natomy and Physiology I chapter 6 (text/assesment questions + prelab/lab)

Correct the following analysis. "My brother broke his arm last night when he fell down. More specifically, he broke his right ulna bone. I know it was his ulna because the X-ray clearly showed the crack in the shorter of the two forearm bones and the broken bone was on the same side of the hand as the thumb."

It is the radius bone that is slightly shorter in length and on the same side as the thumb.

Click on the navicular bone

bottom of foot

On this anterior view of the right humerus, click on the trochlea. ​

bottom right

Which of the following is the heel of your foot? talus stiletto cuboid platform calcaneus

calcaneus

coxal bone

acetabulum, greater and lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosities, pubic symphysis, superior and inferior pubic ramus, pubic arch

Below is an x-ray of the right shoulder. Name this bone of the appendicular skeleton. ​[2]

clavicle

The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the:

scapula

Which statement is correct concerning this radiograph of the lower leg? ​ "A" is the medial malleolus and "B" is the tibial tuberosity. "A" is the medial epicondyle and "B" is the styloid process. "A" is the intercondylar eminence and "B" is the lateral malleolus.

"A" is the intercondylar eminence and "B" is the lateral malleolus.

How would you distinguish between the anatomical neck and surgical neck of the humerus?

-The anatomical neck goes around the head and is superior to the surgical neck. -The anatomical neck is closer to the greater and lesser tubercles. -The surgical neck is lower and located where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis.

femur

1.lesser trochanter 2.intertrochanteric line 3.greater trochanter

How does a fractured coracoid process affect motion? A person would have difficulty in moving their hip. A person would have difficulty in moving their lower legs. The clavicle joint with the sternum would be compromised. A person would have difficulty moving their upper arm. A person could not bend at the waist.

A person would have difficulty moving their upper arm.

Why do adult women commonly have wider hips than do adult men?

A very common reason is that wider hips in women allow for better chances of successful childbirth; how they are wider includes the distance between the two anterosuperior iliac spines which is less, or more narrow, in men. This distance is also called the false, or greater, pelvis

Ty had a skateboarding accident and had the below radiograph done on his hip. The arrow shows the fracture. Where is the fracture located? Arcuate line Acetabulum Iliac crest Ischial tuberosity

Acetabulum

Ankles, feet, and toes

As a set containing 26 bones, these bones are subdivided as follows: Tarsals: 7 bones Metatarsals: 5 bones Proximal phalanges: 5 bones Intermediate phalanges: 4 bones Distal phalanges: 5 bones

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the major functions of the pectoral and pelvic girdles? Both girdles provide support for internal organs. Both girdles connect the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton. Both girdles assist in supporting the weight of limbs. Both girdles assist with mobility of limbs. Both girdles are composed of more than one bone.

Both girdles provide support for internal organs.

case study fractures

Breaking or fracturing the clavicle is a common occurrence, with about 5% of all adult fractures occurring at the collarbone. Most of these injuries occur from falling onto an outstretched arm, such as when you slip and fall on ice and try to brace yourself as you land. Other causes include direct impacts to the shoulder, automobile collisions, and even passage through the birth canal! These breaks can be very painful and make it hard to move your arm. One common symptom of a clavicle fracture is that the shoulder sags downward and forward, illustrating its role as a supportive strut. Most clavicle fractures can be treated by wearing a supportive sling that keeps the arm and shoulder immobile while the bone heals. However, with some clavicle fractures, the pieces of bone move too far out of place when the injury occurs. For these more complicated fractures, surgery may be needed to realign and affix the broken ends.

Pectoral girdle

Clavicle Scapula

The lower leg is formed by two bones, the tibula and the fibia.

False The bones of the lower leg are the tibia and the fibula. There are no bones named the "fibia" and the "tibula." If you've made this mistake, don't worry you're not alone. Just make a conscious effort to be aware of the proper names.

true or False: The two pubic bones articulate at the pelvic symphysis.

False The pubic bones articulate at the pubic symphysis.

Thighs and lower legs

Femur (also called the thigh) Patella (also called the knee) Tibia Fibula

Arms and forearms

Humerus Ulna Radius

case study Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected hand and arm. This problem is now identified as a compression of the median nerve that runs from your forearm to your hand through a narrow passageway in your wrist called the carpal tunnel. This tunnel is created by both the concave anterior surface of the carpus and the superficial carpal ligament (Figure 6.6). The median nerve collects sensory information from your thumb/fingers and controls the muscles around the base of the thumb. Patients sometimes describe the sensations as electric shocks in the affected areas. This sensation, along with muscle weakness, may start gradually but become constant over time if left untreated. The discomfort may also travel from your wrist up your arm while performing tasks like holding a steering wheel, holding a phone or newspaper, or typing on a keyboard. Often, people "shake out" their hands to try and relieve the unpleasant sensations, but this provides minimal relief.

In many cases, there is no single cause of carpal tunnel syndrome; it may be that a combination of risk factors contribute to its development. Anything that squeezes or irritates the median nerve in the carpal tunnel may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. For example, a previous wrist fracture can narrow the carpal tunnel and irritate the nerve, as can the swelling and inflammation resulting from rheumatoid arthritis. A number of contributing factors have been associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, and although they may not directly cause the problem, they may increase your chances of developing or aggravating median nerve damage. These include chronic inflammatory illnesses, diabetes, obesity, chronic fluid retention during pregnancy and menopause, thyroid disorders and kidney failure, and workplace factors. ​It has been suggested that repetitive motions in the workplace that require prolonged or repetitive flexing of the wrist may create harmful pressure on the median nerve or worsen existing nerve damage. These include working on an assembly line, prolonged use of vibrating tools, or typing on a keyboard for extended hours each day. Treatments for this problem range from non-invasive splints that immobilize the wrist and hand (particularly at night before going to bed), administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, application of ice-packs to relieve inflammation, or even invasive surgeries that attempt to restructure the tunnel and relieve the compression (Figure 6.7).

​Why do knuckles crack when you bend them?

In our younger years, so many of us were sternly cautioned by our parents about the dangers associated with cracking our knuckles. There is no link between cracking knuckles and long-term joint problems such as arthritis. It is understood that the nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas explodes when fingers are bent at extended angles.

Which femur structure cannot be viewed posteriorly? Intertrochanteric crest Linea aspera Intercondylar fossa Intertrochanteric line

Intertrochanteric line

A jump from a 10-foot-tall wall would likely break what bones if a person landed on his or her heels? What if the person landed on his or her buttocks? What if they landed on their wrists?

Landing on the heels would likely break the calcaneus bone. It may also damage the talus or other tarsal bones. Landing on the buttocks may lessen the likelihood of bone breakage but increase the potential of soft-tissue damage and damage to the spine. Landing on the wrist could break the wrist bones or the radius and ulna bones. This is a common break in elderly people who fall on their wrists.

Match the lower limb bone with its description. Lateral lower leg bone-Fibula Heel bone-Calcaneus Articulates with both the tibia and fibula-Talus Also known as the big toe-Hallux

Lateral lower leg bone-Fibula Heel bone-Calcaneus Articulates with both the tibia and fibula-Talus Also known as the big toe-Hallux

Which of the following statements is correct? Long bones are equally long as they are wide. Long bones include the vertebrae. Long bones are thin and broad. Long bones have more length than width. Long bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

Long bones have more length than width.

Pelvic girdle

Pelvic or hip bones (also called coxal bones)

carpal bones

Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Sort the order of the radial structures from proximal to distal. Radial head Radial neck Radial tuberosity Radial styloid process

Radial head Radial neck Radial tuberosity Radial styloid process

Which of the following statements is correct? Short bones are often cube-shaped bones. Short bones include the vertebrae. Short bones are thin and broad. Short bones have more length than width. Short bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

Short bones are often cube-shaped bones.

ankle and foot

Tarsals: Ankle bones Metatarsals: Foot bones Phalanges: Toe or finger bones

appendicular skeleton ​

The appendicular skeleton makes up 126 of the 206 bones in the human skeleton. Unlike the bones in the axial skeleton, however, the bones of the appendicular skeleton are connected by movable joints. This allows for a much greater range of limb and appendage motion. Functionally, the appendicular skeleton not only supports and moves the axial skeleton through the environment, but it also manipulates objects in the environment via the limbs.

Which of the following statements is correct? The radius is the longest of the forearm bones. The ulna is widest at its distal end. The bony knob of your elbow knob is called the olecranon process. The radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the triceps muscle. In the distal epiphysis of the radius is an indentation called the radial notch.

The bony knob of your elbow knob is called the olecranon process.

How is the foot dissimilar to the hand?

The foot is arched because of its weight-bearing role, while the hand is not

Which statement is INCORRECT concerning the carpal or tarsal bones? The scaphoid and lunate articulates with the radius. The talus articulates with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus and navicular bones. The calcaneus does not articulate with the fibula. The hamate articulates with metacarpals III, IV and V.

The hamate articulates with metacarpals III, IV and V.

How does the structure of the pelvic girdle differ from the pectoral girdle and how do these differences affect motion at each joint? The structures are almost identical allowing for the same motion at each joint. The head of the femur is more deeply embedded within the acetabulum, than the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa, making the pelvic girdle more stable. The head of the humerus is more deeply embedded within the glenoid fossa, than the head of the femur in the acetabulum, making the pectoral girdle more stable. The structure of the two joints is widely different, allowing people to bear more weight at the shoulder.

The head of the femur is more deeply embedded within the acetabulum, than the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa, making the pelvic girdle more stable.

Correct the following inaccurate sentence. "The humerus is the upper leg bone while the tibia and the fibula are the lower leg bones."

The humerus is the upper arm bone, not the upper leg bone.

Which of the following correctly states a common difference between the male and female pelvis? The male pelvis is typically thinner than in the female since males do not bear baby weight. The pelvic inlet of the male pelvis is round while it is heart-shaped in the female. The ischial tuberosities of the male pelvis point laterally but point medially in the female. In the male pelvis, the superior iliac spines are closer together than in the female. The pelvic outlet of the male pelvis is wide while in the female it is narrow

The male pelvis is typically thinner than in the female since males do not bear baby weight.

pelvic girdle

The right and left coxal bones make up the pelvis. The coxal bone is actually three bones, the ilium, ischium and pubis, that have fused together. These three bones are shown in a medial view of the right coxal bone below.

Which of the following statements regarding the scapula is false? The scapula extends from rib bones 2 to 9. The three edges of this triangular scapula are labeled as borders. An angle of the scapula refers to one of its triangular apices. On the dorsal surface is a ridge called the spine that can be felt as the shoulder "blade." The glenoid cavity of the scapula is where the humerus of the upper arm articulates.

The scapula extends from rib bones 2 to 9.

Costal (left) and dorsal (right) views of scapula.

The scapula is a broad, triangular bone that is superior and posterior to the rib cage, extending from rib bones 2 to 7. The three edges of this scapula are called the medial, lateral, and superior borders, whereas the three points of the scapula are called the superior, inferior, and lateral angles (Figure 6.2). The anterior and posterior surfaces of the scapula are called the costal (or subscapular) and the dorsal sides, respectively. The major feature to note on the dorsal surface is a ridge called the spine that ends at the acromion, which itself articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle. It is this spine that can be felt as the shoulder "blade." At the lateral edge of the spine, we find the acromion process, which effectively forms a "roof" over the head of the humerus. Along the lateral border is the glenoid cavity, where the humerus of the upper arm articulates, forming the shoulder joint. Directly above and in front of the glenoid cavity is the scapula coracoid process. This small, hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the anterior portion points forward; together with the acromion, the coracoid process serves to stabilize the shoulder joint through muscular attachments. An important point about the scapula is that it does not articulate with the bones of the axial skeleton posteriorly. The scapula is only attached to the axial skeleton via its articulation with the clavicle and by the various muscles that stabilize it. This allows for a wider range of motion. These important stabilizing muscles attach to the scapula at the supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae, which are also defining features of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the scapula.

Which of the following statements is correct? The clavicle looks like an extended letter "C" when viewed from above. A major function of the clavicle is to bind axial bones together and limit mobility. The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium. On the top surface of the clavicle are the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line. The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.

Which of the following statements is not correct? The ends of metacarpals bones form the knuckles. Metacarpal bones form the palm or length of the hand. Carpal bones make up the wrist. The thumb is composed of three phalange bones. Phalange bones form the fingers.

The thumb is composed of three phalange bones.

ulna

The trochlear notch is facing up and this is where it connects with the humerus: coronoid process, ulnar styloid process, and olecranon.

wrist and hand bones

The wrist and hand contains the carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges. The carpal bones are arranged in two rows containing four bones each. The following mnemonic "Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb" is a way to remember the order and location of the carpal bones starting proximally at the thumb going towards the pinky and circling back distally towards the thumb.

How do healthcare providers assist the healing of a broken middle phalanx bone of the thumb?

They don't! The thumb is unique in that it only has a proximal and distal phalanx.

Which of the following statements about sesamoid bone is incorrect? These are specialized bones found within tendons. They protect and absorb force that might break long bones. They are usually small, flat, and oval-shaped. They increase muscle leverage. They increase the longevity of tendons.

They protect and absorb force that might break long bones.

Which statement is correct concerning this structure? This is the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur. This is the obturator foramen which articulates with the greater trochanter of the femur. This is the ischial spine which articulates with the lesser trochanter of the femur.

This is the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur.

Which bone does not have a styloid process? Radius Fibula Ulna Tibia

Tibia

The radius bone of the forearm is found relative to the thumb side of the hand when anatomically positioned.

True

True or False: The superior (i.e., top) edge of the ilium is the iliac crest.

True It is true that the most superior aspect of the ilium is called the iliac crest.

True or False: The pelvic brim is the boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis.

True The greater pelvis is the region above the pelvic brim; the lesser pelvis is the space surrounded by the pelvic girdle, below the pelvic brim.

The Pelvis and Pelvic Girdle ​As with the pectoral girdle, we shall see how the pelvic girdle contributes to the support of the limbs, the axial skeleton, a variety of organs, and is the site of attachment for numerous skeletal muscles. The two pelvic, or coxal, bones (more commonly known as the hips) articulate posteriorly with the sacrum of the vertebral column at the sacroiliac joints and with each other at the pubic symphysis. Taken together, two pelvic bones and the sacrum form the bowl-shaped pelvic cavity that surrounds and supports the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

When entering the pelvis superiorly (i.e., from above), we pass through the pelvic inlet. A bony ridge surrounding this opening is called the pelvic brim, and this ridge effectively divides each pelvic bone into an upper greater pelvic region and a lower lesser pelvic region. Below the lesser pelvis region is an exit space called the pelvic outlet. Each pelvic bone is actually three separate bones that fuse around 13-15 years of age. These are the ilium, ischium, and pubis. All three bones contribute to the formation of a deep socket called the acetabulum, which is where the hip articulates with the head of the femur. The ischium and the pubis form a large opening in the pelvis called the obturator foramen, which allows the passage of nerves and blood vessels. This is the largest foramen in the body.

wrist, hands, fingers

Wrists, hands, and fingers As a set containing 27 bones, these bones are subdivided as follows: Carpals: 8 bones Metacarpals: 5 bones Proximal phalanges: 5 bones Intermediate phalanges: 4 bones Distal phalanges: 5 bones

Which of the structures that you just identified would articulate with the clavicle from the scapula?

acromial process

Name the bones in the foot that are analogous to these bones of the hand. carpals-tarsals metacarpals-metatarsals phalanges-phalanges

carpals-tarsals metacarpals-metatarsals phalanges-phalanges

Correctly match the types of bones with the usual total number of these bones in the human skeleton. carpals=16 tarsals=14 metacarpals=10 metatarsals=10 proximal phalanges=20 intermediate phalanges=16 distal phalanges=20

carpals=16 tarsals=14 metacarpals=10 metatarsals=10 proximal phalanges=20 intermediate phalanges=16 distal phalanges=20 There are 16 carpals (8 in each wrist), 14 tarsals (7 in each ankle/foot), 10 metacarpals (5 in each hand), 10 metatarsals (5 in each foot), 20 proximal phalanges (1 in each finger and toe), 16 intermediate phalanges (1 in each finger and toe, except thumbs and big toes), and 20 distal phalanges (1 in each finger and toe).

Jo fell off her bike. Her friends took her to the ER where they did an x-ray (see below). What bone did she fracture? ​[

clavicle

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

The connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton is made through the ______ and ______. humerus; sternum clavicle; sternum clavicle; acromion scapula; humerus humerus; scapula

clavicle; sternum

broken and fractured bones

dent

Which of the following is not a distal tarsal bone? intermediate cuneiform cuboid medial cuneiform lateral cuneiform distal stylate

distal stylate

Click on the carpal bone that is the hamate

far right

lower limb bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Which of the following appendicular bones has a styloid process? temporal femur sphenoid fibula tibia

fibula

fibula

fibular styloid process and lateral malleolus

Click on the green dot in this anterior view of left hand that identifies the trapezium.

first thumb bone

Click on the metatarsal.

front of feet

Humerus

greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum and trochlea, coronoid fossa, radial groove, olecranon fossa.

Indicate if the following structures are located on the ilium or ischium: greater sciatic notch: lesser sciatic notch

greater sciatic notch: ilium lesser sciatic notch: ischium

A lateral projection on the femur's proximal epiphysis is the ______. major trochanter gluteal tuberosity greater trochanter neck olecranon conjecture

greater trochanter

Metacarpals IV and V articulate with what carpal bone?

hamate

Which of the following is not a proximal carpal bone? hamate pisiform scaphoid lunate triquetrum

hamate

Order the following bones or bone structures from most anterior to most posterior: hamate=hand bone patella-knee cap capitulum-humerus edge acromion-scapula edge

hamate patella capitulum acromion

femur

head and neck of femur. greater and lesser trochanters, Linea aspera, and lateral and medial epicondyles, patellar surface, patella.

The lesser tubercles are located on the ______________ bone. humerus coxal femur fibula tibia

humerus

Upper Limb Bones

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Correctly order these maternal pelvic structures that a baby would encounter from first to last as a "natural birthing process" occurred. iliac crest body of the Ilium pelvic brim lesser pelvis pelvic outlet

iliac crest body of the Ilium pelvic brim lesser pelvis pelvic outlet The first structure the baby would pass by is the iliac crest, followed by the body of the ilium, then it would pass the pelvic brim and enter the pelvic outlet, pass through the lesser pelvis and finally the pelvic outlet.

Which of the following bones has features including the ala, crest, and greater sciatic notch? ischium ilium pubis scapula clavicle

ilium

The acetabulum is formed by what bones? ilium, ischium, and pubis ischial ramus, spine, and notch pubic bone and ischial ramus ilium and ischium ilium and pubis

ilium, ischium, and pubis

The conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge are located on the _______ surface of the clavicle, closer to the _______ end of the clavicle. superior; sternal inferior; sternal superior; acromial inferior; acromial

inferior; acromial

The image below shows at least one fracture through every part of the coxal bone except the:

ischium

clavicle details

lABEL THE BONE acromial and sternal ends

scapula structure details

label THE BONE glenoid cavity, acromion process, coracoid process

tibia

medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus, Soleal line, fibular notch

The olecranon of the ulna articulates into the _______ of the humerus. olecranon fossa trochlea capitulum

olecranon fossa

The prominent knob of the elbow is the ______. deltoid tuberosity trochlea line olecranon process capitulum fossa ulnar styloid process

olecranon process

The appendicular skeleton makes up 126 of the 206 bones of the human body. It is divided into six major regions: pectoral girdle upper limb: arm and forearm upper limb: wrist and hand pelvic girdle lower limb: thigh and leg lower limb: ankle and foot

pectoral girdle upper limb: arm and forearm upper limb: wrist and hand pelvic girdle lower limb: thigh and leg lower limb: ankle and foot

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

pelvic girdle of women

pelvic arch in women is wider, the ilium is lower and further out in women, the pelvic outlet is larger, tailbone is tucked in.

This is a(n) ______ view of the _______. ​[3]

posterior; right scapula

The obturator foramen is formed by what bones? pubis and ischium ischium and iliac fossa pubis and iliac fossa iliac fossa and iliac spine.

pubis and ischium

radius

radial head, neck, tuberosity, radial styloid process

The scaphoid and the lunate bones both articulate with the ______. metacarpals radius and ulna radius only ulna alone trapezium

radius only

Sort and identify these bones as belonging to the leg (upper versus lower) and those belonging to the arm (upper versus lower). radius-lower arm femur-upper leg tibia-lower leg ulna-lower arm humerus-upper arm fibula-lower leg

radius-lower arm femur-upper leg tibia-lower leg ulna-lower arm humerus-upper arm fibula-lower leg

Which of the following bones has features including the glenoid cavity and the acromion process? clavicle radius ulna scapula tibia

scapula Explanation Bony landmarks of the scapula include the glenoid cavity (articulates with head of humerus) and the acromion process (articulates with the clavicle).

Which type of bone is commonly found within tendons that pass across phalangeal joints? tarsal bone cuboidal bone sesamoid bone short bone supercaliexpidocious bone

sesamoid bone

Name the indicated location in this posterior view of the left hand. shaft of fifth metacarpal head of distal phalange base of middle phalange shaft of proximal phalange middle of fifth metacarpal

shaft of proximal phalange

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton? scapula tibia radius sternum phalanges

sternum

ankle and foot bones

tarsals, talus, calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges

What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle? the spine the glenoid cavity the coracoid process the acromion the body

the acromion

Which of the following is your "shin"? the anterior crest of the tibia's diaphysis the diaphysis of the fibula the medial malleolus of the tibia the anterior crest of the fibula's diaphysis the talus eminence of the tibia

the anterior crest of the tibia's diaphysis

In head-on vehicular accidents where the occupants are wearing their seatbelts, which bone is frequently fractured? the humerus the clavicle the ulna the radius the funny bone

the clavicle

What part of the femur bone is this arrow pointing at? the greater tuberosity the linea aspera the greater trochanter the head the greater good

the greater trochanter

All of these statements are true concerning structures of the humerus EXCEPT: the lesser tubercle can be seen in a posterior view of the humerus. the greater tubercle can be seen in an anterior view of the humerus. the trochlea is located medially to the capitulum. the surgical neck is located inferior to the anatomical neck.

the lesser tubercle can be seen in a posterior view of the humerus.

​What does it mean to "hit your funny bone"?

the origin of the term funny bone is not definitely established, but it is generally accepted that the moniker came into existence because of the numbness, tingling, and the dull pain that often times will spring to life when you smash the ulnar nerve against the humerus bone. Those funny feelings are felt to be originating in those areas where the nerve innervates the forearm, hand, into the ring and pinky fingers. the mechanical deformation doesn't usually do any actual damage to your elbow, arm, or ulnar nerve. It does however induce propagating action potentials in the excitable membrane of the neuronal exons that makeup the nerve and thus you have the transmission of excitatory signals up and down the nerve. for most of its length, the ulnar nerve is protected like rest of the body nerves, bones, muscles or ligaments. As the nerve passed around the elbow, it tuns through a channel called the cubital tunnel, and here it tuns through a channel fat, making it vulnerable to impact objects in our environment. When you hit your funny bone, you actually smashing the nerve against the bone, and compressing it. Doesn't sound of feel funny at all.

Identify whether the following features/terms apply to the clavicle or the scapula. trapezoid ridge=clavicle lateral border=scapula inferior angle=scapula conoid tubercle=clavicle costal surface=scapula sternal end=clavicle collarbone=clavicle

trapezoid ridge=clavicle lateral border=scapula inferior angle=scapula conoid tubercle=clavicle costal surface=scapula sternal end=clavicle collarbone=clavicle

Match the following features of the humerus with their function. trochlea-articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm deltoid tuberosity-attachment site for the deltoid muscle head-articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming shoulder joint surgical neck-location where epiphysis joins the diaphysis medial epicondyles-attachment site on distal epiphysis for muscles of the forearm bicipital groove-provides passageway for tendon of the biceps brachii muscle capitulum-articulates with the radius bone of the forearm

trochlea-articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm deltoid tuberosity-attachment site for the deltoid muscle head-articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming shoulder joint surgical neck-location where epiphysis joins the diaphysis medial epicondyles-attachment site on distal epiphysis for muscles of the forearm bicipital groove-provides passageway for tendon of the biceps brachii muscle capitulum-articulates with the radius bone of the forearm

What bone is fractured in this x-ray?

ulna

Case study The term separated shoulder, or subluxation, refers to a common injury of the acromioclavicular joint (AC) wherein the ligaments that hold your collarbone (clavicle) to your shoulder blade (scapula) have been damaged (Figure 6.3). In a mild separated shoulder injury, the ligaments are often overly stretched, but in more severe injuries, the ligaments can be torn apart, which can be very painful!

​For most people, a separated shoulder does not require surgery. So-called conservative treatments, such as rest, ice, and pain relievers, are often enough to relieve the pain and allow for healing to occur. Most people regain full function of their shoulder within a few weeks after experiencing a separated shoulder. The most common cause of a separated shoulder is physical impact to this area of your shoulder caused by falling while running, skiing, climbing, tumbling, or through participation in contact sports like football, soccer, and hockey.

pelvic girdle

​The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. It is interesting to consider the use of this word "girdle." In the everyday vernacular, the word "girdle" is used to describe form-fitting foundation garments made of elasticized fabrics that encircle the torso to shape, support, or compress a particular area for aesthetic or medical reasons. Thus, the pectoral girdle is an anatomical equivalent of this type of garment in that it encircles the thoracic cage and supports the upper limb while also providing sites of attachment for numerous skeletal muscles. In humans, this girdle can be found at the superior (i.e., top) and posterior (i.e., backside) of the thoracic cage. It contains two bones: the clavicle and the scapula.

The Hand and Fingers ​The hand (Figure 6.8), or manus, has five long bones called metacarpals (Figure 6.9). These are numbered 1 to 5 (going from the lateral thumb to the medial little finger), and they articulate with both the distal carpal bones and the proximal finger bones. We can identify three parts in each metacarpal: the base is the proximal epiphysis, the shaft or body is the diaphysis, and the head is the distal epiphysis. You can easily appreciate the heads of your metacarpals because these are the knuckles that you see when you make a fist.

​The phalanges are the finger bones and there are fourteen of these bones in total. Each individual finger is itself actually made up of three bones: the proximal, the middle, and the distal phalanx. The thumb is unique in that it only has a proximal and distal phalanx. Similar to the metacarpals, each phalanx has a base, shaft, and head region.

How would you instruct a classmate to find and palpate their medial malleolus?

​This projection is located at the distal epiphysis of the tibia and it forms the prominent medial bulge of the ankle (not to be confused with the lateral malleolus, which is at the distal epiphysis of the fibula and forms the prominent lateral bulge of the ankle).