Myer's psychology study guide: Prologue
nurture; nature; psychological; biological
Although the debate continues, we will see that: ________ works on what ________ endows and that every ________ event is simultaneously a ________ event
Mary Calkins
American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association
behaviorism; Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic; growth; healthy
As a response to Freudian psychology and to _________, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _________ _________ forged ________. This new perspective emphasized the ________ potential of _________ people.
asking and answering questions
As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ________ ________ ________ ________.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).`
humanistic psychology
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with...
social-cultural
Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the _________-________ perspective.
cognitive; mind
During the 1960's psychology underwent a ________ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ________ processes and retains information.
system; social system; levels; analysis; biological; psychological; social-cultural; biopsychosocial
Each person is a complex ________ that is part of a larger _______ ________ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main _________ of _______-- ________, ________, ________-________-- which together form an integrated ________ approach o the study of behavior and mental processes.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences
Charles Darwin; evolution; natural selection
In 1859, naturalist _______ ________ explained species variation by proposing the process of ________, which works through the principle of __________ ________.
science of mental life
In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the...
mental; observable
In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ________ life. From the 1920's into the 1960's, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ________ behavior
any action we can observe or record
In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as....
John Locke; Rene Descartes
In the 1600s, the views of the Greek philosophers were revived by _______ _______, who believed that most knowledge comes in through the senses, and ________ ________, who believed that some ideas are innate.
observe; record; subjective experiences; infer
In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can _______ and _______, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, _______ ________ we _______ from behavior.
psychiatrists
Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _________.
humanism
Philosophical perspective in which people are seen as having tremendous potential for psychological growth and as continually striving to fulfill that potential.
Sensorimotor
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (from birth to about age 2); the period during which the infant explores the environment & acquires knowledge through sensing & manipulating objects
Formal Operational
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, (from age 11 or 12 and beyond) when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.
Preoperational
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development (lasting from about age 2 to age 6 or 7), during which the child begins to represent the world symbolically
Concrete Operational
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development;( 7-11 yrs); replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations; can see things in another perspective; develop ability to empathize; principle of conservation seen
think; feel; act
Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ________, _________, and ________ as they do.
basic research; applied research
Psychologists may be involved in conducting ________ _______, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or ________ ________, which seeks solutions to practical problems.
psychodynamic
Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _________ perspective.
counsling
Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ________ psychologists.
cognitive neuroscientists
Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called...
evolutionary; behavior genetics
Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the ________ perspective. Those concerened with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the _______ ________ perspective
neuroscience
Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the ________ perspective
social-cultural
Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior may vary in different situations are working from the ________-_______ perspective.
behavior genetics
Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ________ ________ perspective.
behavioral
Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ________ perspective.
clinical
Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _______ psychologists.
psychanalysis
Sigmond Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously represses feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
learning; Sigmund Freud; children
Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of ________; the personality theorist ________ ________; and Jean Piaget, who studied ________.
Edward Titchener
Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology, used introspection.
Jean Piaget
Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980),. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
globalizing
Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also ________.
Aristotle; learning; memory; motivation; emotion; perception; personality
The Greek philosopher ________ developed early theories about ________, ________ ________, ________, ________ and ________.
Aristotle
The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. (Nurture)
Plato
The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited. (Nature)
Plato
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was...
cognitive
The ________ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
Complement
The different perspectives on big issues ________ (contradict/complement) one another.
Mary Calkins
The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ________ ________.
Wilhelm Wundt
The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by ________ ________.
Wilhelm Wundt; 1879
The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ ________ in the year _______.
Margret Floy Washburn
The first woman to recieve a Ph.D in psychology was ________ ________ ________.
biology; philosophy
The historical roots of psychology include the fields of ________ and ________.
biology; experience
The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _______ and ________.
John Locke
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is...
cognitive neuroscience
The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ________ _________.
behavioral; mental
The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ________ and ________ processes.
behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
basic research
Today, psychology is a discipline that is focused primarily on ______ _____.
science of behavior and mental processes
Today, psychology is defined as the...
philosophy and biology
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of...
William James; adaptive; functionalism
Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, psychologist ________ ________ assumed that thinking developed because it was ________. He founded the school of _________, which focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable to organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Psychiatrist
Which of the following individuals is also a physician?
behavioral
Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?
neuroscience
Which psychological perspective emphasizes interaction of the brain and body in behavior?
Rene Descartes
Which seventeenth philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
industrial/organizational psychology
Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?
Edward Titchener
Who introduced the early school of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?
John B. Watson
Who would be the most likely to agree with the statement "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who wrote the early textbook "Principles of Psychology"?
Edward Titchener; structuralism; introspection; unreliable
William Wundt's student, _______ ________, introduced the school of _______, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of _______. This method proved ________ (reliable/unreliable).
increasing
Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _______ (increasing/decreasing).
Ivan Pavlov
a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review
basic research
adds to psychology's knowledge base
Freudian psychology
emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior.
applied research
the study of practical problems
William James
1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
basic research
A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in...
social-cultural
A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the _______-________ perspective.
Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Abraham Maslow
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
Margret Floy Washburn
1st woman to receive a Ph.D in psych. 2nd female pres. wrote The Animal Mind.