Music jazz

Polyrhythm

-Layering multiple, independent rhythmic patterns on top of each other - The superimposition of one rhythmic pattern on top of at least one other - A fundamental attribute of music of African, which is organized into distinct rhythmic layers

Louis Armstrong innovations

1. Established Blues scale and a Bluesy feeling as Jazz's harmonic foundation 2. Emotional playing and improvisation association with jazz 3. Scat singing 4. Demonstrated that popular song had a place in Jazz 5. Solidified and disseminated Swing style 6. Established that Jazz is soloistc

Principal/characteristic rhythmic traits of jazz

1. Syncopation* 2. Polyrhythm* 3. Rhythmic repetition* 4. Swing style or groove *(trait derives from African practice

AABA TERNARY SONG FORM

12 BAR BLUES I (c) ---TONIC HARMONY - }|////|////|////|////| Michael Brecker tenor sax Bridge 5TH BAR. SUB DOMINT CORD 4TH IV (f) I(c) |////|////|////|////| V(G) IV (F) IC |////|////|////|////|}. PAT METHEY GUITAR

Coleman Hawkins

1st saxophone stylist

In 1927 Paul WHITEMAN...

After 1927, Whiteman recorded with Bix and Crosby a. Whiteman filtered jazz for the middle class b. Bix was third cornet and often drunk i. He was fascinated by the piano and good friends with Challis 1. Challis started transcribing Bix's piano playing a. They're jazzy and impressionistic b. "In a Mist" is the most famous piece from the piano playing

differences between BIX AND ARMSTRONG

Bix and Armstrong admired each other but were different players a. Armstrong - hot jazz b. Bix - cool jazz; question and answer i. Bix's life was dramatized 1. Book called "Young Man with a Horn" was loosely inspired by his life and, consequently, a film ii. In reality, he loved playing in Whiteman's band 1. He sent his recordings to his parents, who ignored them 2. He still recorded with small jazz groups iii. In 1929, Whiteman sent him for time off and then rehab 1. Drinking was too much 2. After returning to the band, he went back to drinking and died

Syncopation

Consists of 1. Accenting the weak beats (i.e., 2 and 4) 2. Placing rhythms in between beats

Characteristics of rag time

Like jazz, a dominating characteristic of ragtime is syncopation; however, unlike jazz, ragtime: a. Doesn't really swing b. Until W. C. Handy, didn't have any Blues influence c. Wasn't intended to be improvised or faked, even though it often was

First Jazz Band to make RECORD 1917

Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1917) i. They gave jazz a bad name for several decades because: 1. The emphasis in their music was comedy 2. Their records were banal and trashy 3. They promoted their music as "musical anarchy" ii. "Livery Stable Blues" was their first recording 1. Their instruments imitated barn animal sounds 2. Based on the 12 Bar Blues 3. Outsold Sousa and Caruso 4. Young crowd embraced this song because their parents hated it

Clarence William

Pianists ..composer..vocalist

Benny goodman

Played at Carnegie Hall with swing or orchestra -clarinetist

Sydney Bishet

Saxophonist clarinets trumpeter with Louis Armstrong ...part of Crelos band ..soprano saxophonists

Bix Beiderbecke

Trumpet player a. From Davenport b. Famous for "Chicago-style" and most famous white jazz musician of his time c. From upper middle-class; came from extremely conservative German home d. At 13, he was exposed to records from ODJB *Learned to play cornet (self-taught) 1.Taught himself incorrectly 2. Gave his playing a distinctive sound e. Was a lover of piano but refused to learn to read music *Played and learned by ear f. Sent to military school near Chicago, where he'd sneak off to g. Eddie Condon described his music as "a girl saying 'yes'" h. Jazz hero for aspiring white soloists i. His first recordings were with The Wolverines in 1922 *They both went to New York in1924 *Quit The Wolverines and was replaced j. He teamed up with Frankie Trumbauer * Trumbauer worked on C-melody saxophone (unusual) 1. The C-melody sax was intended to be used by amateurs, not professionals 2. Trumbauer is the only professional who played it well and influenced other tenor sax players ii. Bix and Trumbauer got a gig in St. Louis for one ear 1. Bix was a heavy drinker (a rebel) and drank himself to death eventually iii. Trumbauer got them a gig with a band led by Jean Goldkette 1. Goldkette was a commercial classical pianist who was famous for booking bands for engagements 2. Goldkette arranged Trumbauer, Beiderbecke, Challis, Eddie Lang, and Joe Venuti to play a gig for a whole summer a. They played together for a whole summer and developed a bond b. Lang and Venuti became very close friends and often performed duets together 3. They (Trumbauer, Beiderbecke, Challis, Lang, and Venuti) go to New York a. They played opposite Henderson's band and beat them in a Battle of the Bands-type scenario....They left Goldkette and went to Paul Whiteman's Orchestra and recorded with them in 1927

Henry Red Allen

Trumpet player and vocalist In 1927 played King Oliver's band Died of pancreatic cancer

NIEL HEFTY

Trumpeter-composer-song writer and arranger HE OFFERED A JOB TO WRITE A THEME BASED ON A COMIC BOOK BaTMAN..... BASE NOTE TO THE BLUES PROGRESSION... Died of throat cancer

History behind birthplace of Jazz

VI. Historians doubt that New Orleans was the only birthplace of jazz a. New Orleans was a fertile place, but not the sole one i. Evidence for this: James Reese Europe was from New York, nowhere near New Orleans b. One theory: Stride Style i. It's like ragtime but with more Blues ii. Duke Ellington supports this theory iii. James P. Johnson 1. "Father of Harlem Stride" 2. He worked the North Carolina coasts by entertaining the workers 3. Recorded "Carolina Shout" around 1917/1919 a. A rite of passage to be a stride style pianist was to be able to play this song b. Many, like Duke Ellington, learned to play it by slowing down a piano roll and pressing the depressed keys 4. He wrote music for a Broadway show and composed "Charleston" a. This is the most identifiable song with the 1920s 5. He also had an impact on Rock n' Roll a. Had a career of orchestrating and ghost-writing 6. A stroke left him unable to play, but he enjoyed listening to and became a fan of modern jazz c. Jelly Roll Morton advocates that jazz was born in other places, not just New Orleans, because he claims since he invented it, he took it with him everywhere and spread it

What about blues in the beginning

VII. New York is the site of the first commercialization of Blues recorded music a. Perry Bradford i. Wanted Sophie Tucker to sing his song "Crazy Blues" 1. She didn't show up, so he enlisted vaudeville singer Mamie Smith 2. She originally sang it like she would a vaudeville song until Bradford told her to sing it as if she were at home 3. Ralph Sylvester Peer heard it and called it "a race record" (authentically black) a. Race music describes music by and for African Americans b. Jerry Wexler, twenty years later, suggested calling it "Rhythm and Blues" 4. "Crazy Blues" sold 75 thousand copies in two weeks a. This record is the first Blues recording b. Opened African American arm of the recording industry c. Inspired other female Blues artists d. "Classic Blues tradition" i. A big business ii. The female classic Blues singers were stars and divas

New Orleans -Congo square

VIII. New Orleans a. Congo Square i. Renamed Louis Armstrong Park after WWII ii. Originally, they denied jazz originating there since jazz gave them a bad reputation iii. Now, they are proud of their jazz history iv. A place where African Americans could congregate and practice cultural traditions in the South 1. Slaves were originally forbidden from playing drums since they could have sent each other coded messages for escape 2. These parties ended in the mid-1890s 3. The roots were mostly Caribbean

Bin Crosby

Was Paul WHITEMAN featured singer a. Called "The Rhythm Boys" b. First male singer hired by orchestra leader to only sing c. First pop singer to take advantage of the microphone (made the experience intimate) d. Use of technology started in 1925 e. First male crooner

Alan Lomax .. Met/knew jelly roll morton how

a musical historian/musicologist i. Lomax interviewed Morton, who claimed to have been ripped off ii. Lomax recorded Morton playing "Maple Leaf Rag" as a jazz piece (it swings)

New Orleans Brass Band

a. A military marching band reduced to the barest essentials i. Instead of a trumpet section, only one trumpeter 1. Allowed him to syncopate and paraphrase ii. Clarinet provided the embroidery of the music iii. Middle brass/trombone in charge of harmonic direction 1. "Tail-gate trombone" - emphasis is on the slide of the trombone in New Orleans iv. Instead of two drummers, one person doing double-drumming v. Tuba was in charge of the bass line vi. Piano became a part of the band during this time b. Funerals were very important in New Orleans jazz history i. Back then, the more lavish and expensive a funeral was, the more loved the departed seemed ii. To go all out, brass bands would be hired to play slow music behind the hearse iii. After the funeral when everyone would go back to the church, the band would play happy, cheerful music to uplift them

James Reese Europe

a. Along with his syncopated orchestra, he recorded his version of "Memphis Blues" in 1919 i. Based on 12 Bar Blues ii. Example of instrumental ragtime iii. It's like 12 Bar Blues + Ragtime b. He was part of the infantry i. Met other in the infantry to play music ii. Started performing in Europe, making it the first time Europeans been exposed to ragtime and the American brass band

Chicago style

a. Becomes more arranged b. Has a hot chorus

Red Nichols

a. Bix's protégée b. Most famous recording artist of "Chicago-style" c. Had a band "Red Nichols and The Five Pennies" d. He was so famous that they made a movie about him e. Miff Mole i. Trombone player he hired

Scott Joplin

a. Composed "Maple Leaf Rag" i. Most famous ragtime composition ii. Named after the club he worked at iii. Most people who bought the sheet music for the song couldn't play it b. During his time, ragtime became more and more controversial i. Joplin became offended and wanted respect from the public ii. He thought that, by writing ragtime operas, he'd be more respected 1. "Treemonisha" is his ragtime opera 2. He became obsessed with getting his opera produced iii. Died in 1917 penniless (he spent his fortune trying to produce his opera) iv. At the time of his death, ragtime and Joplin were old news c. His music remained obscured for fifty or sixty years until the 1970s i. In the '70s, the movie The Sting came out 1. The composer for the film came across Joplin's "The Entertainer" and used it to score the film 2. When the movie became popular, so did Joplin because of his song a. His opera was then produced due to his popularity b. He collected royalties posthumously 3. "The Entertainer" was so popular that it hit #1 on the chart in the '70s 4. The Sting is set in 1934 when ragtime was unpopular, so it's historically inaccurate

Ben Pollack

a. Drummer for NORK b. After the band fell apart, he went to work for the family business (family was happy) c. Was sent to LA in the summer for vacation where he got a gig d. Invited Benny Goodman and other friends from Chicago to come play e. Band grew to a large dance band f. Band left LA in 1925 i. They were one of the first big dance bands with a jazz band within g. In New York, Pollack fell in love and made the band about the singer h. The band left Pollack and auditioned bandleaders i. Bing Crosby's brother became the bandleader i. Band became "Bob Crosby and The Bobcats" 1.Represented big dance band with jazz players

Austin High Gang

a. Group of teenagers from the affluent side of Chicago b. They were exposed to New Orleans Rhythm Kings (NORK) and influenced by them c. "Chicago-style jazz" d. Almost all of them became famous e. Often enlisted Benny Goodman​ i. He was from the poor side of Chicago f. Called themselves "Blue Friars"

Django Reinhardt

a. Gypsy from Belgium who was influenced by Lang and Venuti b. Fingers severely burned in fire, so he had to play guitar with his pinkie and thumb i. Compensated by playing fast single-note lines c. Played with Grappelli (violinist) in Paris' Quintette du Hot Club de France i. Famous pilgrimage for jazz musicians d. First important jazz musician not American-born e. First guitar soloist

Paul WHITEMAN

a. Known for "symphonic syncopation" b. "King of Jazz" c. Started his dance band in 1920 i. Inspired by Art Hickman (model of American dance band) d. Classical violist who was introduced to jazz in San Francisco i. Word "jazz" was first used in print in San Francisco ii. Simpler definition of jazz: blues on brass instruments e. Made it his mission to bring jazz to the people i. "Make a lady out of jazz" f. In 1924 (the same year Louis Armstrong joined Henderson's band), he commissioned George Gershwin to write jazz concert music i. "Rhapsody in Blue" in Aeolian Hall in 1924 1. This was not very jazz-like; more like classical 2. Gershwin couldn't write for orchestra instruments, so Ferde Grofé wrote the music for the orchestra a. Grofé probably wrote more music than any other man who lived b. He wrote for orchestra

Swing Era

a. Official year of the beginning of Swing Era is 1935 b. Other bands in New York had been playing Swing before then, but it's official date isn't recorded until 1935 c. First white band to play swing - "Glen Gray and His Casa Loma Orchestra" i. A commonwealth band ii. Booked by Jean Goldkette iii. Glen Gray was not really the leader; he was just the best looking sax guy iiii. Their theme song is "Smoke Greens" v. "Casa Loma Stomp" is the first swing musician recording by a white band

Bix Beiderbecke and His Gang

a. One of the few times Bix recorded under his own name b. Adrian Rollini played bass saxophone i. Recorded on hot fountain pen c. "Jazz Meets Blues" i. Representative of Chicago-style ii. First tune Bix recorded originally with The Wolverines iii. Made another recording in 1929 in New York with this group

Art Hickman

a. Used multiple saxophones for syncopation b. String players doubled on saxophone (the saxophone didn't have much respect as an instrument) c. Created model of American dance band d. Sound and style also created by Ferde Grofé

Gertrude Ma Rainey

b. Gertrude Ma Rainey i. During the 1920s, there were three African American record companies ii. In 1929, the Depression caused all record companies to suffer iii. Ma Rainey and her husband were performers who traveled (were popular) iv. Bessie Smith worked under (started her career with) Ma Rainey 1. Bessie Smith became the most successful female classic Blues singer 2. She was the highest paid African American entertainer of her time 3. The sales of her records saved Columbia Records from bankruptcy 4. She was vulgar and didn't believe in banks (kept money in apron under her skirt) 5. Louis Armstrong played the trumpet on Smith's recording of "St. Louis Blues" c. Influence of female classic Blues singers: i. They marked the beginning of African American records/markets ii. They provided a female's point of view in the Blues

Storyville

i. Closed in 1917 ii. Red-light district of New Orleans iii. Started by Sidney Story iv. This place allowed vices (prostitution, gambling) since it was happening anyway v. The romanticized history of jazz is that jazz started here and spread through America after it closed down vi. In reality, with the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, not many jazz musicians were playing here at the time

Two characteristics of New Orleans style of jazz

i. Collective improvisation 1. Ideal is to improvise a part that fits in to the concerted whole 2. Musicians made up parts to fit in, not stick out 3. This is unlike Louis Armstrong's solos ii. Polyphonic Texture 1. In music, texture is the way voices work with each other 2. Voices move in different directions and rhythms

Creoles of color

i. Creoles are descendants of French/Spanish noblemen and their African American mistresses ii. They were generally very sophisticated, educated and wealthy in New Orleans iii. Many were professionals and received European education iv. They had their own part of town with their own opera house v. They saw themselves as European; they didn't identify as African American vi. After Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but equal became law 1. Racial discrimination, not color discrimination, occurred 2. Because they were part African American, they were categorized as black vii. When Creoles became African American systematically, they blended European aesthetics with African American elements viii. They're responsible for European-izing jazz music

Freddie Keppard

i. First New Orleans bandleader to take his band on the road in 1914 ii. He spread the idea of the New Orleans brass band iii. In Chicago, he was offered a recording contract that he turned down 1. Feared that people would copy and imitate him, meaning there would be no more originality 2. So afraid of being copied that he covered his trumpet keys while playing so that no one could see the notes he played 3. Missed the chance to be the first jazz musician with a record

Kid Ory

i. First important trombone player in New Orleans ii. Led his own band in New Orleans before going to L.A. iii. In L.A. 1922, first instrumental jazz was recorded by an African American (him) iv. Recorded "Muskrat Ramble" in Chicago

Buddy Bolden

i. First musician to be considered the first jazz musician ii. Created the Big Four beat iii. Played in the late 1890s; was a bandleader iv. Nicknamed "King" Bolden 1. The personality of his sound made him recognizable v. Due to paranoia, he stopped playing in 1906 vi. Was placed in an asylum and may have had syphilis vii. He never recorded, so all that exist of him are larger-than-life legends

Joe King Oliver

i. Mentor of (and closest thing to a father for) Louis Armstrong ii. Left New Orleans with his band in 1917 after Storyville closes 1. Didn't leave because it closed; he had a better job offer elsewhere

Bunk Johnson

i. Supposedly worked for Buddy Bolden ii. Lost his teeth and couldn't play his instrument anymore, so he got a laborer's job iii. When jazz became more modern, many fans wanted to go back to traditional jazz instead 1. Modern jazz caused resurgence of traditional jazz in the 1940s 2. He was interviewed; his teeth were fixed, and he made his first recordings

Jack Teagarden

i. Trombonist who was also part of his band ii. First trombonist who doesn't emphasize the slide iii. Taught himself to play the trombone (incorrectly) iiii. Fluid lyrical style

Rag time ragged

is a musical genre that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1918.Its cardinal trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm.[2] The genre has its origins in African-American communities like St. Louis[3][4] years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Ernest Hogan (1865-1909) was a pioneer of ragtime music and the first to publish in the musical genre. He is also credited for coining the term ragtime.

BLUES NOTE

is a note that—for expressive purposes—is sung or played at a slightly different pitch than standard. Typically the alteration is between a quarter-tone and a semitone, but this varies among performers and genres.

Most famous recording of "Chicago-style" (most definitive "Chicago-style" recording) by BIX biderbeck

was 1927's "Singin' the Blues" (listening question - known cornet player) a. It was a collection of freelance jazz musicians of New York b. Trumbauer, Bix, and Lang recorded it c. Trumbauer influenced Lester Young i. Young was deeply influenced by "Singin' the Blues"

Jelly roll Morton

was a Creole who was kicked out of the house as a teenager by his grandmother i. He was working with prostitutes, which she didn't like ii. As a result, he was extremely insecure and put up a front iii. An example of his sensitivity: he didn't want to play the piano originally because it was seen as a woman's instrument and didn't want to be thought of as un-manly g. Left New Orleans in 1906 and traveled the U.S. before going to Chicago i. There, he published horn music in 1915 intended for German musicians, before "jazz" was officially coined as a musical term ii. "King Porter Stomp" was one of his first publications New Orleans kings -first interracial band a. Claims to have invented jazz in 1902 b. First jazz composer (first to write it down on paper) c. Found success in the 1920s d. However, as the styles of music moved on, he became bitter i. Lost a lot of money ii. By the '30s, he was ill, poor, tending bar, and performing for tips iii. Benny Goodman recorded Morton's song "King Porter Stomp," which became a hit and played on the radio constantly 1. Morton couldn't collect any royalties since he wasn't a member of ASCAP

4 Characteristics of swing

• Homophonic texture • Call and respond by the SAXOPHONE and • Repetition of short melodic -metrically misplaced (placed t a different part of the meter • Four on the floor -Four beats per bar

Lil harder

• Second wife of Louis Armstrong musician from Memphis classily trained pianist ---family really religious -punished for playing jazz sheet music • She was found while she was creating sheet music joe King Oliver asked her to join them mother sought her nearing out but eventually let it go because of the amount of money she was earning LIL STAYS ALONE IN CHICAGO Louis leaves to NY *later on in 1925 LIL GeTS Louis A PLACE WERE HE HAS HIS OWN band At a night club . Where he can record his own music.. music with his name...

Charlie green

• first trombone soloists

Louis Armstrong

•Sacho mouth--- diper mouth--- large mouth which helped him play so well • MOTHER WAS 15 when she abandoned him-May Ann • Grand mother to old to take care of him • He became an adopted kid of • In his early adulthood his mother searched for him and lived with her • Mother was possibly a prostitute • Joined small bad • Was arrested - good because it was his first experience with structure or routine showers clean • Looked up to Joe king -grew up looking musicians • The LEAD in a band with hisTRUMPET • 15 or so he sees his biological father who had remarried and had a new family -he never got along with him -he lived with him only about 6 months ---then moved back with his mom • THE CLOSEST THING TO A FATHER was JOE KING OLIVER • CRELOS- FOR WHILE WHERE THEY MOSTLY HAD ENGLISH education • FATE MARABLE -WAS WITH THE BAND • BIS BIDER BEK ( BECAME FRIENDS WITH HIM AFTER HERING HIM WITH HIS TRUMPE)-BECOME THE MOST FAMOUS WHITE JAZZ PLAYER • They GO BACK TO LOUIS's ROLE MODEL JO King----where at that time he was doing great LINCON gardens--- Joe SENDs A TELEGRAPH TELLING LOUIS TO join them as a second cornet 1922 - plays second cornet 1s recording record • 1924 telegram from fletcher Henderson another band at the ROSE -he didn't wanna go because he was doing great and had just marred- LIL need u encouraging him and he went to New York .. * after going to the gig lil harden got him --1925 1929 Hot 5's Hot 7's HIBIE JIBBIES1ST -RECORDED SKATE RECORD .. *obsessed with laxatives and got busted for m.j *afraid of organized crime didn't go in the city *lived until 70 died of smoking *once topped the charts and beat the Beatles

DOHN Redman

•turned Louis improv music to set notes ---became The sound of Louis ---all of the swing era was led by fletcher Henderson band