Music, an Appreciation
Symphony poem or Tone Poem
also in one movement. Symphonic poems take many traditional forms - sonat form, rondo, or them and variations as well as irregular forms.
Romantic Composers and their Public
composer's role in society changed radically during Beethoven's lifetime (1770-1827) Classical composers wrote works for a specific occasion and audience. Romantic composers were more interested in pleasing their contemporaries but also in being judged favorable by posterity.
Concert overture
has one movement usually in sonata form. The romantic concert overture was modeled after theopera overture, a one movement composition that establishes the mood of an opera.
Program Symphony
is a composition in several movements as the name implies, a symphony with a program. Usually each movement has a descriptive title.
Schumann, Robert Page 229 Fantasiestucke for Piano, Op 12 Page 230
is a cycle of eight short pieces, each with it's own particular character, mood, and evocative title. Aufschwung (Soaring:1837-passionate and impulsvie with a very fast tempo, driving rhythems and lyric interludes. Outlined as A B A C A B A
transitional passages
one movement of a symphony or concerto may lead directly into the next.
Transcendental Etude No. 10 in F Minor Page 242
one of the finest virtuoso pieces of the romantic era. By Fanz Liszt
Musical Miniatures
Musical Miniatures- Piano pieces that last only a few minutes and meant to be heard in the intimate surroundings of a home.; they med the needs of the growing number of people who owned pianos Ex. Chopin and Schubert.
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 220 Nationalism
Nationalism was an important political movement that influenced 19th century music. Musical nationalism was expressed with romantic composers deliberately created music with a specific national identity, using the folksongs, dances, legends, and history of their homelands. The national flavor contrasts with the more universal character of classical music.
Nationalism
Nationalism was an important political movement that influenced 19th century music. Musical nationalism was expressed with romantic composers deliberately created music with a specific national identity, using the folksongs, dances, legends, and history of their homelands. The national flavor contrasts with the more universal character of classical music.
Absolute Music
Non Program Music; Aprogrammatic work can be heard simply as an example of rondo, fugue, sonata form, or theme and variations.
Schubert, Franz Page 226 Erlkonig (The Eriking;1815) Page227
One of the earliest and finest examples of musical romanticism.
Rubato
To intensify the expression of the music by slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo.
Art Song Forms Through-composed form
Writing new music for each stanza. Through-composed form allows music to reflect a poem's changing moods.
Through-composed form
Writing new music for each stanza. Through-composed form allows music to reflect a poem's changing moods.
Romantic Composers and their Public Page 223
Wrote primarily for a middle-class audience whose size and prosperity had increased because of the industrial revolution.
Idee fixe
a single melody which Berlioz called the idee fixe or fixed idea is used to represent the beloved in Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony; 1830
Nocturne
In French, night piece; a compositionusually slow lyrical and intimate in character often for piano solo.
Program
The non musical element is usually specified by a title or by explanatory comments called a program.
Monumental compositions
Monumental compositions-gigantic works that call for a huge number of performers, last for several hours, and were designed for large opera houses or concert halls. Ex. Berlioz and Wagner
Incidental music
Music intended to be performed before and during a play, setting the mood for the drama.
Schumann, Robert
*Son of a bookseller *1810-1856 *embodied musical romanticism *Works were autobiographical and usually have descriptive titles, texts or programs. *Born in Zwickau, Germany *Studied law at Leipzig Universtiy *At 20 decided to become a piano virtuoso but developed serious problems with his right hand *In 20's founded New Journal of Music *At 18, Schumann met his teacher's daughter, Clara Wieck. She was nine years old. They became engaged when she was 17. Her father opposed. *Mental and Physical health deteriorated. In 1854 he tried to drown himself was committed to an asylum. *Died in 1856 *First 10 years published on piano pieces *In 1840 year of marriage, composed many art songs which also revealed his gift for melody Works include: Carnaval (Carnival), Kinderscenen (Scenes of childhood, Nachstucke (Night Pieces, Dichterliebe (Poiet's Love, Fantasiestucke (Fantasy Pieces
Schubert, Franz Page 226
1797-1828 *Earliest master of the romantic Art Song *Never held an official position *Was neither a conductor nor a virtuoso *Income was entirely from musical composition. *Born in Vienna *Son of a schoolmaster *Became a choirboy at age 11 in the court chapel *Won a scholarship to the Imperial Seminary *Taught at his father's school; a job he hated. *Composed his first great song at 17-Gretchen and Spinnrade (Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel. *At 18 composed 143 songs including The Eriking *At 19 composed 179 works including two symphonies, an opera, and a mass *Schubertiads-parties where only his music was played. *Two most important symphonies-Unfinished and the Great C Major-were not performed in public during his lifetime. *Unfinished has only two movements rather than the usual four. *Great C Major Symphony was discovered 10 years after his death by Robert Schumann *Died in 1828 at the age of 31,
Romantic Period
1820-1900
Romantic Composers and their Public Page 223 Virtuosity
19th century public was captivated by virtuosity. Among the musical heroes of the 1830s were the pianist Franz Liszt and the violinist Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840 who toured Europe and astonished audiences with their feats. never before had instrumental virtuosity been so acclaimed. After on concert by Liszt in Budapest, Hungarian nobles presented him with a jeweled sword, and a crowd of thousands formed a torchlight parade to escort him to his dwelling.
Polonaise
A piece in triple meter,originated as a stately processional dance for the Polish Nobility.
Leitmotif
A short musical idea associated with a person, an object, or a thought in the drama
Modified strophic form
A song form in which tow or more stanzas of poetry are set to the same music while other stanzas have new music.
etude
A study piece designed to help a performer master specific technical difficulties.
Postlude
Art Song mood often set by a brief piano introduction and summed up at the end by a piano section called a postlude.
Romantic Composers and their Public Free Artist Page 222
Beethoven was know as a free-artist. He inspired romantic musicians, who often composed to meet an inner need rather than fulfill a commission. Sometimes composers were free-artist by necessity rather than choice. Because of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars (1789-1814 many aristocrats could not longer afford composers in residence. Musicians lost their jobs.
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page Expanded range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo
Called for a wide range of dynamics. It includes sharp contrasts between faint whispers and sonorities or unprecedented power. Seeking more and more expressiveness, 19th century composers used frequent crescendos and decrescendos, as well as sudden dynamic changes. The range of Pitch was expanded also, as composers reached fro extremely high or low sounds.. The romantics exploited instruments such as the piccolo and contrabassoon, as well as the expanded keyboard or the piano. Tempo-Changes of mood in romantic music are often underlined by accelerandos, ritardandos, and subtle variations of pace. There are many more fluctuations in tempo than there are in classical music.
Composers of the romantic period
Continued to use the musical forms of the preceding classical era
Symphonic poem or tone poem
Created by Franz Liszt; a one movement orchestral composition based on some extend on literary or pictorial ideas.
Mendelssohn and Brahms
Created works that were deeply rooted in classical tradition.
Opera
Drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment usually a large scale composition employing vocal soloist, chorus, orchestra, costumes, and scenery.
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 220 Exoticism
Exoticism a trend that was the fascination with national identity also led composers to draw on colorful materials from foreign lands. French composer Bizet wrote Carmen an operat set in Spain; Italian Puccini evoked Japan in his opera Madame butterfly; Russian Korsakov suggested an Arabian atmosphere in his orchestral work Scheherazade. Musical exoticism was in keeping with romantics' attraction to things remote, picturesque, and mysterious.
Exoticism
Exoticism a trend that was the fascination with national identity also led composers to draw on colorful materials from foreign lands. French composer Bizet wrote Carmen an operat set in Spain; Italian Puccini evoked Japan in his opera Madame butterfly; Russian Korsakov suggested an Arabian atmosphere in his orchestral work Scheherazade. Musical exoticism was in keeping with romantics' attraction to things remote, picturesque, and mysterious.
Concerto
Extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually in three movements (1)fast, (2) Slow, (3) fast.
Pentatonic scale
Five note scales and modal scales often found in folk music; Dvorak Page 258
Romantic Composers and their Public Page 223 Music Conservatories
Founded in 19th century throughout Europe. Founded in US in Chicago, Cleveland, Boston, Oberlin (Ohio), and Philadelphia in 1860's, More young men and women were studying professionals musicians than ever before. Women were only accepted as students of performance at first but by the late 1800 they could study musical composition.
Most significant Romantic musicians
Franz Schubert Robert Schumann Clara Wieck Schumann Frederic Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Hector Berlioz Perter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Bedfich Smetana Antonin Dvorak Johannes Brahms Georges Bizet Giuseppe Verdi Giacomo Puccini Richard Wagner
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page Page 221 Colorful Harmony
In addition to exploiting new tone colors, the romantics explored new chords and novel ways of using familiar chords. Seeking greater emotional intensity, composers emphasized rich, colorful and complex harmonies. A romantic piece tends to have a wide variety of keys and rapid modulations, or changes from one eye to another. Because of the nature and frequency of these key shifts, the tonic key is somewhat less clear than in classical works. The feeling of tonal gravity tends to be less strong. By the end of the romantic period, even more emphasis was given to harmonic instability and less to stability and resolution.
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 220 Program Music
Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene. The non musical element is usually specified by a title or by explanatory comments called a program. Example: Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet, an orchestral work inspired by Shakespeare's play, agitated music depicts the feud between the rival families, a tender melody conveys young love, and a funeral march rhythm suggests the lovers' tragic fate.
Program Music
Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene. The non musical element is usually specified by a title or by explanatory comments called a program. Example: Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet, an orchestral work inspired by Shakespeare's play, agitated music depicts the feud between the rival families, a tender melody conveys young love, and a funeral march rhythm suggests the lovers' tragic fate.
Nineteenth-century symphony
Might last 45 minutes as opposed to 25 minutes for and 18th century symphony
Art Song Page 225
One of the most distinctive forms in romantic music; a composition for solo voice and piano. The accompaniment is an integral part of the composer's concept and it serves as an interpretive partner to the voice. Poetry and Music are intimately fused in the art song. The finest song composers were Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms. The were German and Austrian and set poems in their native language. Favored poets were Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)
Symphony
Orchestral composition usually in four movements typically lasting between 20 and 25 minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the orchestra.
Schumann, Clara Wieck Music
Page 233-234 Page 234 1819-1896
Chopin, Frederic Chopin's Music
Page 236 Page 236-240 1810-1849 Grew up in Warsaw Died at 39 of Tuberculosis
Liszt, Franz Liszt Music
Page 240-241 Page 241-242 1811-1886 Born in Hungary The greatest pianoist of his time Creator of the symphonic poem
Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn Music
Page 243 Page 243-246 1809-1847 Born in Hamburg, Germany
Berlioz, Hector Berlioz Music
Page 248-249 Page 249-253 Son of a doctor 1803-1869 Born in a small town near Grenoble. Wrote to his reluctant father in 1824: "I am voluntarily driven toward a magnificent career (no other term can be applied to the career of an artist) and I am not in the least headed toward damnation. . . . . . This is the way I think, the way I am, and nothing in the world will change me. Wrote to his father "I want to leave on this earth some trace of my existence."
Nationalism in the 19th Century Music
Page 254-255
Smetana, Bedrich Smetana Music
Page 255 Page 256 1824-1884
Dvorak, Antonin Dvorak Music
Page 257 Page 257-259 1841-1904 From a small town near Prague
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Music
Page 260 Page 260-262 1840-1893 Russia
Brahams, Johannes Braham Music
Page 262-263 Page 263-265 1833-1897 Born in Hamburg Germany
Bizet, Georges Bizet Music
Page 266 Page 267-273 1838-1875 Born in Paris
Verdi, Giuseppe Verdi Music
Page 273 Page 274-279 1813-1901 Born in a tiny Italian village
Puccini, Giacomo Puccini Music
Page 279-280 Page 280-288 1858-1924 Italy
Wagner, Richard Wagner Music
Page 288-289 Page 289-294 1813-1883 Born in Leipzig
Romantic Composers and their Public Page 223 18th Century
Public concerts had developed during the 18th century
Romantic Composers and their Public Page 223 19th Century
Regular Subscriptions concerts become common. London Philharmonic Society founded 1813 Paris Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire founded 1828 Vienna Philharmonische Konzerte founded 1842 New Your Philharmonic founded 1842
Art Song Forms Strophic form
Repeating the same music for each stanza of the poem. Makes the song easy to remember and is used in almost all folk songs.
Strophic form
Repeating the same music for each stanza of the poem. Makes the song easy to remember and is used in almost all folk songs.
Art Song Song Cycle
Romantic are songs are sometimes grouped in a set or song cycle. A cycle may be unified by a story line that runs through the poems or by musical ideas linking the songs. Great romantic song cycles -Winterreise (Winter's Journey 1827 by Schubert Dichterliebe (Poet's Love, 1840 by SchumanN
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page Form: Miniature and Monumental
Romantic composers expressed themselves in both musical miniatures and in monumental compositions. Musical Miniatures- Piano pieces that last only a few minutes and meant to be heard in the intimate surroundings of a home.; they med the needs of the growing number of people who owned pianos Ex. Chopin and Schubert. Monumental compositions-gigantic works that call for a huge number of performers, last for several hours, and were designed for large opera houses or concert halls. Ex. Berlioz and Wagner
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 220 Expressive Tone Color
Romantic composers reveled in rich and sensuous sound, using tone color to obtain a variety of moods and atmosphere. Never before had timbre been so important. Romantic orchestra was larger and more varied in tone color than the classical orchestra. Toward the end of the Romantic era, an orchestra might include close to one hundred musicians. (There were 20 -60 in a classical ensemble. Many more instruments were used. In 1844 Hector Berlioz's Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration singled the recognition of Orchestration as an art in itself.
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 219 Individually of Style
Romantic music put unprecedented emphasis on self-expression and individuality of style.
Difference between Romantic and Classical music
Romantic work tends to have greater ranges of ton color, dynamics, and pitch. The romantic harmonic vocabulary is broader with more emphasis on colorful, unstable chords. Romantic music is linked more closely to the other arts, particularly to literature. New forms developed and in all forms there was greater tension and less emphasis on balance and resolution.
thematic transformation
Technique when a melody returns in a later movement or section of a romantic work, its character may be transformed by changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm. A striking use of thematic transformation occurs in Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony, 1830, in which a lyrical melody from the opening movement becomes a grotesque dance tune in the finale.
Mozart and Beethoven
The emotional intensity associated with romanticism was already present in their work and they greatly influenced the work of composers after them
Characteristics of Romantic Music Page 219 Expressive Aims and Subjects
The romantics explored a universe of feeling that included flamboyance and intimacy, unpredictability and melancholy, rapture and longing. All aspects of nature attracted romantic musicians. Romantic composers also dealt with subjects drawn from the Middle Ages and from Shakespeare's plays.
Berlioz, Liszt and Wagner
Were revolutionary in the romantic music they created.
chromatic harmony
uses chords containing tones not found in prevailing major or minor scale. Such chords tones come from the chromatic scale which has 23 tones rather than from the major or minor scales which have 7 different tones. Chromatic cords add color and motion to romantic music. Dissonant, or unstable, chords were also used more freely than during the classical era. By deliberately delaying the resolution or dissonance to a consonant, or stable, chord, romantic composers created feelings of yearning tension and mystery.