museum studies exam 1

What are two primary ways museums aid in the "market value" of objects?

"Art and cultural artefacts have become, along real estate, the premier investment choice for more cultured and less risk-averse financial elites." (76)• Often, both donors and museums benefit financially from gifts of art and other cultural objects

What is "new museology"

"concerned with the role of museums and galleries in society, and the power they have to influence understandings of the past and the future. argues that museums are focused on the stories of dominant social groups, marginalizing the many diverse cultures, histories, and identities of social groups that are not "the victors"

What are curators?

"public historians"

How were museums used in the regulation of social behavior and cultural "improvement"?

Created policies for the annexation of African lands• Annexed land must be occupied by the imperial power• Extended coastal land holdings into the interior of Africa• Forcefully opened the Niger and Congo River to free trade and navigation, in addition to the Congo Basin

How were the Enlightenment theories of evolution as well as the methods of empiricism used in the arrangement of museum collections?

Created policies for the annexation of African lands• Annexed land must be occupied by the imperial power• Extended coastal land holdings into the interior of Africa• Forcefully opened the Niger and Congo River to free trade and navigation, in addition to the Congo Basin

how did this shift from to object to vision centerd effect museum practices?

Ideas about inclusion, empowerment, participation, and representation have had huge impacts on the function of museums and galleries

theory

The academic study of museums, focusing on concepts like representation, audience engagement, and cultural impact.

What main duties do museums have in caring for their collection?

The conservation, preservation, and documentation of objects is the primary responsibility of a museum institution

Is 'museum and gallery studies' an interdisciplinary field? If so, explain why.

Yes, an enormous range of disciplines (art history, natural sciences, ethnography, geology, archaeology,etc.) No two are the same The individuality of museums is what makes them interesting and worthy of study

What is "history"?

a carefully crafted story that has been built and abstracted from the elements of the past.

According to Anthony Shelton, what are the three museologies?

operational,-how things are done in museum critical,- what agency does musuem practice have Praxiological-Challenging the subconsciosus politics that are "invisible" in museums.

AAM

organized and permanent nonprofit institution, essentially educational or esthetic in a purpose,with professional staff, that owns or uses tangible objects, cares for them and exhibits them to the public on some regular schedule

Do museums have a responsibility to the future? If so, what is this responsibility?

responsibility to represent wider stories and multivocality

Preservation

stabilizing the object for ongoing exhibition

When did museums shifted from object-centered to a visitor centered

the 1970s

how does joseph Nye define "soft power"

the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion and payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies.

Museum and Gallery Studies

the formal academic examination of just about any aspect of what museums and galleries are and do

What is deaccessioning? Why is it controversial?

the process for objects to leave permanent collections. ethical area, with many governing regulations.• Museums attempting to deaccession significant works often face significant resistance, even threatening their accreditationPgs.72-74

What is "the past"?

the sum total of everyindividual, action and event thathas happened to date

How are museums expanding their collections by collecting the "intangible" and "digital heritage"?

they collect the present for the future These values can change radically over time, and different collectors attributed values to periods and artistic movements

How was "value" attributed to the Salvador Mundi (as seen in the documentary "The LostLeonardo")

they said his had and lip were by leo

What is an object biography? How is the documentary "The Lost Leonardo" an example of anobject biography?

thinking about the entire "life story" of an object,from its creation to present day

How do museums communicate (tell) history

through architectural space, using language to help us understand a narrative through objects -people interact with these displays

Restoration

trying to return an object to its "original" state

How was the creation of nineteenth century museums connected to colonialism?

• European colonizers sought to present the indigenous people they oppressed as "primitive," in opposition to the"culture" of "civilized" races• These museums were used to justify colonial power, presenting the ruling class as superior

Do all cultures have museums?

Increasingly, museums in postcolonial countries are trying to find new ways of highlighting these diverse cultural artifacts

ICOM

A museum is a nonprofit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment

What aspects of Western historical tradition have impacted museums?

There are fundamental aspects of Western historical tradition that have impacted museums

how are museums and galleries examples of'soft power'?

Museums and galleries are ambassadors and unifying symbols for their nations• Often museums are charged with political significance

Why, and in what ways, are attributing value to past artworks controversial and difficult to establish?

Museums must focus on separating"tradition" from academic history, authenticity

Why do societies have museums and galleries?

Nation-building, economic regeneration, fostering patriotism, educating the citizenry...building collective memory and a sense of shared identity based on a shared sense of the past"

How was the creation of nineteenth century museums connected to nationalism?

Nations wanted to build identity and encourage unity among their people, discouraging them from rebellion• Nations also sought to expand their influence through colonialism

how do definitions from the museum sector differ from the Oxford English dictionary's definition of 'museum'

Oxford-( basic) building or institution where objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance are stored and exhibited Museum sector-institution that collects, preserves, interprets, and exhibits objects and artifacts of cultural, historical, scientific, or artistic significance for the public.

acquiring

looser standard of care and preservation. These objects do not necessarily need to be kept forever, or enter the permanent collections

practice

The real-world application of museum theories in activities like collection management, exhibition design, and audience outreach.

What is "public trust" and how is this related to museums?

The sense of having faith in the authority of institutions as reliable, trustworthy, or merely independent of other vested interests or sources of power." matter of perception

What is accessioning

an object formally enters a museum's permanent collection, with the intention that they will preserve it in perpetuity

AAM accreditation criteria

be a legally organized nonprofit institution or part of a nonprofit organization ;have a formally stated and approved mission; use and interpret objects and/or be a site for the public presentation of regular scheduled programs ;have a formal and appropriate program of documentation, care, and use of collections and/or objects ;carry out the above functions primarily at a physical facility/site; have been open to the public for at least two years; be open to the public at least 1,000 hours a year ;have accessioned 80percent of its permanent collection; have at least one paid professional staff member with museum knowledge and experience; have a full-time director to whom authority is delegated for day-to-day operations; and have financial resources sufficient to operate effectively.

In what ways is "value" created?

by scarcity and rarity, even in the museum and gallery.74-75

conservation

choosing a few areas to restore, in order to prevent inessential change

Why are museums (now) so dependant on private donors and corporations for accessioning new objects into their collections?

idk

How were museums involved in the "story" that "The Lost Leonardo" presented? Put anotherway, how did museums contribute to the authentication (or challenge to authentication) of theSalvador Mundi?

idk yet

What are the early predecessors of the public museums?

idk yet