Music Midterm 2

John Hammond

Columbia records artist and repertoire agent; considered Aretha Franklin to be the best natural singer since Billie Holiday and guided Bob Dylan

1. roar of pet lions 2. sound of ocean waves while surfing 3. Middle eastern 4. flamenco (spanish) 5. Gene Krupa

Influences of Dick Dale: 1.double picked, descending slide on bass from _______ 2.double picked, descending slide on treble from ______ 3. melodic: _______ modes and melodies 4. ________ guitar tunes 5. rhythmic: jazz drummer _____

Philadelphia sound developed by producers _____, _______, ________

Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, Thom bell

Holland-Dozier-Holland

Role in development of Rock: -another important contributor to the Motown sound -the songwriting/producing team was responsible for almost all of the hits for Gordy's labels -they wrote most of the number one hits for Marvin Gaye, Martha and the Vandellas, the Four Tops, and the Supremes.

Berry Gordy

Tamla Records, Motown, Soul, and Gordy are all empire labels that were built by whom?

Ray Charles

style characteristics of who? 1. Gospel chord progressions -Tonic/subdominant chord relations (plagal) -Minor 3rds, 7ths rather than blue 3rds, 7ths 2. Horn section resembles backing choir 3. Emotionally-charged singing style -Raspy, full-throated vocals -Sudden swoops, falsetto shrieks -A sense of wild abandon

contrafact

taking a pre-existing song and putting secular lyrics to it

dominant

the fifth pitch of a scale; also refers to the chord built on the fifth pitch of a scale

funk

which genre? Earth wind & Fire, Kool and the Gang

Family Stone

-This was an inter-racial band and had both male and female members; name of the band was a reference to the inclusion of black and white and male and female band members

Thom Bell

-arranger in house group, MFSB -producer and arranger of the 3 producers in Philadelphia sound

1. surf rock 2. experimental 3. surf rock

2 Musical steles and 3 periods of the Beach Boys 1. _______ (1962-1966): -Surfin' USA (1963) -Contrafacta of Sweet Little Sixteen (Chuck Berry) 2. _______ (1966-1972): -Good Vibrations (1966) -Multiple layers of sounds (polyphonic texture) -Sectional songs -Sudden changes in tempo -Experiment with instrumental sounds -Expanded harmonic progressions 3. _______ (1972)-present): Mostly nostalgic performances of early surf hits, few new songs or albums released

melismatic/melisma

A melody line in which one syllable of a lyric is sung to many different pitches

standard song form

A musical structure that typically consists of two musical parts (A and B) played in four sections. Each section is generally 8 measures long, resulting in a 32-measure form. The A part is played and repeated (8 + 8 measures), followed by the B part or bridge (8 measures), and a return of the A part (8 measures) for an overall form of A A B A in 32 measures.

standard song form

AABA

-stax/volt -the markets

Booker T. and the MGs: -house band at _____/_____ -Booker T Jones (keyboards - Al Jackson (drums) -Steve Cropper (guitar) -Donald Duck Dunn (bass) -________ (horn group)

the ventures

Characteristics of which band? -A twangy, treble-oriented electric guitar sound. -Heavy use of the vibrola, or whammy bar, to excessively bend single notes or entire chords. -The backbeat pattern often presents two quick beats on beat two and one on beat four. -From about 1963, a strong use of reverb (influenced by the surf rock bands).

Cholly Atkins

Gordy's first recruitment to his assembly line was choreographer and ex-tap dancer ___________; was responsible for teaching the artists how to move on stage, how to interact with each other on stage, and he designed the intricate choreographed steps and hand motions that the singers performed; "the Supremes' most feminine, delicate moves, and the swaying hands, demure shakes, and back and forth turns

use of electric instruments in folk rock

How do folk and folk rock compare?

Guitar Slim

Influence on Ray Charles?

1. The Four Freshmen (Brian); Girl Groups (Ronettes, Crystals) 2. Chuck Berry 3. surfing 4. production

Influences of the Beach Boys: 1. Vocal group rock n roll: ______ and _____ 2. _______ guitar style (Carl) 3. _______ lifestyle (Dennis) 4. _______: Phil Spector

James Brown

Influences on Sly & the Family Stone: -style derived from _______:• Polyrhythmic vamps • Hard beat, funky bass line, minimal chord changes • Sound distortion with electronic devises • Avoidance of strong backbeat • Stress on all 4 beats • Memphis Soul sound in horns (percussive, staccato sound) • Guitar sound, performance associated with psychedelic rock style

Louis Jordan -Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, and Little Richard

James Brown wanted to become an entertainer after watching popular jazz and R&B singer _____. He was also influenced by artists like _____, _____, and _______

Berry Gordy

Jobette Music, Motown Record Corporation, International Talent Management are all publishing companies of who?

blues and folk

Most ___ and ___ songs are strophic forms

Funk Brothers band

Motown hired an entire stable of musicians for recording and they were all part of the _____

Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, Thom bell

Philadelphia sound developed by producers _____, _______, ________

Woody Guthrie

Role in development of Rock: -Bob Dylan admired this artist and learned his music -figurehead in the folk movement and inspired a generation of new folk musicians -an outspoken political and social critic -wrote songs about personal experiences in the Great Depression, Dust Bowl Days, and WWII -stylistic traits include: self accompaniment of acoustic guitar (strummed and finger picked), some yodeling, clear pronunciation of words

George Clinton

Role in development of Rock: -Described funk as, "whatever it needs to be, at the time that it is" -he along with other groups influenced the more pop-oriented funk performers of the 1980s, such as Michael Jackson and Prince, and exerted an even greater influence on the rap artists of the 1990s -originally began the group as the Parliaments, a vocal doo-wop group -later reorganized the group to include a mixture of jazz improvisation, soul polyrhythms, and psychedelic rock distortion and guitar virtuosity to create the band Funkadelic (funk and psychedelic rock)

Berry Gordy

Role in development of Rock: -composed rhythm & blues songs -first national hit served as a prototype of the Motown sound -assembly line

Pete Seeger

Role in development of Rock: -formed the Almanac Singers with Woody Guthrie and often gave free performances at union meetings and strike demonstrations -Woody left the Almanac Singers and regrouped under this artist and called themselves the Weavers: they were associated with left wing political causes and organizations and were blacklisted as subversives during the McCarthy era -composed music for Peter, Paul, and Mary

Sly Stone

Role in development of Rock: -gained a great deal of experience in the music business by writing and producing for other performers and as a disc jockey on a San Francisco radio station. --first band called the Stoner -formed Family Stone, which Stone the following year -Family Stone coincided with the rise in psychedelia that was centered in San Francisco in the mid 1960s

Leon Huff

Role in development of Rock: -philadelphia sound -producer with Kenny Gamble -He and Gamble had been independent rhythm & blues songwriters and producers in the late 60s with some of their releases by Atlantic Records -they both eventually formed a new label Philadelphia International -developed an in house group of writers/producers/arrangers with Thom Bell, Norman Harris, Jack Faith, Bobby Martin -they formed a house band for Philadelphia international that would develop the labels sound

The Funk Brothers

Role in development of Rock: -played behind everyone who recorded on Motown and traveled with Motown acts on the road so that the unique Motown sound could be replicated live -strongly influenced by bebop jazz

The Ventures

Role in development of Rock: -the earliest instrumental group to become popular with surf culture -considered to be the most influential instrumental rock group -their sound is a product of the late 50s instrumental rock styles and was in turn influential on the surf rock sound -not actually considered an actual surf rock group but their influence is strongly present in the sound of the various surf groups of the 60s

Peter, Paul, and Mary

Role in development of Rock: -their music spoke to the ideas of social protest, against war, and against injustice -music was geared toward the older college-age students and young adults and recordings set the tone for the folk protest movement in proclaiming that their music was authentic, sincere, and honest. -represented the new youthful attitude toward politics that began with the election of John Kennedy, the idea that politics were not just for the "graybeards"

The Byrds

Role in development of Rock: -this group is one of the founders of folk rock -deemed by some to be comparable to the Beatles and Dylan -an important group in regard to their sound and in songs they developed and in the personnel the group cultivated -had a lot of internal struggles within the group that limited them to what they could amount to

The Markeys

Role in development of Rock? -The original house band for Satellite Records (who later changed their name to Stax Records) was a group of white performers who were enthralled with black blues, jazz, and rhythm & blues; they called themselves the Royal Spades (later changed their name)

Booker T. & the MGs

Role in development of Rock? -important group in Memphis in defining the Memphis Soul sound -one of the very few integrated bands in the early 60s -the 4 original members were brought together at a Stax recording session as a backup for rockabilly artist Billy Riley -later became the house band for Stax

MFSB

Role in development of Rock? -included Leon Huff (electric piano) -house band of Philadelphia International -developed a strong, dance oriented rhythmic groove that would in many ways help to define the sound of disco in the mid 70s

Aretha Franklin

Role in development of Rock? -lady soul -recorded gospel songs in earlier days -first Debut album with Columbia was a mixture of jazz, pop, and R&B -marketed as a jazz and blues singer along the lines of Billie Holiday and Bessie Smith until she signed with Atlantic Records -hit #1 on r&b and #9 on pop charts

Otis Redding

Role in development of Rock? -memphis soul sound; R&B -based singing style on shouting style of Little Richard and partly on gospel style of Sam Cooke -soulful ballads and fast tempo dance songs -performed at the Monterey Pop Festival, his first major exposure to a rock audience, where he was backed by the Markeys and MGs and brought the crowd to its feet and created a new legend in rock performances

1. gospel 2. rhythm and blues

Soul influences: 1. Elements from _______: -Freedom of performance (improvisation) -Gospel vocal inflections—Melisma (Latin, "honey;" many notes on one syllable) -Religious fervor (feeling) -Call and response performance 2. Elements from _______: -Instrumentation: drums, bass, piano, horns, backing vocals, some guitar -Hard driving rhythms -Fast tempos -Aggressive, electrifying performances

MFSB

Sound characteristics are descriptive of which band? -Lyrical melodies over a driving rhythm. -Punchy rhythm & blues horn sections. -Guitars have a clean sound due to being recorded straight into the mixing board. -Drums recorded with a clear, full sound quality. -The use of simple, yet sophisticated, string arrangements, mostly by Thom Bell

Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson, the Miracles Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and Johnny Ace

Stevie Wonder was influenced by big names by working directly with artists including ______, _____, ______ before he was 18. He was also influenced by ____, _____, _____

Berry Gordy's

Supremes, Jackson Five, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Stevie Wonder all were recording acts of who's recording labels?

subdominant

The fourth pitch of a major or minor scale; also refers to the chord that is built on the fourth pitch of a scale.

tonic

The main or central pitch of a major key; also refers to the chord that is built on the first pitch of a scale and is therefore the main or central chord, or home chord, of a major or minor key.

The Funk Brothers

Van Dyke (lead pianist), James Jamerson (bassist), and Bennie Benjamin (drummer) were the backbone of which band?

Peter, paul, and mary

What band? -consists of very simple vocal harmonies; sometimes they sing in unison/octaves -They are accompanied by two acoustic guitars, strumming simple chord structures that are developed from the melodies -there is no back-up band in the early albums, keeping true to the "honest sound" that the folk movement was after; songs are strophic

Rolling Stones' Satisfaction

What is a good example of a riff based song?

melisma

What is used frequently in Gospel music and through influence in Soul?

Motown songs

What types of songs are typical of a flat four beat?

Money

What was Berry Gordy's first national hit that served as the Motown prototype?

James Brown

Which artists included a lot of riffs in their music?

Alternative country

Which genre? -Basic guitar bands -Augmented by country string band -Electric bands with acoustic rhythm -Use of distortion (guitars, vocals) -Social, political topics (blue collar sentiments), some love songs

Soul

Which genre? -Freedom of performance (improvisation) -Gospel vocal inflections—Melisma (Latin, "honey;" many notes on one syllable) -Religious fervor (feeling) -Call and response performance -Instrumentation: drums, bass, piano, horns, backing vocals, some guitar -Hard driving rhythms -Fast tempos -Aggressive, electrifying performances

Funk

Which genre? -Syncopated bass line -Bass provides rhythmic direction -Heavily pronounced backbeat on drums -Gospel-influenced Soul singing -Rhythm instruments often used to create melodies -Melody instruments often used to create rhythms -No focus on any one singer/player -Rhythm guitars: choked style -Live performances: often create a collective improvisation -Studio: "Jam groove" -collective improvisation

Motown

Which genre? -a boogie woogie-based piano riff and a solid bass and drum groove accompanied by a gospel tambourine - lead singer backed by supporting singers. -Close vocal harmonies. -Voices are predominant over the instruments. -Band is very much in the background, except the bass. -More polished sound than in soul, not as rough sounding. -Not many instrumental riffs, vamps, or other ostinatos. -A strong beat, generally emphasizing all four beats in a measure equally (flat-four beat). -Some emphasis of the backbeat with handclaps. -Very often uses a string orchestra in the background. -In performances, very visually oriented with choreographed moves by the backup singers (though not a musical, but a visual, characteristic).

Folk

Which genre? -lyrics pronounced clearly with a clear message: peace, racial equality, and love -music to listen and think about rather than dance with -harmony is simple and usually avoids 12 bar blues and doo wop progression -rhythm is deep in background -no strong backbeat as in rock n roll; down beat usually emphasized -use of acoustic instruments, no electric guitars or basses

country rock

Which genre? Byrds, Flying Burrito Brothers, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Eagles on the Border

folk rock

Which genre? Byrds; Buffalo Springfield; the Mamas and the Papas; the Lovin Spoonful; Crosby, Stills and Nash; Simon and Garfunkel

instrumental surf rock king of surf guitar

Which genre? Dick Dale

soul

Which genre? Same and Dave, Percy Sledgem Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding

alternative country

Which genre? Steve Erle, Jason and the Scorchers, The Old 97s, Palace, Uncle Tupelo, Son Volt, Wilco

motown

Which genre? Stevie Wonder, funk brothers, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles

instrumental surf rock

Which genre? The Ventures

Folk

Which genre? Woody Guthrie; peter, paul, and mary

vocal group rock n roll

Which genre? Fleetwoods, El Dorados, Impalas, The Coasters, The Teenagers

soul

Which genre? James Brown, Ray Charles, Booker T and the MGs

Leon Huff and Kenny Gamble

Who were the producers of Philadelphia International?

George Clinton

_______ has remained an important figure and African American music at the end of the 20-21st centuries. Although his parliament-based groups have gone by wayside, his many collaborations with other artists (rap) have kept him in the public eye

supergroup

a music group whose members are already successful as solo artists or as part of other groups or well known in other musical professions

polyphonic texture

a musical texture in which two or more independent melodic lines of equal importance of interest sound simultaneously

flat four beat

a rhythm style in which all four beats of a four beat measure are equally accented, as opposed to an backbeat rhythm

vamp

a short chord progression that is repeated several times as a means of marking time; used as an introduction, coda, or as an internal segment of a song over which the singer talks to the audience

riff

a short melodic and rhythmic pattern that is repeated over and over while musical changes take place over the fragment; is often the harmonic and rhythmic basis of the entire song

strophic song form

a song form in which each verse of the text is sung to the same music; music for each verse remains the same while the words change

two beat bass

a type of bass accompaniment in which the bassist plays the root of the chord on the first beat of a measure and the fifth of the chord on the third beat of a measure

reverb

a type of sound distortion in which the sound is repeated several times very quickly resulting in an echo-like effect.

Free Bird

example of an artist in southern rock?

sly & the family stone

group that was soul to funk?

Dick Dale-King of surf guitar

style characteristics of who? -Guitar sound has heavy reverb -Rapid double picking style (very clean, clear, even) -Double-picked, descending slide on bass (strings influenced by roar of pet lions) -Double-picked, descending slide on treble (strings influenced by sound of ocean waves while surfing) -Melodically influenced by Middle Eastern modes (scales) and melodies, also flamenco (Spanish) guitar tunes -Rhythmically influenced by drums of jazz drummer Gene Krupa (heavily rhythmic ideas, foundations for the big band)

Stevie Wonder

style characteristics of who? -Heavy, rhythmic bass -Tightly arranged horn section -Percussive keyboards, especially synthesizers and clavinet -Precise drumming -Lyrics embrace social, political, and mystical concerns. -frequent overdubbing. -Albums are generally no longer concerned specifically with the three minute single, although both albums contained rhythm & blues-influenced hit songs, good for radio airplay. -increase interest in electronic keyboards.

Sly and the Family Stone

style characteristics of who? -Polyrhythmic vamps like James Brown; a hard beat and funky bass line. -Minimal chord changes. -Sound distortion with an electronic fuzztone device. -Avoidance of a strong backbeat. -Stress on all four beats (a Motown influence). -A percussive Memphis soul sound in the horns. -Guitar sound and performance was associated with the psychedelic rock sound out of San Francisco

James Brown

style characteristics of who? -raspy full throated vocals -percussive backing band -gospel oriented chord progression -intense, dramatic performance -chocked guitar (metallic sounding staccato) -Bass staccato, punchy -Hard-biting, punchy horn sound (percussive) -Vamps: repetitive riffs played by band over which singer can improvise

Southern rock

which genre? -Music is strongly aggressive -Bands favor 2 or 3 lead guitarists -Lead guitarists have virtuosic abilities -Often play licks in harmonized thirds -Tendency to play repetitive licks at fast, break-neck tempos -Often increase tempos in ending solo sections while playing fast, repetitive licks -Rhythm sections more country-oriented (2-beat bass, stuff drumming) -Prominent southern accents -Many narrative (ballad) songs -Lyrics often display attitudes of strong regional/national pride

Country Rock

which genre? -Rock rhythm section (drums, elev. Bass, piano, elec. Lead guitar) combined with country string band (acoustic rhythm guitar, mandolin, banjo, fiddle, pedal steel guitar) -Bass often plays decorated 2-beat bass line -Twangy lead guitar sound -Nasally vocals, southern/country accents -Close vocal harmonies -Stiff (country-like) rhythms -Even beat subdivisions, often played on ride cymbal -Song topics often about love gone bad

instrumental surf rock

which genre? -guitar sound tinny and trebly quality -lots of reverb on lead guitar -fast, double picking (staccato machine gun picking) -often includes an electric keyboard in the band -solo instruments usually guitar sometimes saxophone -drummer often double beat 2 of the backbeat rhythm -drummer often fills with rapid snare drum beats (machine gun like) -if vocals are used, usually oohs and ahs

Vocal group rock 'n' roll (doo wop)

which genre? 1. Sound -Not till later—Alto or contra alto (usually a women's voice sung low) -Lead vocalist supported by 3-4 backing vocalists -Tight, close harmony singing (barbershop style) -Backup sings nonsense syllables (da da da da get a da da) -Instrumentalists deep in background (except for solos) -Saxophone is usually solo instruments -Rarely electric guitars for solos -Band: guitar, drums, bass, piano 2. Harmony -many use the doo wop progression 3. Rhythm -underlying triple pulse beneath basic duple meter

vocal group rock n roll

which genre? The Shontelles, Shangri-las, Ronnettes, Shireless

country music

which type of music is associated very strongly with a two-beat bass?