and society's pervasive greed. D. Ordinary men and women are doomed to be crushed by fate and bad luck.
A. Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values.
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs? A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56 B. The revolution of 1905 C. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 D. The assassination of Alexander II in 1881
A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56
In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain? A. The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs. B. Social welfare programs violated the broad idea of liberalism that was powerfully supported by the middle class in Great Britain. C. Great Britain's tradition of low taxes provided no income for such programs, which would require a restructuring of government finances and additional taxation. D. Great Britain lacked the administrative system to organize such programs and the data needed to implement them.
A. The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.
What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families? A. The family's desire to improve its economic and social position B. The effectiveness and availability of birth control C. The pursuit of careers outside the home by married women D. The epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination.
A. The family's desire to improve its economic and social position
Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850? A. The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers B. Decreased premarital sexual activity C. The increased availability of contraception and abortion D. The increased influence of religion among the lower classes
A. The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers
9. What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century? A. The key to progress was proper social organization. B. Sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. C. Nature should be worshiped as a god. D. Ownership of private property was a crime.
A. The key to progress was proper social organization.
In Primary Source 21.4: The Republican Spirit in Paris, 1848, what did the Provisional Government promise the nation? A. To institute the democratic government that France owes itself B. To institute a socialist government in which all are equal in terms of income C. To institute a republican government that will recapture the strength and glory of Napoleonic France D. To institute an empire that will reconstitute the French colonial holdings lost in the previous century
A. To institute the democratic government that France owes itself
The romantic movement was characterized by A. a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination. B. the application of the scientific method to the study of nature. C. an emphasis on reason. D. a life that was restrained and orderly.
A. a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 A. gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation. B. retained electoral districts with very few voters. C. quadrupled the number of voters. D. granted the right to vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.
A. gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because A. of a love of Greek classical culture. B. they saw the liberation of Greece as a Christian crusade. C. their merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade. D. they believed they could try out utopian ideals in a liberated Greece.
A. of a love of Greek classical culture.
As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class A. tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B. formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C. retained its frugal attitudes. D. increasingly turned toward socialism.
A. tended to merge with the old aristocracy.
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
As a response to U.S. military pressure
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864? A. Denmark sought to establish trade tolls along the narrow passage that linked the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. B. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state. C. Denmark established a series of laws that limited the civil rights of German-speaking people in Danish territory. D. Denmark sought to form a political alliance among the Scandinavian nations as a counter to growing Prussian power.
B. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830? A. He expanded voting rights to include nearly all men. B. He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory. C. He promoted the Constitutional Charter and then guaranteed civil liberties. D. He overturned the law that prohibited the formation of labor unions.
B. He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.
How did wages change in the late nineteenth century? A. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased. B. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease. C. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, but so did prices thanks to industrialization, leading to an increase in living standards. D. Real wages increased for the mass of the population, but prices rose even more dramatically, leading to a decrease in living standards.
B. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914? A. Russian socialists tended to be the most moderate of all the parties. B. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism. C. The British socialists, although not Marxist in orientation, were formally committed to revolution. D. The powerful French labor unions controlled the French Socialist Party.
B. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics? A. A liberal constitution was created that granted universal male suffrage. B. The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament. C. A radical socialist state was formed in which committees of workers had full authority to review the actions of the parliament. D. The Hungarian military established a police state in which most civil liberties were sharply curtailed.
B. The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.
On Map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870, what formed the boundary of Paris before 1860? A. The Wall of Philippe August B. The Tollhouse Wall C. The Fortress Wall D. The Boulevard Saint-Michel
B. The Tollhouse Wall
What was the Second Industrial Revolution? A. The extension of the textile and iron industries from Great Britain and Belgium to all parts of the Continent. B. The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century. C. Ideas put forth by Karl Marx as to how industry would be organized after the successful proletarian revolution. D. The emergence of the United States at the end of the nineteenth century as the main challenger to the industry leadership of Great Britain.
B. The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century.
Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the Revolutions of 1848? A. Pius IX sought to remove the Catholic Church entirely from the political arena and to take a position of complete neutrality regarding modern political trends. B. The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the Revolutions of 1848. C. The College of Cardinals vetoed the idea of the pope assuming the position of president of a federation of Italian states as unworthy of the dignity of the papacy. D. The rulers of several Italian states wanted the position of president themselves and blocked any possibility of offering Pius IX the position.
B. The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the Revolutions of 1848.
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class? A. The middle class increasingly used their ownership of businesses to distance themselves from active roles in the economy. B. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education. C. Increasingly undermined by wealthy industrialists, the middle class turned into wage laborers with a standard of living barely above that of the laboring poor. D. The middle class left management positions in large private and public organizations, believing them to be beneath their dignity.
B. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.
What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code? A. To create a strong barrier against socialist influences B. To maintain their unstable social and economic position C. To prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes D. To serve as an example to lower-paid, unskilled workers
B. To maintain their unstable social and economic position
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve? A. Middle-class liberals reinforced free-trade economic policies that would harm the working class. B. Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms. C. Middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights. D. Workers demanded property redistribution.
B. Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms.
What was the long-established customs union among the German states? A. Zemstvo B. Zollverein C. Reichstag D. North German Confederation
B. Zollverein
After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that A. each species of animal was a divine creation. B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin. C. acquired characteristics could be passed on to one's children. D. his ideas about biological evolution should be applied to human affairs.
B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.
8. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established A. through electoral victories and control of legislatures. B. by violent revolution. C. by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. D. through the efforts of enlightened rulers.
B. by violent revolution.
The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the A. coded identification of social norms designed as a puzzle to be solved. B. spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility. C. light and airy demonstration of wit meant to express social conflicts. D. structured use of rhyme and meter to clarify the expression of ideas.
B. spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.
What characteristics did Communist and fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?
Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?
Britain had control of the seas.
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.
How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?
By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received A. 25 percent to 30 percent of all national income. B. 30 percent to 40 percent of all national income. C. 50 percent to 60 percent of all national income. D. 80 percent of all national income.
C. 50 percent to 60 percent of all national income.
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty? A. The amount of land a peasant could lease increased with the number of children in his household. B. Landlords, believing that large families were guarantees of stability, would only lease land to families with at least five children. C. Extensive cultivation of the humble potato D. The Industrial Revolution in England created a never-ending source of employment for Ireland's surplus population.
C. Extensive cultivation of the humble potato
According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy? [picture of map] A. Italians and Romanians B. Poles and Ruthians C. Germans and Hungarians D. Czechs and Slovaks
C. Germans and Hungarians
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late nineteenth-century France? A. It revived the prestige of the French army. B. It drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C. It revived republican distrust of Catholicism. D. It fanned the flames of French imperialism.
C. It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.
What was companionate marriage? A. Marriage for the sake of convenience B. Marriage for economic or social reasons C. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values D. Marriage chosen by the parents of the couple
C. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values
What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century? A. More job opportunities for women outside the home B. More women remained single C. Married women were not expected to work outside the home D. Extension of the vote to women in much of Europe
C. Married women were not expected to work outside the home
How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women? A. Middle-class women believed that women's liberation required greater access to educational opportunities, while socialist women emphasized the need of women to support men on the barricades. B. Middle-class women supported the efforts to obtain economic rights for women, while socialist women fought for an expansion of the welfare state. C. Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution. D. Middle-class women endorsed the separate spheres theory in order to enhance women's power in the home, while socialists emphasized the need to empower women in the workplace immediately.
C. Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.
According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, why was the Austrian Empire able to maintain order in most of Europe between 1815 and 1848? A. Bordering as it did on both the Russian and the Ottoman empires, it was well positioned to exert control over two empires that were hostile to one another. B. With significant territories on the Italian peninsula and a commanding position within the German Confederation, the Austrian Empire was able to suppress the interest in reform and change in the areas closest to itself. C. Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation. D. Though acquiring far-reaching territory, the Austrian Empire was able to implement the German language in all previously non-German speaking lands.
C. Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation.
What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848? A. The decision to abandon universal male suffrage and elect a new Constituent Assembly based on a limited electorate B. The invitation to Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, to become emperor of France C. The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people D. The invasion of France by Prussia, which led to the restoration of Louis Philippe
C. The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France? A. To prepare children to serve the state in wartime, either in the battlefield or on the home front B. To prepare children for work in the industrial setting and promote obedience to managerial authority C. To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values D. To create a uniform base of knowledge that all children would be able to use in their professional lives
C. To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 A. established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states. B. created a legislature that united all of the German states but left real decision-making authority with local rulers. C. defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values. D. required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
C. defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of A. lowering tariffs on grains in order to provide inexpensive food for the poor. B. allowing reciprocal trade between Britain and the United States, marking the formal end of hostilities following the War of 1812. C. forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high DIFF: Levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain. D. permitting the importation of food products into Britain only if they had not been cultivated or harvested with slave labor, marking the beginning of British action to end slavery.
C. forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high DIFF: Levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in
Calvinist theology.
Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s? A. Socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their increasingly respectable social positions. B. The increasingly radical and aggressive trade union movements frightened socialist parties and turned them in a more moderate direction. C. Socialist leaders, like so many of their followers, became ardent patriots and grew as nationalistic as conservatives. D. As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.
D. As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? A. As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. B. Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. C. Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. D. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
D. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? A. By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials B. By special interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials C. By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage D. By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
D. By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century? A. As the middle classes separated from the working classes, the working classes adopted more brutal sports such as bare-knuckle boxing. B. Sports became private activities between local clubs that resisted commercialization. C. Sports were taken over by elite society, which added costs that the poor could not afford. D. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.
D. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of A. Austria, Prussia, and Russia. B. Austria. C. the Netherlands and Great Britain. D. Great Britain, France, and Russia.
D. Great Britain, France, and Russia.
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848? A. It expanded the size of the army to provide employment. B. It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities. C. It ordered the deportation of all non-French citizens. D. It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.
D. It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.
Which cities on Map 22.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900 contained one million or more people in 1900? A. Madrid, London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and Moscow B. Lisbon, Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Berlin, and Constantinople C. Rome, Constantinople, Warsaw, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Copenhagen D. London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople
D. London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople
The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included A. Russia, Prussia, Poland, and Italy. B. Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Spain. C. Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. D. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.
D. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists? A. Several of them were of noble birth. B. They underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. C. Central economic planning was inefficient. D. Their utopian schemes were not realistic.
D. Their utopian schemes were not realistic.
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a A. hardline socialist. B. liberal technocrat. C. visionary industrialist. D. romantic nationalist.
D. romantic nationalist.
What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?
Dominate the globe
According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the bulk of French and German investments?
European countries, including Russia
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.
What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.
Who were the Young Turks?
Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire
According to Map 25.4: Territorial Changes after World War I, which new states were once part of the Russian Empire?
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
According to Primary Source 25.1, why did Kaiser Wilhelm offer Austria-Hungary unconditional support in its actions against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
Germany would stand by Austria-Hungary in case of war with Russia, but the Kaiser did not believe Russia was at all ready for war.
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?
Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia
Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which European countries have the highest DIFF: Levels of unemployment?
Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Poland
Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?
Great Britain, France, and Russia
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?
His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality
How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?
It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return.
How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.
What did peasants on the collective farm expect from their first year of collectivization, as described by Fedor Belov in Primary Source 27.3?
That the operation of the kolkhoz would work to their advantage since the harvest was successful
According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?
The Japanese Empire
In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?
The Netherlands
What does the "middle way" refer to?
The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression
In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.
Read Primary Source 27.4: The "Reich Citizenship Law" and the Nazi Volk. What did the Official Commentary on the Reich Citizenship Law (part of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws) emphasize?
The doctrine that anyone of alien blood, especially Jews, is automatically excluded from Reich citizenship
As noted in Primary Source 25.5, the General Syrian Congress in July 1919 sought "absolutely complete political independence for Syria." How did it reconcile this demand with the mandate system?
The mandate system was to be understood as nothing other than economic and technical assistance that did not prejudice the complete independence of Syria.
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
In Primary Source 23.1: The Struggle for the Italian Nation, what does Giuseppe Mazzini suggest must happen in order for "the work of Humanity for the general amelioration to be "accomplished by peaceful and progressive development"?
The people must rise up to create countries according to the natural divisions that exist in Europe.
Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.
How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?
They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.
What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?
They were essential to great nations.
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?
They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
To meet the threat posed by outside powers
What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?
To preserve religious life in Germany
In Primary Source 26.2: The Futurist Manifesto, what does Filippo Tommaso Marinetti have to say about war?
War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists.
Map 27.3: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939-1945 shows important sieges in which three cities?
Warsaw, Leningrad, and Stalingrad
The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised
a popularly elected Duma or parliament.
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation.
In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required
individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.
Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?
moderate businessmen
The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea
of free labor in a market economy.
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.
John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields," as shown in Primary Source 25.2, states that the dead want
the living to fight those who killed them.
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
the study of the non-Western world shows us that there are many versions of God and all of them are legitimate.
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.
