mycology final exam 2017

Members of the _____________________________ also have a central stipe that separates cleanly from the pileus. But their gills are gray to pink when young, turning chocolate brown at maturity. They have an annulus but no volva. They are mainly coprophilous or found growing in grassy areas and some are cultivated for the table.

Agariaceae

The Order _____________________________ is another large group (>5000 species) that includes the familiar gilled mushrooms and toadstools (with a pileus on a stipe), well known for their edibility or deadly effects. The basidioma is usually fleshy and moist with a hymenium that is exposed at maturity.

Agaricales

The fungi in the _______________________ produce sporocarps with a central stipe that separates cleanly from the pileus. They have free gills, a volva and annulus and sometimes warts on the cap. The spore print is white. This group includes both delicious edibles and the world's most deadly poisonous mushrooms. They are found on the ground in forests where they form ectomycorrhizas.

Amanitacea

The ________________________ is a large order (>2000 species) of mostly saprophytic fungi, many of which are able to digest cellulose and lignin and cause destruction of timber and wood products and decay wood in standing trees. The texture of the basidioma may be similar to cork, wood, leather, paper, or cartilage but is usually not fleshy and moist. They lack gills.

Aphyllophorales

___________________ which causes black knot of plum, and ___________________ which causes apple scab, are two common examples of the large (>4000 species) ascomycete order Pleosporales (was Dothidiales) which is characterized by its bitunicate ascus.

Apiosporina maribosa, Venturia inaequalis

The _____________________________ is an Agaricales family characterized by a pileus on a central stipe, fleshy texture, hymenium lining tubes and many choice edible members. They are almost always associated with trees (forming ectomycorrhizae).

Boletaceae

Basidiomata of the Aphyllophorales family ________________________ are sometimes tubular or funnel-shaped. They have monomitic tissues with thin-walled inflated hyphae (and are therefore moist and fleshy textured). The hymenophore/hymenium may be smooth or folded into shallow gill-like ridges. Many members are brightly colored and some are choice edibles available in markets around the world. But, they have resisted cultivation because all are ectomycorrhizal.

Cantharellaceae

In ________, the ovarian tissues of the host plant are replaced by a mycelial mat that produces masses of conidia; later, the mat hardens into a darkly pigmented sclerotium commonly called an ergot, which replaces the grain.

Claviceps purpurea

Fungi that produce a thin, fragile basidioma with attached gills that undergo autodigestion at maturity are placed in the family ____________________________. The black basidiospores are in the inky fluid that drips from the pileus.

Coprinaceae

The ascomycete order Clavicipitales comprises a group of highly evolved and sophisticated, obligately parasitic fungi with: (a) frequently stalked stromata (compound ascomata), (b) long asci without apical rings, and (c) long, thread-like ascospores that in some taxa fragment at release. In addition to being the prime source of LSD, members include ______, which can parasitize Elaphomyces deer truffles, and _______, whose Neotyphodium anamorph lives as an endophyte in rangeland grasses, protecting them from herbivory by producing a powerful neurotoxin.

Cordyceps, Epichole

____________________________ causes the most serious rust disease of southern pines.

Cronartium fusiforme

___________________________ causes the most serious rust disease of northern, five-needle pines.

Cronartium ribicola

_____ disease of seedling plants is caused by species of Pythium (Oomycota, Pythiales).

Damping-off

The members of the ____ (Zygomycota) are predominantly parasites of insects and other arthropods.

Entomophthorales

The common baker's yeast is commercially important mostly for the production of _____.

Ethanol (an industrial solvent)

_____________ is the plant pathogen that causes cedar-apple rust. In virtually any location where apples or crabapples and redcedars coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars. Quince and hawthorn can substitute for the apples as hosts and many species of redcedars are affected.

Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae

Although they superficially resemble the morels, some species in the genus _____ are poisonous. They have a folded or saddle-shaped cap rather than a cap with pits and ridges as do the true morels.

Helvella

In members of the genus _____ and its allies, the hymenium covers spines or teeth

Hydnum

The members of the family _________________________ are most easily recognized by their thick, waxy gills, bright colors and often small size.

Hygrophoraceae

The Agaricales family _____________________ is characterized by a central or eccentric stipe, attached gills, often gelatinous cap cuticle and the presence of an annulus. The spore print is violet to dark purple-brown. The family includes the genera Psilocybe and Naematoloma

Hymenogastraceae

Species of _____, known commonly as the morels, are edible and collected for the table in the spring.

Morchella

______________________ are the special organs formed in the mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and the roots of plants.

Mycorrhiza

The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway. The concept was proposed by George Beadle and Edward Tatum in an influential 1941 paper on genetic mutations in the mold_____, and subsequently was dubbed the "one gene-one enzyme hypothesis" by their collaborator Norman Horowitz. It is often considered the first significant result in what came to be called molecular biology.

Neurospora crassa

The Dutch elm disease is caused by ________________ (and its _______________ anamorph), an ascomycete fungus transmitted from tree to tree by __________________________________________

Ophiostoma ulmi, Graphium, beetles

The gasteroid Basidiomycetes order ______________________________ contains only about 65 mostly tropical species, although several are common and widespread in temperate zone forests. In the button stage, the ovoid basidiomata resemble underground eggs coverd by a peridium and containing a well-defined gelatinous layer. The mature gleba undergoes autolysis to form a foul-smelling, insect-dispersed slime. In many species, slimy putrid gleba is carrried upward, out of the ground, upon the rapidly expanding receptacle (stem) that may fully expand in only a few hours. The expansion of the receptacle ruptures the peridium, which remains behind in the ground as the volva.

Phallales

The gasteroid basidiomycete order _____ contains only about 45 mostly tropical species, although several are common and widespread in temperate zone forests. In the button stage, the ovoid basidiomata resemble underground eggs covered by a peridium and containing a well-defined gelatinous layer. The mature gleba undergoes autolysis to form a foul-smelling, insect-dispersed slime. In many species, slimy putrid gleba is carried upward, out of the ground, upon the rapidly expanding receptacle (stem) that may fully expand in only a few hours. The expansion of the receptacle ruptures the peridium, which remains behind in the ground as the volva.

Phallales

The most notorious species of ____ is P. infestans, which causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine.

Phytophthora

The notorious late blight of potato is a potentially catastrophic plant disease caused by a Chromistan fungus in the genus _____.

Phytophthora

The "slime molds" in the genus _____ are all obligate parasites; P. brassicae causes the clubroot disease of cabbages.

Plasmodiophora

Damping-off is a disease of seedling plants caused by soil-borne microorganisms in the genus _____.

Pythium

The family _____ is characterized as: central stipe; trama of pileus and stipe brittle, composed of nests of large rounded cells (sphaerocysts) bound by connective hyphae, latex sometimes present; on ground associated with trees (ectomycorrhizal).

Russulaceae

_________________________ is an oriental food made by fermenting soybeans with Rhizopus oligosporus (Zygomycota, Mucorales).

Tempeh

The fungi known commonly as the truffles are the edible hypogeous ascomata of the genus ________________________________ (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Their odors often mimic animal pheromones.

Tuber

The Order ____________________ includes the locally abundant wood-rotting saprotrophic genera Daldinia and Hypoxylon.

Xylariales

The great genotypic and phenotypic variability of so many fungi is largely and most directly due to their: _____

ability to reproduce asexually by spores and/or by fragmentation

Which is true for all fungi?

all are eukaryotic

The term ____ refers to the nonsexual (usually conidial) stage in the life cycle of a fungus.

anamorph

The term ____________________________ refers to the nonsexual (usually conidial) stage in the life cycle of a fungus.

anamorph

The more than 900 species in the order Pezizales (Series Unitunicatae-Operculatae) are generally characterized by their fleshy, cup-shaped _____.

apothecia

The multicellular structures (ascomata) that produce the asci, and act as the platforms from which the spores are launched, come in four main types. (6) ______________________ allow many asci to discharge simultaneously because the entire hymenium is exposed. (7) _____________________ have a narrow opening that permits discharge of only one ascus, or a few asci at a time. (8) ___________________ contain bitunicate asci and have a unique developmental pattern. (9) __________________ lack an opening entirely.

apothecia perithecia pseudothecia cleistothecia

Most lichens are what Brice Kendrick calls "discolichens," since their fungal fructifications are _____.

apothecial ascomata

The _____ is a finely branched organ produced by endomycorrhizal fungi inside host root cells: the interface at which fungus and plant exchange phosphorus and photosynthates.

arbuscule

The ________________________ are the meiosporangia of the Ascomycetes.

asci

Unitunicate-operculate ________________ have a single wall with a built-in lid or operculum at the tip - at maturity this pops open so that the spores can be ejected.

asci

Fungi lacking meiosis will also lack ____.

ascospores basidiospores oospores

Ascomycotina are characterized by bearing their sexual spores within a(n)____________.

ascus

In the life cycle of a typical ascomycete, the only diploid cell is the ________________________.

ascus

The _____ is the cell in which karyogamy occurs in the ascomycetes.

ascus

Fungal genomes are relatively very much smaller than the genomes of other eukaryotes. The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's and brewer's yeast) has been found to contain about 12 million __________________________ with about 6,000 recognizable genes, divided among 16 chromosomes.

base pairs

___________is the world's oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—the most common of which is malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used.

beer

Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease, is transmitted from tree to tree by _____.

beetles

____________________ asci have a double wall; at maturity the thin outer wall slits and the extensible inner wall expands upward carrying the ascospores with it.

bitunicate

In _____ conidiogenesis, the young conidium is recognizable before it is cut off by a cross-wall (this is an extension of the idea of cells "budding").

blastic

In members of the order Lycoperdales, sporocarp maturity is accompanied by autodigestion of the generative hyphae that frees a dry, powdery mass of _____ and _____.

capillitium, basidiospores

The acrasids and dyctiostelids in Phylum Dictyostelida (formerly Acrasiomycota, cellular slime molds), the Myxostelida (formerly Myxomycota, plasmodial slime molds), and the plasmodiophorids in Phylum Plasmodiophorida (formerly Plasmodiophoromycota) are organisms with some fungus-like features, but with a naked protoplasmic somatic stage; they produce no hyphae, and the assimilative plasmodia have no _____.

cell walls

Most fungi have ________________________ as their major cell wall polysaccharide.

chitin

True fungi have ____ as their major cell wall polysaccharide.

chitin

Short backwardly-directed branches on many dikaryotic basidiomycete hyphae give rise to ________________, structures that provide a bypass for one of the nuclei produced during synchronous division of the dikaryon, insuring their equal distribution between the new cells.

clamp connections

The ubiquitous and almost omnivorous anamorphs Penicillium and Aspergillus are blastic/phialidic, and produce masses of dry, wind-dispersed _____.

conidia

A(n) ______________________ is a nonsexual spore that is borne both terminally and exogenously on a conidiophore and is deciduous at maturity.

conidium

Cephalodia (singular cephalodium) are small gall-like structures found in some species of lichens that contain _______________ symbionts. Cephalodia can occur within the tissues of the host, or on its upper or lower surface; hosts with cephalodia can fix nitrogen, and can be important contributors of nitrogen to their ecosystems.

cyanobacterial

The term _____ refers to a cell or hypha in which haploid, genetically different nuclei of two types are closely associated in pairs following plasmogamy.

dikaryon

The vast majority of the members of the Ustilaginales are plant parasites. Some members of this group exhibit _____________________, meaning that at a neutral pH they grow as a homogeneous population of budding yeast, but at an acid pH they develop into the mycelial form.

dimorphism

Fungal filaments, in contrast to actinomycete filaments, have ____.

double membrane-bound nuclei

The most important function of the ascoma is to _____

form spores

Recently, a eucarpic chytrid has been found attacking amphibians in many parts of the world. It has been associated with significant die-offs of _____________________ in Australia, Central America, and at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

frogs

When an ascospore germinates, it establishes a _____ mycelium.

haploid

A(n) _____ is a specialized hyphal branch that penetrates the wall of the host cell, but not the host plasmalemma.

haustorium

Life cycles of fungi can involve both sexual and nonsexual reproduction, culminating in the formation of sexual and nonsexual spores, respectively. This entire life cycle including both nonsexual and sexual cycles is sometimes termed the _____.

holomorph

Fungi which produce _____ fruiting bodies depend primarily on animals for spore dispersal.

hypogeous

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi (often found with Stereum complicatum here in Chattanooga) and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially grouped among the "_____".

jelly fungi

Mutualistic relationships between fungi and algae and/or cyanobacteria are known as _______________.

lichens

The simplest members of the order Pythiales (Oomycota) have a _____ thallus (chytridlike) that may occur entirely within the living host.

monocentric, holocarpic

Some members of the genera Lagenidium (Oomycota) and Coelomyces (Chytridiomycota) occur in nature as parasites of _____, and there is intense interest in their use as biological control agents for _____.

mosquitoes, malaria

The ascomycete Monilinia fructicola (Leotiales) overwinters as a compact mycelium within a hardened and blackened fruit, also known as a(n) ________________________________, formed by the diseased host.

mummy

The life cycle of Armillaria mellea is very unusual among Basidiomycetes: the dikaryotic phase is transient or entirely lacking, and the vegetative mycelium is predominantly uninucleate and without clamp connections. When compatible cultures, each derived from a single basidiospore, are mated, a dikaryon and clamps are formed, but dikaryotic cells are unstable; the two nuclei fuse, and shortly thereafter only uninucleate cells are observed.This is evidence that the vegetative phase in the life cycle of A. mellea is _____.

n+n

In Monoblepharis polymorpha (Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidales), which is found on twigs submerged in freshwater pools, the male gamete is motile (a sperm), but the female (an egg) is not. This style of sexuality is called _____.

oogamy

In Saprolegnia, sexual reproduction involves the production of a non-motile _____ that converts to a thick-walled _____ after fertilization.

oosphere, oospore

Hypomyces lactifuorum is an orange fungus that parasitizes ______________________________.

other fungi

The order Sphaeriales (Xylariales) includes more than 1300 unitunicate-inoperculate species that all produce ____.

perithecia

__________ asci have no active spore-shooting mechanism and are characteristic of cleistothecial ascomata and truffles.

prototunicate

Fungi in the order Glomales are extremely important because their hyphae enter the living cells of the____________ of possibly 90% of all higher plants.

roots

Some ascomycetes that produce apothecia also produce distinctive somatic structures -- these may be _____ or _____.

sclerotia, stromata

In the Chytridiomycota, _____ reproduction usually involves fusion of motile isogametes, but sometimes only the "male" gamete is motile.

sexual

The teleomorph is the _______________________ manifestation of a fungus; unknown in many taxa (cf. anamorph, holomorph).

sexual

Many lichens produce specialized "somatic propagules.' In some, the upper surface of the thallus ruptures, exposing a powdery mass of propagules called ______________.

soredia

Zoospores are adapted for _____.

swimming in water or in a watery film

_____ is the relationship in which dissimilar organisms live together. This relationship may be harmful, beneficial or neutral to one or both of the partners.

symbiosis

In _____ conidiogenesis, the cross-wall, or septum, is laid down before differentiation of the conidium begins (in other word, a pre-existing cell in then converted to a conidium).

thallic

Several endophytic fungi, such as those in the genera Balansia, Neotyphodium and Epichlöe, parasitize rangeland grasses and sedges. How could parasitism confer an adaptive advantage upon the host plant?

the parasite produces mycotoxins that accumulate in host plant tissues

The fungi known commonly as the ____________ are the edible hypogeous ascomata of the genus Tuber (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Their odors often mimic animal pheromones.

truffles

_______ asci have no operculum, but have a special elastic ring mechanism to let the spores shoot through.

unitunicate-inoperculate

______________ asci have a single wall with a built-in lid or operculum at the tip and are found only in apothecial ascomata.

unitunicate-operculate

A(n) _____ is a motile mitospore that bears one or two flagella.

zoospore

Members of the Chytridiomycota, Oomycota and Plasmodiophoromycota are characterized by non-sexual reproduction that may involve the formation of motile spores called _______________________.

zoospores

One very common example of a _____ is black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer), a member of the Mucorales.

zygomycete

The order Mucorales encompasses 13 families, 56 genera and 300 species; this order includes all the common saprobic _____

zygomycetes

The _____ is a thick-walled sexual resting spore resulting from fusion of gametangia in the Zygomycota.

zygospore

The fungi in the Division Zygomycota are characterized by their sexual reproduction, which culminates in _____ production.

zygospore

Although zygomycetes can go through cycle after cycle - spore, mycelium, sporangium, spore - producing only the anamorph, they sometimes form ___________________ (the teleomorph), perhaps as a survival mechanism, perhaps for the benefit of genetic recombination, or perhaps just because compatible strains have met.

zygospores