MusicTest 2

Which is true of Ludwig van Beethoven?

At the time of his death he was one of the best-known, most highly-regarded composers in Europe

Out of which Renaissance tradition did both the orchestral suite and symphony grow?

Dance suite

Which composer studied in this chapter was also a famous concert pianist?

Franz Liszt

Concertino

Group of soloists featured in a concerto

What is the term for the musical phrase that unifies the five movements of Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique?

Idée fixe

Which statement about Antonio Vivaldi's career is NOT true?

In addition to composing concerti, he also wrote operas, a good deal of chamber music, cantatas, and several oratorios.

Abrupt volume changes were an important part of which musical era, and what was the practice called?

Baroque, terraced dynamics

Which feature of Liszt's Les Preludes is typical for its genre, the "symphonic poem"?

It is one long movement containing contrasting sections.

Which piece was written to commemorate a military victory?

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture

Ritornello

Portion of the melody that recurs throughout the concerto

What about program music makes it particularly ideal for themed concert programming?

Program music can easily create an overall mood thanks to its descriptive nature.

Rubato

The intentional changing of tempo within a work to highlight certain climactic moments

Which of Beethoven's symphonies are the most commonly heard?

The third, fifth, and ninth

Which is true of the typical concerto's formal structure?

Three movements: fast slow fast

Galliard

A fast dance originating in France in a triple meter. It contains a jump step that ends in a pose. -The Galliard is often paired with the pavane

Symphony

A form of music that is a large-scale work, usually for full orchestra dating to the Classical era and still in use today. It is often divided into at least four contrasting movements -Means "to sound together" -Most you can hear in a public space, or a movie because they're public domain -Can last from 20 minutes to two hours

Motif

A fragment of a melody or rhythm in which a larger melody or rhythmic structure is built -Help build a thematic development

Which of the following is NOT an important stylistic feature of "Spring" by Antonio Vivaldi?

Alternating between a soloist and an orchestra

Saltarello

An Italian dance in triple meter and is characterized by a jumping step

Which composer discussed in this chapter became director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York?

Antonin Dvorak

Who is considered the best-known composer of the solo concerto in the Baroque era?

Antonio Vivaldi

Which nationalist composer is NOT correctly paired with their country of origin?

Arthur Honegger, Germany

Why is Haydn's 94th symphony often called "The Surprise Symphony"?

Because of a sudden, loud chord that sounds at the ends of some phrases.

What does the Classical symphony have in common with the concerto?

Both have opening movements that feature two primary, contrasting melodies.

What aspect of Brahms's 3rd symphony makes it unusual for a Romantic symphony?

Both the first and second movements are in sonata form.

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the lives of Richard Strauss and W. A. Mozart?

Both were famous conductors as well as active composers.

What is the term for a brief interlude in a concerto in which the soloist plays alone?

Cadenza

Which composer is NOT considered one of the best examples of composers of the orchestral suite?

Claudio Monteverdi

A short ending section that contains fragments of the primary melody and solidifies the key of a given symphony is referred to as what?

Coda

Which statement about modern concert programming is true?

Concertos are often played just before intermission.

Which statement about the concerto is correct?

Contrast and repetition of themes (melodies) and motifs (fragments of melodies) occur throughout concerti.

Second movement of a concerto

Could be a number of different forms but is usually a lyrical movementwith song-like melodies

Which device does Dvorak use to create a sense of tension and release in the 2nd movement of his 9th symphony?

Crescendi and decrescendi

Which statement about the orchestral suite is NOT true?

In most orchestral suites, the different sections are all in the same tempo.

Which is the term for program music written to accompany or precede a theatrical or literary performance?

Incidental music

Which statement about incidental music is NOT true?

Incidental music is typically written in one long movement, not smaller sections.

Staccato

Indication to play notes separated from one another and sound short

Consider the following statement and choose an appropriate response: "In order to make concertos fit into smaller venues than a concert hall, composers and arrangers often take the orchestral accompaniment and re-arrange it to be played on the piano."

True

Which Classical movement did the scherzo replace in the Romantic era?

Minuet and trio

Theme and variation

Relies on the strength of one melody and the ability of the listener to recognize it even after much alterations, embellishments, or varied restatements -original melody changed throughout

Which term is used to describe a formal structure in which sections of new material are continuously alternated with one primary recurring section?

Rondo

During which time frame did the symphony become the dominant form of orchestral music?

Roughly 1760-1820

Intentionally changing tempo within a work to highlight certain climactic moments is known as:

Rubato

Which statement about Bach's Suite No. 3 in D is true?

The "Air" movement is scored for 5 instruments total.

Which element of the Symphonie Fantastique's final movement is meant to bring to mind images of damnation?

The "Dies irae" chant melody

Recapitulation

The third part of a sonata form in which the primary melodies of the exposition are restated

Creating numerous moods or styles using the same melodic material is the central concept in what type of commonly used sectional genre?

Theme and Variations

What is the difference between "pure" music and "absolute" music?

There is no difference, the two terms are synonyms.

Which statement about the 19th century orchestra is true?

There was not a standard orchestra size, unlike the Classical era.

Consider the following statement and choose the best reaction: "Felix Mendelssohn was, like Mozart, a child prodigy with an exceptionally talented sister; unlike Mozart, however, Mendelssohn enjoyed a stable and successful career."

True

Which is an example of early program music from the Baroque era?

Vivaldi's The Four Seasons

Brahms was very similar to which earlier composer in what way?

W.A. Mozart, because both wrote only symphonies and piano pieces

Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Franz Haydn)

-"Surprise Symphony" because of the sudden loud chord that sounds at the end of some phrases -Second movement is slow in tempo and uses theme and variation w/ the sudden loud chord at the end -Has two parts of contrasting nature 1) Staccato 2) Disjunct melody (more lyrical in nature)

Symphony No. 5 ni C Minor,op 67, mvt. 1, Allegro con brio

-1808 -Opening four notes serve as a motif referred to as "fate knocking at the door" -->Developed through the first movement sonata form -First movement builds up tension until a joyous final 4th movement -Final 3 movements sounds like a response to the tension and defiance of the opening movement -Second movement gracefuland interrupted by a fanfare melody -Third movement a scherzo (not dance like just creates a mysterious and dark mood)

Nationalistic Music

-1812 Overture -Evoke images of their country and its people -Brings folk music, legends, and tales to the orchestra -Presents the landscape of their countries -Sometimes used to inspire revolution -Strongest in the Romantic era

Scherzo

-A 3 part form usually in triple meter -Replaced the Classical minuet and trio -Usually faster and more agitated in style

Cadenza

-A brief interlude in a concerto in which the soloist plays alone -Often improvised (can tell whether it is or not by looking at the number of pauses the soloist makes, how many of the same melodies are used, and does the conductor follow the soloist or the other way around)

The Concert Overture

-A one-movement piece that is usually in sonata form -Similar in nature to the overture that is played at an opera -Most composers of the Romantic era used this form of program music (usually for ceremonial or heroic nature)

Which of the following is an accurate description of the Baroque "continuo" part?

-A style of short-hand notation used to notate accompaniment parts. -An accompanimental part typically played by two instruments. -A greatly flexible part that could be played by a wide variety of possible instruments.

The Concertmaster

-A violinist that enters the stage late to recognize their virtuosity -Best violin player in teh orchestra -Plays the violin solo and helps the orchestra tune and decides teh bowing technique -Bowing is very important and determines the sound (all have to be the same)

Dance Suite

-An instrumental form dating from the Renaissance era -Consists of short, contrasting style dances often in pairs and was written for instruments -Includes the pavane, saltarello, and the galliard -Combine to form a larger sectional work -Performed at private concerts at homes, courts, or sometimes at dinners for ceremonial music

"Spring" from The Four Seasons, mvt 1

-Antonio Vivaldi -Program music -Sounds that evoke images of birds, thunderstorms, running water, and wind -Alternation between the violin and orchestra -Baroque era concerto -Terraced dynamics -Riotrnello theme

Program music

-Any piece of music that is used to introduce or set the scene for an event that follows -Instrumental music that is suggestive of a mood, story, poem, or phrase -Most often played by a solo piano -Most program music used to create theme concerts (can revolve around a holiday or a country theme or genre) -Became the most important music for the concert hall -usually written for orchestra or piano -Title usually suggestive to another art form

The Romantic Era Symphony

-Became more expressive (Beethoven led this) -Became more dramatic and larger -Became the musical equivalent of novels -Forms not just in 4 movements (became longer and less predictable) -->Could be 7 or 8 movements -Require over 100 players -->Bigger orchestras=more dramatic changes -Less dependent on form, more free

Franz Joseph Haydn

-Born in Austria -Accepted into the boys choir at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna -Stayed in Vienna to work as a freelance musician and teacher -Won the position of music director for the court of Prince Esterhazy of Hungary -->Regarded as a high level servant where he wrote exclusively for his chapel and opera house -Late 1700's: left this position and worked on commission -Became one of the first composers able to make a living presenting his compositions across Europe -His music is hgihly dependent on rhythmic ideas and is energetic

Johannes Brahms

-Born in Germany to a musical family -Only wrote 4 symphonies but still one of the most loved composers -Traditionalist more than an innovator -Used the style and language of Mozart and Beethoven -Uses dark and rich timbres -Became friends with Robert and Clara Schumann (fell in love with Clare) -Never wrote opera

What do symphonies and concerti from the Classical era have in common?

-Both included a full orchestra -They were the same average length -Both were composed by Mozart and Haydn

Concerto No. 23 in A Major for Piano, K. 488, mvt. 1

-Changes in mood that Mozart signlas between major and minor keys -Piano cadenza near the end of the first movement (usually improvised but he wrote this one out) -Two expositions -Orchestra prepares for the entrance of the solo part by becoming more agitated and coming to a full stop before the piano plays -Sonata form

Yo-Yo Ma

-Child prodigy that is now a world renown cellist (cello) -Parents both musicians from China and immigrated to the United States -Has performed concerts with the world's most major orchestras -Founded the Silk Road project to use music as a means of communication and migration of ideas between cultures -Silk Road Ensemble -A UN messenger of Peace -Won the Presdential Medal of Freedom

1812 Overture (Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky)

-Commemorates the 1882 Moscow Exhibition and for a ceremony consecrating the Cathedral of Crhist the Savior (built to give thanks for Russia's victory over Napoleon in 1812) -Accompaniment to fireworks exhibitions at Independence Day in the US -Prominently features the trumpet -Cannon shots a part of the music

Movements

-Complete piece of music in itself, but is usually part of a larger work -3 in a concerto -Contrast in tempo in a fast-slow-fast sequence

Exotic

-Composer creates a work based upon folk material from a country other than that of his origin and/or creates a work to sound like music of a country rather than his homeland

Trevor Pinnock and the English Concert

-Conductor and keyboardist -Writes and performs for the Baroque and Classical eras -Studied at the Royal College of Music in London -Formed the English Concert (dedicated to performing Baroque and Classical) -Research techniues that they used during that actual period and perform with them (special bowing techniques)

Antonin Dvorak

-Czech composer -Johannes Brahms introduced him to the musical community -Came to the US to become the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York -Spent a summer in Iowa and was influenced by the sounds of the landscape

The Symphonic Poem

-Developed by Franz Liszt -No form that composers need to follow like the program symphony -Renamed the tone poem during the late-Romantic era

Concerto Grosso

-Early form of a concerto in which a group of instruments serve as the featurd performers and are contrasted with a larger group -Distringuished from solo concerts with just one soloist -Alternate between the full gruop and the smaller ensemble (exploited terraced dynamics and timbral changes) -Also emphasized the solo concerto

Paul Dukas

-Famous for "Sorcerer's Apprentice" (Mickey Mouse short animation) -French composer and teacher

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

-Father taught him to compose and play the violin and harpsichord -Wrote a symphony at 8 and an oratorio and opera at 12 (child prodigy) -Father took him and his sister on a tour of the European courts to show them off to the kings and queens of Europe -Used his ability to compose to improvise a cadenza while performing a concerto to make each of his performances different -->Similar to jazz performers today who improvise most of what they perform (called solo choruses in jazz instead of cadenzas like in concertos) -Never able to gain a position so his adult life was much more frustrating than his childhood life --.>Produced his works in public concerts and opera houses in Vienna -Last decade of his life was his most succesful in Vienna -Wrote very versatile music taht influenced many genres of music

Sonata Form

-First movement of a concerto -Fast work in sonata form -Characterized by melodic development and contrast versus repetition -Contains melodies 1) Exposition 2) Development 3) Recapitulation

Air from Suite No. 3 in D for Orchestra, BWV 1068

-Five movements, an overture, and four dances -->Dance form AABB -Contains a continuo part

Rondo

-Form based upon contrast and return to the original material -No return to the original material like the sonata does (different melodies introduced instead) -A B A C A D A (original already returns) -At least one of the movements contains a short unacompanied section of music -Builds tension

Symphony No. 3 in F major, op. 90, mvt. 3, Poco allegretto (Johannes Brahms)

-Four movement work -Movements connected by recurring melodic material -Piece is romantic -First movement = sonata and uses F-A flat F which stands for "free but happy" -Second movement also sonata -Third movement = a sort of waltz in a more relaxed tempo -Last movement full of dramatic changes in style and mood

Felix Menelssohn

-From Germany -A child prodigy that became a piano virtuoso by nine and an accomplished composer of symphonies, concertos, songs, and sonatas by thirteen -Sister (Fanny) was equally as talented but her music couldn't be made public -Rediscovered the music of Bach -Career as a pianist, composer, and conductor -Founded the Leipzig Music Conservatry which set the standard curriculum for a program of study in music -->Study of music was taken individually prior to this

Richard Strauss

-German and son of a professional musician -Began composing at age 6 and was a famous composer for most of his life -Focused mostly on opera -Master of the tone poem because he had an extensive understanding of how to use the orchestra to create specific sounds -Zarathustra: his piece that is used to represent space travel today

Ludwig van Beethoven

-German born -Child prodigy and served as an organist at court by 11 -Moved to Vienna at 22 -Was a freelance musician who made his living by teaching, performing, and mostly composing -Began to go deaf by age 29 -Went to live in the countryside to possibly help the deafness, but ended up living in isolation -Works bridge the Classical and Romantic time periods (Used and developed Classical forms but they were more self-expressive and dramatic -Sense of urgency in many of his works

Which statement about the concerto is true?

-It can be written for multiple instruments, but more often is designed to be played by one performer. -It is the most important form of solo instrumental music for the concert hall. -It is often written to display the instrument's flexibility as well as the performer's skill.

Which statement about the orchestras used for program music is true?

-Larger orchestras were used because of the dramatically louder sounds possible. -Bigger orchestras meant broader timbral palettes for composers of program music. -The percussion and brass sections in particular were expanded for the use of program music in the 19th century.

What does a conductor do

-Maestra Marin Alsop: music director of the Blatimore Symphony Orchestra -Role of the conductor is to project a vision -Face of the orchestra -Conductors became more important to the success of the performance as the phase structure and rhythm became less rigid over time

The Classical Concerto

-Most important solo form during the Classical era (1750-1820) -Alternates between sections that state the main melodic theme and accompaniment music that supports the soloist -Soloist usually plays a more complicated version of the initial exposition -Finale=fastest and shortest movement -Most classical concertos written for the fortepiano (capable of a more nuanced performance)

Minuet and Trio

-Mostly for dancing -Three part form -Called stylized dances -Popular at Louis XIV's court in France -Triple meter

"March to the Scaffold," from Symphonie fantastique (Hextor Berlioz)

-Movement 1 (Reveries, Passions): transforms from love-sick to "volcanic love" to "religious consolation" -Movement 2 (A Ball): a waltz with three parts (sees his loved one again at a ball) -Movement 3 (Scene in the Fields): a pastorale movement intended to create loneliness (nature gives him hope for his love) -Movement 4 (March to the Scaffold): dreams that he murders his beloved and is now condemned to death -->Two theme: somber and fierce and brilliant and solemn -->March-like in style (pizzicato to evoke the head falling off the scaffold) -Movement 5 (Dream of a Witches' Sabbath): a mixture of witch's dance and funeral music -->Section is eerie -->Shows that the beloved is actually a witch -->Uses tempo rubato to express yearning and longing

The Baroque Concerto (1600-1750)

-Music alternating between a full orchestra and a small group of players

Hetor Berlioz

-One of the first masters of innovative instrumentation: the art of combining instruments pruposefully to create different timbers -Was inspired by literature -Didn't get good critic reviews during his lifetime -Romantic composer ahead of the times -Timbre most important element in his compositions -Works required considerable resources -Became obsessed with an actresss, which inspired many of his works -->Motif for the entire 5 movements

Franz Liszt

-One of the world's greatest concert pianists from Hungary -Works unplayable to anyone but him

Expansion of the Orchestral Timbre

-Orchestra grew dramatically from the Classical era orchestra -Berlioz wrote a number of works for political purposes and to celebrate national events -Widened the timbral palette and added large numbers of performers to orchestral music -Increase of size trend continued until WW1 when financial issues made it impossible

Overture to "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (Felix Mendelssohn)

-Overture written when he was just 17 years old and was not written for any particular performance of the play (just the play in general) -Returned to the piece after the King of Prussia asked him to and added marches, intermezzos, dances, and songs to it -Overture= encahnted forest with fairies -Mix of classical and romantic -Theme 1: long notes played softly by woodwinds to create a mysterious sound to represent the forest -Theme 2: represents the fairies (played softly and lightly with high strings) -Theme 3: full orchestra and loud dynamic to represent the king and the humans (intended to be pompous) -Theme 4: represents the lovers, is lyrical, and is played by woodwinds -Theme 5: represents the fool of the play, Bottom

Antonio Vivaldi

-Priest that became the leader of music instruction at a school for orphaned kids in Venice and wrote most of his performed music at the school -Most pieces written for the violin because his father was as violinist -Also wrote operas, chamber music, cantatas, and an oratorio -Wrote the Four Seasons (program music with each movement accompanied by a poem that Vivaldi had actually written lines for)

The Romantic Concerto

-Public concerts became very popular in the late Classical period leading into the Romantic period -->Gave rise to the traveling virtuoso -Pieces written for specific skilled performers -Concerto form remained three movements of alternating speeds (Cadenzas for the first and last movements) -Technical demands became greater

The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Paul Dukas)

-Scherzo with one movement with many sections -Bassoon used to represent the relentless marching theme -Four primary melodic ideas 1) "Swirl Motif" 2) First theme 2) Second theme 3) Fanfare -Ends with a short coda

Concerto in E Minor for Violin, op 64, mvt. 1

-Solo part begina immediately and states the themes (common for most Romantic era concerts) -Cadenza written out for the violinist in the middle of the movement

Which of the following is an important contrast within the traditional concerto?

-The different tempi of consecutive movements -The different texture between solo and orchestral passages -The different dynamics and timbres of the soloist and orchestra

Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, k. 550, mvt. 1 (Mozart)

-Written near the end of his life -Much darker than music of the classical era -First movement = characteristic of much Viennese Classical style (made up of a melodic line with homophonic accompaniment) -Opening G minor theme has a consistent rhythmic pattern that pushses the work forward with urgency -->Theme contrasted with B-flat major -Middle section is maniac and feverish -An example of the height of the Classical era symphonic style

Incidental Music

-Written to accompany or precede a theatrical or literary performance -Considered secondary in importance to the play (why it's called incidental) -Usually sectional and contains many shifts in moods -Written for large orchestra to take advantage of the many different colors or timbres that can be created

Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, op. 95, mvt. 2 (Antonin Dvorak)

-aka "From the New World" -labeled nationalistic but is actually exotic -Expresses the size and landscape of teh US through its melodic expansiveness -Cyclical in nature

Pure music

-aka absolute music -Has no allegorical or pictorial meaning -opposite of program music, but program music can be appreciated as absolute music if the listener doesn't associate the work with any particular scene or emotion

Four major forms of program music

1) Symphonic poem 2) Program symphony 3) Incidental music 4) Concert overture

How many symphonies did Beethoven compose?

9

Coda

A brief ending section of a musical work that often makes use of fragments of the primary melody of the work and has a repeated rhythmic figure

Orchestral suite

A large scale work for orchestra consisting usually of a set of contrasting dances in movements -Used in the Baroque era -Considered a predecessor of the Classical era symphony -Dances usually in the same key and in a two part form (AB) with both sections played twice -Bach, Handel, and Telemann the best examples of this style

Theme

A melody -Help build a thematic development

The Program Symphony

A multi-movement work similar to tone poems and symphonic poems in intent. Each movement contains its own program

Fanfare

A musical form used to announce or introduce an event

Continuo

A part of the score in Baroque era music (usually) -Way of notating music in a shorthand fashion by using chord symbols (#s) and a bass line -Two instruments playing the part (one capable of creating chords and the other to play the bass line) -Instruments used to play the part varied greatly (up to the performer)

March

A piece of music often associated with the military and has a steady repetitive beat

Idee fixe

A primary idea of a work, literary, or musical, which repeats throughout the work

Concerto

A showpiece written for a single instrument accmompanied by an ensemble (usually an orchestra or band) and has three movements -Most written for a soloist with a full accompaniment (composers take the accompaniment and arrange it so it can be played on the piano -Most important feature: contrast between the soloist and the full orchestra -Most important form of solo instrumental music for the concert hall

Pavane

A slow dance in duple meter often used as a processional

Pastorale

A work of music that evokes imags and feelings associated with nature

Which composer established which instrument as the most popular solo instrument for the Classical concerto?

A. Vivaldi, violin

Which Romantic composer 'turned back the clock' and wrote in a much more Classically-influenced style?

Aaron Copeland

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major musical forms of program music that developed in the Romantic era?

Accidental Music

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the music of Hector Berlioz?

Driving and unchanging rhythms

Which ordering of the three sections of sonata form is correct?

Exposition, development, recapitulaton

The Classical-Era Symphony

Format: -Movement 1, Sonata Form (with two contrasting melodies) -Movement 2, Theme and Variations or ABA Form (has a slower tempo and takes different forms) -Movement 3, Minuet and Trio -Movement 4, Rondo or sonata form

Which prominent composer of symphonies sang in the boys choir at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna?

Franz J. Haydn

Which nation was NOT particularly involved in the 'nationalist' music movement in the 19th century?

Germany

Which Romantic composer did NOT write concerti for piano and/or violin that are part of today's standard repertory?

Haydn

How does Beethoven's work bridge the gap between the Classical and Romantic eras?

He used classical forms while expanding the size of the orchestra and lengthening the timing of the symphony.

Which statement about the early life of W.A. Mozart is NOT true?

He was traveled extensively throughout Europe with his father and brother.

If a soloist makes an exaggerated motion with their head or arm during a solo passage or break between movements in a concerto, this is probably intended to:

Let the conductor know when to bring in the orchestra.

Thematic Development

Manipulation or variation of a theme used in the developmental section of a sonata form -Different forms help to create this

J.S. Bach wrote a group of famous concerti for what well-known public figure?

Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg

Which of the following is a key distinction between composers of the symphony before and after the year 1820?

Most composers after 1820 wrote relatively small numbers of symphonies compared to the larger outputs of those who wrote symphonies before then.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the program symphony?

Most program symphony movements retained the titles of Classical movements even though they stretched the boundaries of the various forms involved.

The original Baroque concerto idea featured what central concept?

Music that alternated between a small group of players and the full orchestra

Virtuoso

Musician that's considered among the finest performersin the world on his or her instrument

What is the term used for music that evokes images of native countrysides and people to express pride in one's ethnicity or country?

Nationalism

Before the mid-1800s, most publically performed art music was:

Newly composed and then set aside after a few performances to be replaced by fresher material.

Which statement about program music in France is NOT true?

None of the above.

What piece did Mendelssohn complete at the behest of the King of Prussia in 1842?

Overture to a Midsummer Night's Dream

Which piece in this chapter owes much of its popularity to a Disney film?

Paul Dukas's The Sorceror's Apprentice

Which dance type is NOT part of J. S. Bach's Suite No. 3 in D?

Pavane

Most program music is written for what instrument or group of instruments

Piano, orchestra

Which of the following groupings of movements would be considered a traditional Classical symphony?

Sonata Form, ABA Form, Minuet and Trio, Sonata Form

Terraced dynamics

Sudden changes in volume

Pizzicato

Technique or plucking a string on a string instrument rather

The contrast between the soloist and full orchestra in a concerto is an example of difference in what element of music?

Texture

If a soloist takes many pauses within the concerto, the audience will likely assume:

That the cadenza is being improvised

What was Mendelssohn's major contribution to the field of music education?

The Leipzig Music Conservatory, which he founded, moved away from the strictly private, one-on-one teaching style that had previously been in place.

Which statement about the concert overture is NOT true?

The concert overture grew out of the tradition of performing first movements of symphonies as part of concerts.

The concerto as we know it today developed because of the rise of the public concert hall, which in turn came about because of what historical factor(s)?

The demise of the aristocracy and the rise of the middle class thanks to the Industrial Revolution

Which statement about the classical concerto is true?

The first movement was typically very long because both the orchestra and soloist stated the entire exposition, one after the other.

Which of the following accurately describes one of the ways in which the symphony changed between the late Classical era and the end of the Romantic era?

The length of symphonies increased dramatically

Which statement about the symphonic minuet and trio is NOT true?

The minuet and trio became fashionable throughout the courts of Europe during the early Baroque era.

Why were trumpets not frequently used before the invention of the rotary and piston valves in the 1830s?

The number of keys in which they could play was severely limited.

Exposition

The opening section of a sonata form in which the primary melodies of the work are presented

Which feature of the first movement of Mozart's Symphony No. 40 in G Minor contributes to its frantic, urgent nature?

The quick transitions between key centers in the development section.

Which statement about F. J. Haydn's tenure as court musician for Prince Esterhazy is true?

The relationship between Haydn and the Prince was typical of the patronage system of the time.

What happens during a cadenza?

The soloist takes material from the main body of the concerto and repeats it in a segmented fashion.

Consider the following statement and choose the best response: "Franz Liszt, in addition to being a virtuosic piano performer, was also a composer of renown who—despite the increasing trend toward independent contractor status for composers—worked within the patronage system to write music, much of it based on Germanic myths and Shakespeare plays."

The statement is false because Liszt's music drew from Greek myths, not Germanic.

Consider the following statement and choose the best response: "Richard Strauss's tone poems, including Ein Heldenleben, Don Juan, and Also sprach Zarathustra among many others, are considered excellent examples of program music in large part due to his understanding of orchestral timbres, which he probably gained in his work as conductor of the Vienna State Orchestra."

The statement is false because Strauss was conductor of the Vienna State Opera.

Consider the following statement and choose the best reaction: "During the Romantic Era, symphonic music became much more expressive, the average symphony became much longer, and ensemble sizes generally shrank due to the smaller pool of musicians skilled enough to perform such challenging works."

The statement is false because the size of the average ensemble grew during this era.

Consider the following statement and choose the best response: "The four-movement violin concerti that make up The Four Seasons, composed by Vivaldi and inspired by poetry by Dante, are an early example of program music."

The statement is false because these concerti are all in three movements.

Consider the following statement and choose an appropriate response: "The typical sonata form of the Classical era develops a single melody and is in three sections."

The statement is false, as there are traditionally two melodies in sonata form.

Consider the following statement and choose the best reaction: "G. P. Telemann and J. S. Bach are both considered prominent composers of the orchestral suite, an important predecessor of the symphony, even though the former wrote considerably more than the latter."

True

Consider the following statement and choose the best response: "Hector Berlioz's Grande symphonie funébre et triomphale and Grande Messe des morts are both excellent examples of French program music, as each was written for a huge number of musicians to celebrate national occasions."

True

Consider the following statement and choose the best response: "In Paul Dukas's The Sorceror's Apprentice, which follows the form of a large, two-part scherzo, the composer uses four primary melodic ideas in different combinations and variations to create numerous shifts in mood."

True

Development

Used to extend, breakup, recharacterize, and develop the ideas of the exposition and recapitulation

Final movement

Usually written in sonata or rondo form