Music as a World Phenomenon

Heterophony

multiple performers playing simultaneous variations of the same line of music

anglophone by circumstance- sudanic belt

not colonized but still English speaking Sierra Leone, Liberia

Francophone by circumstance Bantu world

not colonized by france, but french speaking Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi

single reed

one reed is installed in the mouthpiece of the aerophone instrument

Bushmen or Huttentots

two racial groups that live in the southern portion of Africa. Most of them are hunters and gatherers who live a nomadic life in the southern Kalahari deserts

standard pattern

united kingdom version of rhythmic pattern

time-line pattern

African version of rhythmic pattern

Victor Mahillon

Belgium museum curator who created the system for classifying musical instruments based on where the sound comes from.

Islands along the sudanic belt

Cape Verde

Krar

Lyre family of chordophone in Africa found in Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania used for accompaniment mentioned in the Bible as kithara, the harp that was played in the temple of Apollo 5-7 strings

Atumpan

Membranophone of Africa male and female membranophones used as talking drums by the Ashanti people in Ghana used to communicate over a long distance used in schools to signal class change

Dundun

Membranophone of Africa talking drum of the Yoruba in Nigeria two headed with an hour glass shaped shell played with a curved mallet

Is music a universal language?

No. Music is a universal human phenomenon, but it is not a universal language.

Malawi used to be named

Nyassaland

Zimbabwe used to be named

Rhodesia

Darbuka

Single-headed mebranophone- middle east hand drum with goblin shape covered with goat skin traditionally made of clay or wood but modernly made of metal

Tanzania used to be named

Tanganyika

Ngoni

Lute family in chordophone of Africa known among the Bambara in West Africa dried goat skin over a hollow wood or gourd 5-6 strings accompany griots in his many functions as a story teller and praise singer West Africa

Ud

Lute family of Chordophone 11 strings produce 12 pitches played with the feather of an eagle no frets came from southern Spain territory, followers of Muhammad

Saz

Lute family of chordophone 7 strings producing 2 pitches from the middle east played with a pick

To truly understand why music is the way it is you must first understand what?

The behavior that produced it

interval

The distance between two notes or pitches

Transculturation

any prolonged contact of culture, leads to an exchange of cultural elements from both sides.

Harmony

any two or more pitches sounded simultaneously

islands off the coast of the bantu world

cape verde São Tome

harp

chordophone instrument played by plucking the strings towards the player

zither

chordophone instrument played horizontally

fiddle

chordophone instrument that is bowed to produce sound

lyre

chordophone instrument that is plucked side to side

Lute

chordophone instruments that are held like a guitar to play

Anglophone Sudanic Belt

colonized by English and English speaking Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria

Anglophone Bantu world

colonized by english, english speaking Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Namibia

Francophone Bantu world

colonized by france, french speaking Gabon, Equatorial French Guinea, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)

Lusophone Bantu world

colonized by the Portuguese, Portuguese speaking Angola, Mozambique

The Nilotics

direct descendants of ancient Egyptians who fled from Egypt

Algaita

double reed oboe (Nigera)

orgnaum

earliest harmony in western music

Democratic republic of the Congo went by many names

free state of the Congo, Belgium Congo. democratic republic of the Congo, zair

Tempo

how slow or fast a composition is performed

xylophone

idiophone from Africa wooden keys found in entire sub-Sahara African region (sudanic and bantu)

Membranophone

instrument where the sound comes from the vibration of hitting a stretched skin or membrane

Aerophone

instrument where the sound is produced by vibration in the column of air.

chordophone

instrument where the sound originates from the vibration of a string by bowing, plucking, and or hammering.

Taqsim

A Maquam instrumental improvisational for Arabic music

Lusophone Sudanic Belt

Colonized by the Portuguese and speak Portuguese Guinea Bissau

Francophone Sudanic belt

Colonized by the french and french speaking Senegal, Guinea Conakry, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ivory Coast Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Central African Empire

Zurna

Double reed aerophone from turkey used in classical and folk music enjoyed in Islam

Rebab

Fiddle family of chordophone- middle east Two strings, and bow is fixed between making it attached also known as saw sam sai in asia

Kora

Harp family chordophone of Africa 21 strings, 10 on one side 11 on the other primarily the instrument of the Mandingo people of Mali used to entertain Kelefa Sane, a Mandinka hero zone of cultural interaction includes Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, and Niger.

Shekere

Idiophone from Africa Beads on a gourd of sorts sounds like a rattle found through- out the Sudanic Belt zone of Africa, particularly in Nigeria, and Ghana

Mbira

Idiophone from Africa known by many names, kalima etc. thumb piano found with Baluba in DRC, and Shona in Zimbabwe accompany storytellings

Log drum/slit drum

Idiophone from Africa often used for speech to communicate at long distance only two tones, high and low Otetela in the Democratic Republic of Congo, musicians dance playing this

Agogo

Idiophone of Africa double bell made of iron has two pitches high and low one bell is male and the other is female common in the Sudanic Belt zone and especially in Ghana and Nigeria

The Pygmies

The shortest group in Africa, 1st occupants of the central African territory

Ubuntu

You are because I am, and I am because you are

inanga

Zither chordophone of Africa trough zither, 7-9 strings from 1 single string found in Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi primarily used to accompany praise and epic singing

Qanun

Zither family of chordophone Plucked with metallic picks on each index finger Many strings, 4 per pitch Middle eastern

Santur

Zither family of chordophone played horizontally with 2 mallets Many strings, 4 per pitch

Cymbalum

Zither family of chordophone- Middle east Similar to a piano The largest of all hammered Middle Eastern zithers

layali

a maquam that is purely vocal improvisation

Music definition

a product of human behavior in time and space

camouflage

a prohibited practice is concealed with the accepted one in order to deceive authority.

reinterpretation

a theory of attributing new functions to an old structure

zone of cultural interaction

a zone in which a cultural element is shared by its habitants

double reed

aerophone instrument with 2 reeds

reed free

aerophone with no reed

free reed

aerophone with the reed built into the instrument

Homophony

all voices and sounds move in the same motion

Rhythmic pattern

an american concept for a unit of time composed

Idiophone

an instrument where the sound is produced from the vibration of a solid material

Melody

an organization of pitches/notes

pitch

rate of vibration per second of any sound (heard not seen)

Sudanic Belt

region of Africa below the Sahara desert to the central African republic.

Pan-Arab Empire

region of Africa influenced mainly by Islam, the Sahara desert and up.

Bantu World

region of Africa, the Dominican Republic of Congo, Cameroon and down

meter

regular division of time in a given measure

Namibia used to named

south west Africa

black Africa

space below the Sahara desert considered to be more true to African culture without the influence of Islam

Timbre

the color of tone quality of a music note

Assimilation

the process in which an element of culture or musical instrument is submitted before it is fully accepted by the new society. Assimilation is the final phase or acceptance

harmony is also known as the what of music

the texture of a musical composition

Maquam

traditional concept that governs the process of melodic improvisation in classical Arabic music

note

visual representation of pitch

polyphony

voices and sounds move independently and differently