NCE/ LPC Exam Prep Part 1

The psychoanalytic or Freudian theory espoused the notion that a fear was the result of an unconscious. This is why analytic psychology is often called:

"Depth psychology" Something is assumed to be wrong deep below the level of awareness.

It is possible to use positive reinforces to reduce or eliminate an undesirable target behavior, using a procedure known as:

"Differential reinforcement of other behavior" (DRO), the counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior.

The ego controls the tension and relieves anxiety utilizing _____ _____ _____.

"Ego defense mechanisms". Simply put, ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self-image.

What has multicultural counseling (that emphasizes the respect for differences), been dubbed?

"Fourth force of counseling theory"

Memory device, sweet lemon rationalization:

"I love to x anyway" (overrating)

An eclectic counselor uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, rather than simply relying on one. An eclectic counselor, for example, would not say:

"I'am Rogerian," or "I see myself as a strict behavior therapist."

According to Eric Berne's TA, if a child has nurturing caretakers, he or she is said to develop:

"Nurturing parent" qualities such as being nonjudgmental and sympathetic to others. The Parent ego state, however, may be filled with prejudicial and critical messages.

Intermittent reinforcement may also be referred to as:

"Partial reinforcement" or thinning, which literally indicates that the behavior is only reinforced a portion of the time.

After Freud read "Memoirs of a Mental Patient", in 1911 he published:

"Psychoanalytical Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia." Freud felt that Schreber might have been struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality.

Experiments by Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif would predict that the sixth person (part of a 6-person group, with 5 that agree with one another) would most likely:

"Sell out" and agree with the other five.

The tendency for words to convey different connotations is often referred to as a:

"Semantic differential"

Edward Alsworth Ross authored:

"Social Psychology"

Stimulus discrimination is at times referred to as:

"Stimulus differentiation" in some of the literature.

In Freudian theory, as well as in TA, experts in the field often refer to the id, ego, and superego, and the Child, Adult, and Parent as the _____ _____.

"Structural theory"

Oedipus, used in Freudian theory, means:

"Swollen feet" and comes from the Greek tragedy by Sophocles. In the story Oedipus is unaware that he has killed his father and married his mother.

After a while the client will be given a schedule of reinforcement that does not reinforce every desirable action. This process is referred to as:

"Thinning," or an intermittent schedule of reinforcement.

If the CS (bell) terminates before the occurrence of the US (meat), it is termed:

"Trace conditioning" Trace begins with a "t" and so does termination.

Today, an individual living on the opposite side of the earth could be wearing the same brand of jeans as you. Some expert have suggested that traditional cultures will eventually be supplanted by:

"Unified world culture" or "unified global culture"

The concept of birth order has been criticized by some theorists such as Wayne Dyer, famous for his self-improvement book:

"Your Erroneous Zones", which outsold every book written in the decade of the 1970s.

Carl Jung's concepts of anima & animus:

-"Archetypes" or inherited unconscious factors. -Anima represents the female characteristics of personality -Animus represents the male characteristics -Male have muscles (animus) and ma means mother (anima)

Heredity:

-Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.

R.J. Havinghurst, a well-known figure in developmental processes proposed tasks for each stage in life such as:

-Infancy and early childhood: learning to walk -Middle childhood, ages 6 to 12: learning to get along with peers -Adolescence, ages 12 to 18: preparing for marriage and an economic career. -Early adulthood, ages 19 to 30: selecting a mate and starting a family. -Middle age, ages 30 to 60: Assisting teenage children to become responsible adults. -Later maturity, ages 60 and beyond: dealing with the death of a spouse and retirement.

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

-It is easier to trust people from one's own culture -Lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class -Lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

-Passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner. -A client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice. -Assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.

Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to:

-The opposite of stagnation -The ability to do creative work or raise a family. -The productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time.

Daniel Levinson's theory:

1.Early adult transition, ages 17 to 22, "leaving the family stage", a dream of the ideal adult life is formulated. 2.Age 30 transition, ages 28 to 33, person attempts to make the dream a reality. 3.Settling down period. 4.Midlife transition, ages 40 to 45,five years earlier for women. Questions dream, acknowledges that goals may not be met, mortality becomes an issue. 5.Age 50 transition. 6.Final transition, later adulthood, ages 60 to 65, individual makes peace with the world.

The are over ______ school counselors in the United States.

100,000

In one study Solomon Asch discovered that approximately _____ of the persons tested in perceptual activity gabs an answer which was clearly incorrect in order to conform.

35%

Estimates indicate that approximately _____ of all ethnic minority clients quit counseling after the first session feeling they will not secure what they want from the helper.

50%

The eclectic counselor uses "the best from every approach." Research indicates that about:

50% of all therapists claim to be eclectic, a number of studies indicate eclecticism is on the rise.

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a:

52-year old single African-American male school administrator. They key to this question is to focus on social class (rather than acculturation).

Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral developmental which fall into __levels.

6,3

We often refer to individuals as conformists Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

A 13-year old male middle school student, conformity seems to peak in the early teens.

Who is Emile Durkheim?

A Frenchman who is considered one of the founders of modern sociology. His principles were first outlined in hiss 1895 work Rules of Sociological Method. He is also well-know for his research into suicide, which resulted in his second literary work Suicide, written two years after his first. He is said to have taken group phenomena beyond the armchair speculation stage into formal research.

Who is Albert Ellis?

A New York clinical psychologist who developed a form of treatment known as Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner. He was originally trained as an analyst and is a very prolific writer.

Joseph Breuer

A Viennese neurologist who taught Freud the value of the talking cure, also termed "catharsis."

_____ is a biofeedback device.

A bathroom scale. Biofeedback does not change the client, it merely provides the client and the helper with biological information.

Negative reinforcement refers to:

A behavioristic term that occurs when the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.

What is epistemology?

A branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know.

Introjection takes place when:

A child accurst a parent's, caretaker's, or significant other's values as his or her own. In the case of this defense mechanism, a sexually abused child might attempt to sexually abuse other children.

More on the sensorimotor stage:

A child needs representational thought to master object permanence, also called object constancy. At this time, the child also learns the concept of time (ex: one event takes places before or after another) and causality (ex: a hand can move an object.

Wolfgang Kohler, a gestalt psychologist,spent time from 1913 to 1919 in Tenerife (one of the Canary Islands) studying chimpanzees and great apes:

A chimp named Sultan, put two sticks together to create a longer stick and secure a dish of food, via trial and error. The term "Insight" is equated with Wolfgang Kohler's work.

An example of a "social exchange" relationship:

A client says to a family member "As long as I pay the bills, you'll do your chores", basing the relationship on rewards and costs.

To empathize is easiest with:

A client who is similar to you.

Unconditional positive regard refers to:

A concept popularized by the late great therapist Carl R. Rogers, who felt that the counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position.

Subjective units of distress scale is:

A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety, and avoidance responses to innocuous situations.

Klinefelter's syndrome:

A condition in which a male shows no masculinity at puberty.

Phenylketonuria (PKU):

A condition in which a person has an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless the baby is placed on a special diet.

Pica

A condition in which a person wishes to eat items that are not food (no nutritional value) such as pencils.

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boy's summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that:

A cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

An example of confrontation:

A counselor might confront a client about what he says he is doing in his life versus what he is truly doing.

In light of cultural pluralism, clients of different minorities such as women, the disabled, older adults, and those of alternative cultures, may feel torn between their cultural background and mainstream culture. For that reason, it is important that:

A counselor show respect to these individuals in order to do effective treatment. The notion of pluralism cannot be ignored.

Nondirective therapy is used to describe:

A counselor who allows the client to explore thoughts and feelings with minimum of direction. This approach was initially popularized via the work of Carl R. Rogers and is also called "Client-Centered" or the "Person-centered" approach.

Sex role stereotyping would imply that:

A counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client AND a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's (choices A and B).

What is Burrhus Frederic Skinner's air crib?

A covered crib that is relatively bacteria free on which he relied on to help raise his daughter

"Chaining" is also a behavioristic term. A chain sequence is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders:

A cue that the next response is to occur. When you are writing a sentence and place a period at the end it is a cue that you're next letter will be an uppercase letter.

Thanatos is the Greek word for death. In Freudian writings use the word to describe:

A death wish or what is sometimes called a death instinct.

Sublimation is not the same as subliminal. Sublimation is:

A defense mechanism, while subliminal perception supposedly occurs when you perceive something unconsciouly and thus it has an impact on your behavior.

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by:

A desire to live up to society's expectations & a desire to conform.

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using:

A directive. When used in the context of counseling, a directive is merely a suggestion.

The theory of "terminal drop" or "terminal decline" postulates that:

A dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning does occur, but even according to this theory, it only occurs during the final five years of life.

Little Albert was:

A famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson. In 1920, with the assistance of his graduated student, who later became his wife, Rosalie Rayner, John conditioned an 11-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects.

Systematic desensitization is:

A form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning.

Some counselors feel that transference is actually:

A form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which the client treats the counselor in the same manner as he or she would an authority figure from the past.

Risky shift phenomenon

A group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of an individual group member prior to participation in the group. Simply put, the individual's initial stance will generally be more conservative than the group's decision.

A condition known as "separatism" exists when:

A group of people totally withdraw from the political majority. Pluralism presents a less extreme option.

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforces is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure:

A lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior.

In Jung's writings, the mandala can also stand for:

A magic protective circle that represents self-unification. Part of the reason why poets, philosophers, and those with an interest in religion often valued Jung's work more so than did psychiatrists.

In Freudian theory, the ego, in relation to the id and the superego, is:

A mediator, also called the reality principle and houses the individual's identity.

Parroting is a no-no in effective counseling. It is considered:

A misuse of paraphrasing. In parroting, the counselor restates the client's message back verbatim. Research shows clients who were the victims of parroting were bored and uncomfortable during the sessions and sometimes felt angry toward the counselor.

Joseph Wolpe developed:

A paradigm known as "systematic desensitization" which is useful when trying to weaken (i.e.,desensitize) a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli.

Sublimation is present when:

A person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. Hence, a very aggressive individual might pursue a career in boxing, wrestling, or football.

Reaction formation occurs when:

A person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.

"Worldview" refers to:

A person's perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole.

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that:

A phobia could be a learned behavior. As opposed to the Freudian view, which assumes something is wrong deep below the level of awareness and that has resulted in a fear or phobia.

Andrew Salter:

A pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

The approach-avoidance conflict presents:

A positive factor with a negative factor at the same time (Ex: good looking woman with substance use issue). This is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.

Transference

A psychoanalytic concept that implies that the client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist.

"Primal scene" refers to:

A psychoanalytic concept that suggest that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent, and this incident, whether real or imagined, is said to provide impetus for later neuroses.

"Preconscious psychic processes" refers to:

A psychoanalytic term, also known as the "fore conscious". The preconscious mind is deeper than the conscious but not as deep as the unconscious. Preconscious material is not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques.

Pica is the tendency for humans to eat objects that are not food, such as chewing on a pencil or lead paint (which can cause irreversible brain damage). Some people believe pica is:

A psychological difficulty while other experts insist it occurs due to a lack of minerals in the diet.

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents:

A separate culture.

"Dissonance" refers to:

A state of incompatibility or discord went it comes to a person's beliefs system, inconsistency or lack of compatibility in their actions or beliefs. In 1957, Leon Festinger suggested: Individuals are motivated to reduce tension, and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance. In other words, people don't like inconsistency in their thoughts.

Type II erro or so-called beta error is:

A statistical term, which means that a researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between an experimental group and a group not receiving any experimental treatment) when it is false.

Stimulus generalization, also called "second order conditioning" occurs when:

A stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction. Hence, a car horn, a piano key, or a buzzer on a stove timer could conceivably produce the same reaction as the bell.

Piaget is:

A structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

When it comes to autoplastic vs. alloplastic viewpoint:

A synthesis, rather than a pure alloplastic or autoplastic position, will be the most effective. Synthesis: the combination of ideas to form a theory or a system.

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in high right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize:

A temperature trainer.

Modal personality:

A term --derived from the statistical concept of mode, is used to describe the score which occurs most frequently-- refers to a composite personality, which is the most typical profile of a given group of people.

Transference neurosis:

A term which Freudians are fond of speaking of, is a situation in which the client in which the client is attached to the counselor as if he or she is a substitute parent.

A critical period:

A time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process. It marks the importance of heredity and environment on development. In humans, for example, language acquisition begins at age 2 and ends at age 14.

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means:

A treatment model. A paradigm is a "model."

Carl Jung's concept of "introversion" refers to:

A turning in of the libido. Thus, an introverted individual is his or her own primary source of pleasure. Such a person will generally shy away from social situations if possible. The introversion-extroversion distinction deals with inward or outward directiveness.

The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as:

A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Ethnocentrism

A universal phenomenon in which the ethnic group tries to prove it is superior.

In short, social exchange theory is:

A vest pocket definition of relationships based on behavioral psychology and economic theory.

Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

A visual cliff

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by:

Adler. Adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves.

Adlerian theory believes that behavior must be studied in a social context, never in isolation. As a result, the current family therapy movement has roots in:

Adlerian theory. Adlerians stress that clients long for a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection.

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Preoperational stage occurs when:

Ages 2 to 7.

Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with:

Aggression.

Social learning theory is associated with the work of:

Albert Bandura and his associates, who noted that children who viewed live or filmed aggression imitated the behavior.

The father of individual psychology

Alfred Adler

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of:

Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes:

Alfred Adler's theory. He broke with Freud in 1911 and went onto found a number of child-guidance clinics in which he observed children's behavior directly.

Organ inferiority is usually associated with the work of:

Alfred Adler, who pioneered a theory known as "individual psychology."

_____ emphasized the drive for superiority.

Alfred Adler. The father of individual psychology initially felt that aggressive drives were responsible for most human behaviors, later altered theory and said it was "will to power", but finally concluded it was "striving for superiority.".

_____ and ____, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

In a 1973 study by Schlossberg and Pietrofesa, counselor trainees were instructed to help a female counselee choose between an engineering and teaching career.

All counselor trainees tried to steer her clear of engineering, typically a masculine career.

The collective unconscious is a term coined by C.G. Jung, which implies that:

All humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns.

The word "personalism" in the context of multicultural counseling means:

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities most likely:

An Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.

BASIC-ID refers to:

An acronym posited by behaviorist Arnold Lazarus who feels his approach to counseling is multimodal, relying on a variety of therapeutic techniques. It stands for: Behavior, Affective Responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal Relationships, and Drugs.

"Flight-to-health variables"

An analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty (i.e.,unconscious conflicts) has not been resolved.

The "emic" view holds that:

An approach which is culturally specific is generally the most effective.

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

An authority figure

A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested:

An autoplastic method of coping.

Irvin Yalom:

An existentialist, well known for his strides in group work.

A rationalization is:

An intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings.The person who rationalizes will tend to interpret his thoughts and feelings in a positive or favorable manner.

"Introversion" memory device:

An introvert looks "in" or with "in" himself or herself for satisfaction.

Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _____ and women to deny their masculine side known as _____.

Anima; animus. Anima is the female side of the personality, whereas animus is the male.

Freud saw defense mechanisms as an unconscious method a person uses to protect him- or herself from _____.

Anxiety

***Must-know term***Generalized Anxiety

Anxiety refers to fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. In contrast, with phobia, the client can pinpoint the cause or source of fear (ex: riding the elevator).

***For test purposes*** know the acronyms LPB, low-probability behavior, and HPB, high-probability behavior. The Premack principle asserts that:

Any HPB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB.

Operant refers to:

Any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus. Most behaviors are indeed operants.

The term "Introspection" describes:

Any process in which the client attempts to describe his or her own internal thoughts feelings, and ideas.

Good listening facilitates _____ ______ of helping.

Any type

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life:

Appeared to be abnormal and autistic (extremely withdrawn and isolated).

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

Approach-approach conflict

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an:

Approach-avoidance conflict

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as:

Archetypes. An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women (ex:the cross). Jung perused literature and found that certain archetypes have appeared in fables, myths, dreams, and religious writings since the beginning of recorded history.

Elementary school counseling and guidance services:

Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

Practicing rational self-talk or rational thinking:

Are almost always associated with the so-called cognitive therapies, especially rational-emotive behavior psychotherapy.

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

As she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

When a client says, "I don't know whether to pay the hefty fine or go to jail," he is struggling with an

Avoidance-avoidance conflict, both choices are undesirable. Client in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client may also waver or vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice.

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as:

Catharsis and/or abreaction

In the case of Anna O, talking about traumatic events Brough a relief and this became the talking cure or _____.

Catharsis. Freud became disenchanted with hypnosis, but his association with Breuer led him to his basic premise of psychoanalysis (the techniques which could produce cathartic material, which were highly therapeutic).

In counseling, cultural pluralism suggests:

Certain categories of individuals (ex: women, older adults, minorities, alternative cultures, or the disabled) often need special services.

Counselors are legally required to report:

Child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, or exploitation.

Which experience more anxiety? A. Children in elementary B. Children in middle-school/ Junior high C. High school

Children in middle-school/ junior high

An experiment in which a researcher rings a bell prior to serving meat to a dog to elicit salivation is an example of:

Classical Pavlovian respondent conditioning

A student says "I'm glad I didn't get good grades, only nerds get good grades" is practicing:

Classical rationalization

Who suggested "multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture", meaning we all have universal needs (ex: the hierarchy proposed by Maslow) and requirements for food, water, air, and sleep regardless of our cultural affiliation.

Clemmont Vontress

_____posited that universal culture can be distinguished from national, regional, racio-ethnic, and ecological culture.

Clemmont Vontress

Counselors can more easily advise:

Clients from their own culture.

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with:

Cognition and attitude formation.

A statement like, "I'd rather smoke three packs of cigarettes a day and enjoy myself than quit and live an extra year or two" would be an example of what?

Cognitive dissonance in action. The person in this example has "changed the balance" by making his or her thinking consistent.

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as:

Confrontation. Confrontation could also relate solely to verbal behavior.

An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are "bad" though she literally means something is good. The counselor's misunderstanding could be best described as a:

Connotative error.

Learned helplessness

Connotes a patter in which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment. Such a person can become easily depressed. This concept is generally associated with the work of Martin E. P. Seligman, who experimentally induced learned helpless in dogs.

Cultural relativity or cultural relativism:

Connotes that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the concept of a given culture. The behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture (ex: premarital pregnancy may be viewed as positive in a certain culture, since it demonstrates fertility).

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:

Conservation

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be:

Considered an oral character

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given overtime a desired response occurs, it is known as:

Continuous reinforcement. In continuous reinforcement you "continue" to provide reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs. Continuous reinforcement may not be the most practical or effective.

At first a behavior modifier will reinforce every behavior. This is known as a:

Continuous schedule reinforcement.

The first example cited by the ACA task-force members as an unproven approach is:

Conversion/reparative therapy, intended to convert homosexuals to heterosexuality.

The Jacobson relaxation method:

Edmund Jacobson was a physiologist who developed a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation. Due to its simplicity and efficacy, the method rapidly became the early of the behavior therapy movement.

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the:

Ego

Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial and displacement are:

Ego defense mechanisms

Repression, sour grapes rationalization, projection, and denial, all are examples of:

Ego defense mechanisms

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called:

Ego defense mechanisms

The superego is the _____ _____.

Ego ideal

Neither Freud nor Berne characterized these _____ _____ as biological entities.

Ego states. That is to say, a neurologist could not open up an individual's brain and map out the id or dissect the Parent ego state.

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels:

Ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.

Children usually speak their first word at approximately 1 year old, around the globe, and their speech is typically _____.

Egocentric.

In the 1980s some state departments of education made ______ school counselors mandatory.

Elementary

The only organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventive and developmental standpoint:

Elementary school counseling

"Third cultures" has been used to describe:

Elements which transcend national culture, such as financial markets and international law.

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native-American client. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-American life. This counselor most likely believes in the:

Emic viewpoint

In later life, the repression that served to protect the person and "helped her through the distasteful incident at the time" can cause:

Emotional problems

Cognitive-behavioral counselors:

Emphasize thought process in terms of their impact on emotions as well as behavioristic strategies (ex: reinforcement or homework assignments)

Trust versus mistrust is:

Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

The term "identity crisis" comes from the work of:

Erikson

T.X. Barber:

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism.

When it comes to NBCC ethics and multicultural counseling:

Ethics stipulate that counselors must incorporate "culturally relevant techniques into their practice" and should acquire "cultural sensitivity" to client populations served.

***Key concept*** Acculturation suggests:

Ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture.

Statements like "superior race," "savages," "backward people," or "the chosen few" capture the essence of the of:

Ethnocentrism

The statement, "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different," is based on the

Etic viewpoint

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervised, "You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else," us espousing the

Etic viewpoint, derived from the term "phonetic" referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as:

Even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

The poodle was able to discriminate one CS from another. When taught to salivate only to the horn on a Ford but not a Chevrolet, two identical sounds, the training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case:

Experimental neurosis set in, in other words driving this dog crazy.

"Extroversion" memory device:

External. Look to external factors or social situations.

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a cheeseburger. The researches then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as:

Extinction, and the salivation will disappear.

During a family counseling session, a 6-year old girl repeatedly sticks out her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing:

Extinction. "A word to the wise" Some research demonstrates that when using extinction the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated.

A biofeedback temperature trainer is just an:

Extremely precise high-priced thermometer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can be used to assess children age 12 and over all the way through adulthood and yields a four letter code, or "type", based on four bipolar scales. The bipolar preference scales are:

Extroversion/ Introversion Sensing (current perception)/ intuition (future abstractions and possibilities) Thinking/feeling and Judging (organizing and controlling the outside world) / Perceiving (observing events)

True or false: The same principle that states the number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the bystanders increases could NOT be applied in the psychological sense when working with groups.

False, it can be applied in the psychological sense when working with groups, especially when a client is a victim of scapegoating.

True or False: The DSM, with a given diagnoses, will recommend a treatment process.

False, it will not recommend or imply a treatment process.

True or false: An active-directive model does not work best with persons who respond well to an authority figure.

False, it works especially well with persons who respond well to an authority figure.

True or false, the following statements are all ethnocentric: -You can't trust anyone over the age of 40. -Americans are generous. -Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish. -The GDP in the US exceeds the figure in Mexico

False, the statement: The GDP in the US exceeds the figure in Mexico is not ethnocentric. Ethnocentrism is based on opinion, while this statement is fact.

True or false: Cultural norms have little to do with expectations.

False, this statement is the direct antithesis of what norms are. Cultural norms are based on expectations.

True or false: Counselors should keep in mind that consistency is not considered a desirable personality trait in all cultures.

False. Consistency IS considered a desirable personality train in most cultures.

A popular balance theory in social psychology is _____ cognitive dissonance theory.

Festinger's

A counselor who works primarily with the geriatric population needs to be aware that:

Financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

B.F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on:

Freud's symptom substitution

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on:

Freud's topographic hypothesis.

The unconscious, preconscious, and conscious relates to:

Freud's topographic notion that the mind has depth like an iceberg. The word "topography" means mapping, in this case that the Freudians, have mapped the mind.

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement:

Freud, Jung, & Adler.

_____, and _____ would say that regardless of culture humans have an instinct to fight.

Freud; Lorenz

Generally, you can see racial differences since they are the result of _____.

Genetics

One danger from utilizing this modality comes from pushing techniques (i.e., trying to insist upon them before clients are ready for them) that emphasize the expression of feelings on a cultural or ethnic group which views the expression of feelings as a sign of weakness.

Gestalt

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that:

Girls grow up to smile more, are using more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.

Empiricism

Grew out of the philosophy of John Locke in the 1600s, sometimes referred to as associationism. It indicates that scientists can only learn from objective facts.It is the antithesis to organicism.

A counselor that generally believes in the melting pot concept, has a strong ethnocentric worldview, and will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development.

Has characteristics of ineffective multicultural helpers.

Regardless of culture, the popular individual:

Has good social skills.

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual:

Has self-imposed morals and ethics.

Secondary school counseling and guidance services:

Have been popular since the early 1900s, fueled by the work of Frank Parsons, but increased rapidly in the 1960s.

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive:

Have other positive traits.

Freud's beliefs about aggression:

He believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression.

Freud's comments in regards to the merits of the couch:

He could not stand to be stared at for many hours during the day, and he felt the couch would enhance the free association process.

What is Carl Rogers well known for?

He created nondirective counseling, later called client-centered counseling, and more recently, person-centered counseling.

Abraham Maslow's ideology:

He felt the person first needs to satisfy basic needs, next safety, next love, and the highest level is self-actualization. His beliefs were dubbed "humanistic psychology" or "third force". He rejected both analytic psychology and behaviorism because they dehumanized men and women. Higher order needs may be referred to as "metaneeds".

What is Frank Parsons well known for?

He has been called the father of guidance. In the early 1900s Parson set up centers to help individuals in search of work.

What is Abraham Maslow known for?

He is a pioneer in third force or humanistic psychology, suggested the following hierarchy of needs: survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The assumption is that lower-order needs must be filled before the individual can be concerned with higher order-needs.

Who is William McDougall?

He is an "instinct theorist" and the father of "Hormic Psychology", a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies. He is well-remembered for his 1908 landmark work, Introduction to Social Psychology.

A counselor might ask the client to summarize to be certain that:

He or she has actually grasped the meaning of an exchange. Some counselors believe that summarization should occur at the end of each session or after several sessions.

To persuade someone is easiest when:

He or she has similar views, ideas, and background to one's own.

In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that:

He or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $20,000 platinum model AND might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of the group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that:

He too felt the group activity was very helpful.

"Sweet lemon" variety of rationalization:

Here the person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is. Thus, in rationalization the person either underrates a reward (sour grapes) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego.

William McDougall is well known for:

His book "Introduction to Social Psychology" which expounded on his "formic psychology" position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as:

His findings were often derived from observing his own children

Burrhus Frederic Skinner is famous for:

His operant conditioning model

Jay Hayley is known for:

His work in strategic and problem solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. He claims to have acquired a wealth of information by studying the work of Milton H. Erickson.

Harry Harlow is best known for:

His work with rhesus monkeys at the University of Wisconsin. He was born in 1905 and died in 1981.

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean:

How much heredity or environment interact to influence development.

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.

However, in other cultures, it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Universal culture may otherwise be referred to as:

Human culture

Cognitive dissonance suggests that:

Humans will feel quite uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance.

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these:

Hypnosis, slips of the tongue and humor, and dreams.

In light of Freudian theory and Eric Berne's transactional analysis, the id, ego, and superego, and the Child, Adult, and Parent are:

Hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of the personality.

The second I in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

I =interpersonal relationships, the way we interact with others.

The first I in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

I= images/ they we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams

Kegan suggests six stages of life span development, they are:

Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional ,and interindividual.

There is a principle that states the number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders _____.

Increases

Alfred Adler was a very sickly child, because of rickets disease (Vitamin D deficiency) he could not walk until age 4. He was then a victim of pneumonia as well as a series of accidents. Thus, for Adler, the major psychological goal to escape deep-seated feelings of inferiority may have led him to develop:

Individual psychology

When it comes to multicultural counseling, counselors are urged to adopt an _____, rather than a monolithic perspective.

Individualistic

Instincts are:

Innate behaviors that do not need to be practices or learned. Instincts are not learned behavioral responses.

Psychoanalytically trained counselors attempt to help the client recall the repressed memory and make it conscious so it can be dealt with. This is called:

Insight and is often curative.

In another of Wolfgang Kohler's experiments, a chimp learned to use boxes as a tool, by stacking them to reach the banana suspended from the ceiling of the cage. Kohler called this:

Insight experiences, learning to use the box or stick as a tool. His 1925 book "The Mentality of Apes" took the information beyond the Canary Islands, to the therapy room.

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as:

Insight, otherwise known as the "aha, now I understand" phenomenon.

Free association is defined as:

Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _____ , while behavior therapy emphasizes _____.

Instrumental conditioning &classical conditioning. Skinnerian principles & Pavlovian principles.

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as:

Instrumental learning. Memory device, Skinner's last name has an "I" as does the word "instrumental", whereas the word Pavlov doesn't.

Classical conditioning is to Ivan Pavlov as to _____ is to B.F. Skinner.

Instrumental learning. Sk"I"nner = instrumental.

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage:

Integrity versus despair

Most human behaviors are reinforced effectively via the principle of:

Intermittent reinforcement. In this format, the target behavior is reinforced only after the behavior manifests itself several times or for a given time interval.

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow:

Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is:

Intimacy versus isolation, ages 23 to 34.

Person's who fall into the category of "nurturing parent" being that they had nurturing caretakers as a child, will tend to be:

Intimidating, bossy, or know-it-alls.

A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of:

Introjection. Sometimes introjection causes the person to accept an aggressor's values. A prisoner of war might incorporate the value system of the enemy after a period of time. ***Ego defense mechanisms***

SUDS ,used in Wolpe's systematic desensitization technique, is created via the process of:

Introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation. Generally, the scale most counselors use is 0 to 100, with 100 being the most threatening situation.

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US:

Is .5 or 1/2 of a second. As the interval exceeds 1/2 a second, more trials are needed for effective conditioning.

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word "emic"

Is a "culture specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

Development:

Is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Whereas culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that society:

Is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam."This:

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,"

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Confounding variable:

Is an extraneous variable which is not purposely introduced by an experimenter conducting research. This difficulty is inherent in correlational data.

The unconscious mind:

Is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client. Example, a client might respond "I can't remember what happened" when asked about an incident from a few months ago.

The tendency to affiliate with others

Is highest in firstborns and only children

Backward conditioning, putting the UCS before the CS:

Is ineffective and doesn't work. The exam could refer to the typical classical conditioning process where the CS comes fore the UCS as "forward conditioning" to distinguish it form "backward containing."

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

In Freudian theory, the ego:

Is known as the reality principle, and it is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences.

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor:

Is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution. Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept.

Early vocalization in infants:

Is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and:

Is not the same thing as punishment, punishment lower the probability that a behavior will occur. ***Question very likely to be on exam***

Unconditional stimulus:

Is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel hungry.

Classical psychoanalysis:

Is quite lengthy, 3 to 5 sessions per week for several years. A complete analysis could cost well over $100,000 in some parts of the nation, and virtually no forms of insurance or managed care will pay for this type of treatment.

Denial:

Is similar to repression except that it is a conscious act. An individual who says, "I refuse to think about it," is displaying denial.

According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self accepted moral principles:

Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

Freud's psychoanalysis:

Is the oldest major form of therapy.

The "id" in Freudian theory:

Is the seat of sex and aggression. It is not rational or logical, and it is void of time orientation. The id is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. Freud emphasized the importance of the id.

Freud's Oedipus Complex:

Is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs, it occurs during the phallic stage.

In association theory, an association that naturally exists:

Is unconditioned/unlearned. Whereas an association that is learned is conditioned.

Despite the merits of the Rogerian model, some would claim:

It falls short of the ideal paradigm when a high degree of structure is the treatment of choice. As mentioned earlier, clients from other cultures can harbor gross misconceptions of what represents the helping process.

Why is it more difficult to persuade a client with a different cultural background from the counselor?

It is entirely possible that a client of a different culture has been taught to not trust persons with the counselor's cultural background.

Constructivist theories of intervention stress that:

It is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view (also known as constructs) to explain their problems.

Classical conditioning relates to the work of:

Ivan Pavlov, though he received a Nobel Prize for his research on the digestive system.

Who suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling?

J.D. Draguns

Paradoxical methods have become very popular with family therapists due to the work of:

Jay Haley and Milton H. Erickson. Currently, this technique is popular with family therapists who believe it reduces a family's resistance to change.

Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism):

Jensen tried to prove that Blacks had lower IQs due to genetic factors.

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with:

John Dollard and Neal Miller

Associationism asserts that ideas are held together by associations. Although it had its roots in an essay written by Aristotle on the nature of memory, most exams will list:

John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley, as the pioneers.*** Remember the name John Lock***

A shy retired individual might have recurring dreams where he or she is very outgoing, verbal, and popular, in this dream:

Jung's shadow concept is evident

The term "introversion" and "extroversion" are associated with:

Jung. Introversion meant turning in of the libido, thus the individual being their own primary source of pleasure. Extroversion is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.

The term "individual" stresses the unique qualities we each posses. Individual psychology:

Keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual atempts to compensate for it.

The Freudians feel that repression is the _____ or grandaddy of ego defense mechanisms.

Kingpin

The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not is most closely associated with:

Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by:

Konrad Lorenz

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Konrad Lorenz. He compared humans to the wolf or baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive. According to Lorenz, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and necessary for survival. The solution according to Lorenz is for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.

Comparative psychology refers to:

Laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans.

Little Hans, Anna O, and Schreber refer to:

Landmark psychoanalytic cases

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is:

Latency, occurs roughly between ages 6 and 12. Sexual interests are replaced by social interests like sports, learning, and hobbies.

_________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.

Lawrence Kohlberg

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _____ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.

Less

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce:

Less aggressive children.

Which case is NOT associated with the psychodynamic movement?

Little Albert. Little Hans, Anna O, & Schreber ARE associated with the psychodynamic movement.

John B. Watson's name is associated with:

Little Albert. The significance of Little Albert case was that it demonstrated that fears were "learned" and not the result of some unconscious conflict.

In adolescence:

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them:

Mandalas. Jung, the father of analytic psychology, borrowed the term from Hindu writings, in which the mandala was the symbol of mediation.

Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled "The Interpretation of Dreams" was his most influential work. Dreams have:

Manifest and latent content

***Must-know term***The DSM

Manual used to classify and label mental disorders so that all mental health practitioners will mean roughly the same thing when they classify a client. The branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease is known as "nosology". Thus counselors use the DSM as their primary nosological guide.

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that:

Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint. Concepts like the id, ego, or unconscious cannot be directly measured.

Maslow conducted his research by interviewing the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."Why?

Maslow said if you research the "psychopathology of the average" you will have a sick theory of human behavior! Work with those who have transcended the so-called average or normal existence.

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything to a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on:

Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.

The concept of "Ego defense mechanisms" has its roots in Freud's psychoanalysis, although most counselors now agree that they are relevant when studying personality. Counselors who are not psychoanalytic:

May not agree with the theoretical conceptualization that such behavior (ego defense mechanisms) are a result of the id, ego, and superego processes.

In 1908, books by_____ helped to introduce social psychology in America.

McDougall and Ross

Psychometric refers to:

Mental testing or measurement

Erikson's generativty vs. stagnation stage would be known as Havinghurst's ______:

Middle adult years. Havinghurst feels that the middle adult should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide adolescents, develop leisure, adjust to bodily changes, and learn to relate to a spouse.

Children in _____ homes usually have richer language patterns than those in lower socioeconomic homes.

Middle-class

What is an even more recent phenomenon than elementary school counseling?

Middle-school/ Junior high counseling. We know less about this population than any other in the K-12 system

In terms of research related to affiliation:

Misery loves miserable company. Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children. And people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear. All of the above.

The EEG or electroencephalogram is used to:

Monitor brain waves. Counselors sometimes shy away from EEG feedback since other electrical devices nearby; such as an air conditioner can confound it. EEG training focuses on the production of alpha waves, which is 8 to 12 cycles per second. An individual in an alpha state is awake but extremely relaxed.

Children who are abused by their parents are:

More likely to be abusers when they have children of their own.

These develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the people. If violated may result in punishment:

Mores, singular mos.

Follow-up research regarding the Milgram experiment indicated that:

Most of the individuals who participated in the Milgram experiment did not feel they were harmed by the experience.

A secondary reinforcer is a:

Neutral stimulus, such as a plastic token, which becomes reinforcing by association. Thus, a plastic token could be exchanged for known reinforcers.

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat) before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in:

No conditioning. Putting the cart before the horse, the "u" before "c" in the alphabet, or the UCS/US before CS, it does not work.

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that:

No one theory completely explains developmental process; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.

An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of:

None of the above (sublimation, repression, and introjection).

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying:

Normal behavior within the context of her culture.

African-American ghetto clients are generally:

Not very open with their feelings. They are often taught not to trust the establishment. A lack of trust usually results in lack of openness and self-disclosure.

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered:

Object permanence and representational thought

Social learning theory is also known as:

Observational learning

The Piagetian concept of "Centration":

Occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it.

Marital satisfaction:

Often decreases with parent hood and is lowest prior to a child leaving the home.

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operational thought. This notion suggests:

One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

The word "complementary,"in regards to relationship theory, indicates:

One personality can make up what is lacking or missing in the other personality. Ex: a dominant man and a non-dominant woman would have a good change of relating well toward each other.

Social researches consistently have discovered that people will conform to an obviously incorrect unanimous decision

One third of the time.

What is Freud's first psychosexual stage?

Oral

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

Organicism

Kurt Goldstein, a Gestalt psychologist can be described as:

Organismic, someone who emphasizes a holistic model.

Dysthymia

Otherwise known as "neurotic depression" or "depressive neurosis", is a longstanding depressed mood (1 year in children, 2 years in adults), and it is not as intense as clinical depression.

We demand more rigid standards from:

Our own culture.

Practitioners are warned that behaviorism is not a _____ in multicultural work inasmuch as some cultures do not value assertiveness.

Panacea: a solution or remedy for all difficulties

Slips of the tongue, or what Freud called "the psychopathology of everyday life" will be technically referred to as:

Parapraxis, on some exams.

In transactional analysis, the _____ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _____ .

Parent; superego.

Conditional Stimulus refers to:

Pavlov labeled the signal that occurs before a biologically significant event a conditional stimulus (CS). Its ability to trigger salivation is conditional, that is, "depending on conditions." It does not automatically trigger salivation in an untrained dog. Another way to remember what CS stands for is to think of the word CUES. The conditional stimulus is what cues the conditional response. Pavlov sounded a tone (the CS) before giving the dog meat powder.

Technically, behavior modification is Skinnerian (I.e., operant, instrumental), while behavior therapy is:

Pavlovian (I.e.,classical, respondent).

In the salad bowl analogy:

People are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity.

The concept of balance theory suggests:

People strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems. Simply put, individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs.

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _____, rather than _____ like the id.

Perfection; pleasure. The id is chaotic and has no sense of time.

F.H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

Perform better if he or she is part of a group. The presence of other persons improves one's performance even when there is no verbal interaction.

In the 1970s, Rogers conducted workshops to enhance cross-cultural communication, people from all over the world participate. Person-centered techniques are popular in Japan. Person-centered therapy is nonjudgemental.

Person-centered therapy is considered a superb modality for multicultural/multiracial usage.

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the _____.

Personality

Piagetian conceptualization of moral development:

Piaget suggested two major stages, the heteronomous stage and the autonomous stage. Heteronoumous morality occurs between age 4 and 7, rules as absolutes that result in punishment. Autonomous, child perceives that rules are relative and can be altered or changed.

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is related to:

Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.

John Broadus Watson:

Pioneered American behaviorism

Jacob Moreno:

Pioneered psychodrama and coined the term "group therapy"

_____ and ____ therapy is often preferable to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of interventions.

Play, art

The id is the _____ principle.

Pleasure

The id is present at brith and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the:

Pleasure principle

Johny loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of:

Positive reinforcement. The idea of any reinforcer (positive or negative) is to increase or strengthen the behavior. In this case something is added to the behavior so it would be "positive reinforcement"

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _____, and when something is taken away it is called a _____.

Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer.

Anne Roe:

Postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs.

Paradoxical interventions are often the direct antithesis of common sense directives such as:

Practicing relaxation techniques for 10 to 20 minutes for speaking in front of a crowd.

In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and a half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the:

Preconscious mind

How is negative reinforcement different from punishment?

Punishment: if you do "x" you will be punished. Negative reinforcement = take away "y", to increase the likelihood of "z" behavior. In other words, reinforcement is "What can we give (positive) or take away (negative) to increase the likeliness of "z" behavior?"

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that:

Race is not the same as ethnicity.

The Menniger Clinic in Kansas discovered that a very high percentage of individuals could ward off migraines headaches via:

Raising the temperature in their hand. The technique is simply known as biofeedback "temperature training"

In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

The literature suggests these facts are helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

The two basic classes of intermittent or partial reinforcement are:

Ration and interval. "Interval" is based on time rather than the number of responses (I.e., time interval). Fixed and variable are often used with ratio and interval. Fixed implies reinforcement takes placed after a fixed time or # of responses, variable implies that an average number of responses or times may be used.

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _____, based on the number of responses and the _____, based on the time elapsed.

Ration; interval.

This modality can be helpful when counseling clients from another culture because it does not stress mental illness. The perception of the practitioner as a "teacher" makes the process of helping more palatable to some populations.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

Reaction formation. In reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.

An adult living with an elderly parent may spend all his or her time caring for the parent when in reality the individual unconsciously would like to see the elderly person die. This is an example of:

Reaction formation. The person does not act the way he or she feels, but rather the opposite.

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely:

Read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.

The ego is the _____ principle.

Reality

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to:

Recommendations

Counterbalancing:

Refers to an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables.

Respondent behavior refers to:

Reflexes. Pavlov's theory involves mainly "reflexes", such as in the experiment where the dog salivates. The word "reflex" begins with an "r" and so does the word "respondent". Pavlovian conditioning is respondent and Skinner's is instrumental/operant.

Mores are beliefs:

Regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

According to some theorists three types of learning exist:

Reinforcement (operant conditioning), association (classical conditioning), and insight.

In Skinnerian or operant conditioning, extinction connotes that:

Reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be extinguished (eliminated).

"Foot-in-the-door" obedience technique:

Related to a 1966 study by Freedman and Fraser. It is a moral experiment in which one asks for a small favor so that one'll have a better change of getting a person to say "yes" when you one asks for a bigger favor.

Transference:

Relates to incidents which occurred prior to treatment, such issues must be distinguished from the current helping relationship. This is sometimes difficult to accomplish.

Resistance refers to:

Reluctance to bring unconscious ideas to the conscious mind, according to psychoanalysts. Nonanalytic counselors define this in a looser context, they utilize the term to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner.

A comment such as, "You don't care about me, you just care about your paycheck" indicates that the multicultural counselor is being perceived as:

Remote and not very personal.

A child who is sexually abused may _____ (truly forget) the incident.

Repress

Suppression differs from repression in that:

Repression is automatic or involuntary. Some exams refer to suppression as denial.

According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is:

Repression.

What is one example that suggests very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with aggression?

Research indicates that in the late 1800s and the first 30 year of the 20th century lynchings in the South increases as cotton prices dropped.

The view that girls possess better verbal skills than boys and that boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls can be attributed to:

Research of Maccoby and Jacklin

Frederick C. Thorne felt that true eclecticism was much more than a "hodgepodge of facts"; it needed to be rigidly:

Scientific. Thorne preferred the term "psychological case handling" rather than "psychotherapy", as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.

A question like "In what way do you feel that the fact that I'm White and you're Black will affect the counseling process?" is suggested by experts should be asked no later than the _____ session in response to a client's remark regarding his or her race.

Second

The response burst, as a reaction to extinction, is generally a major ethical consideration for therapists who are attempting to extinguish:

Self-abusive or self-mutilating behaviors.

_____ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

Social learning theorists. The social learning theory contradicts the "innate/instinct aggression theory" by emphasizing the environment rather than genetics or inborn tendencies.

Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first:

Social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States.

This background could well present a roadblock for counselor operating under a paradigm that stresses abreaction.

Some Asian have been brought up to believe that all problems are solved only within the privacy of family meetings. If mental illness does exist, it is considered a genetic flaw and a family secret. Hence, client from this background place a high premium in self-control.

According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will think which of the following is the worst:

Someone who was trying to help his mother set the table and broke five dishes.

Some tests will discriminate between positive and negative punishment. Positive punishment is said to occur when:

Something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases, while negative punishment takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases ***Advanced exam reminder***

In the case of negative reinforcement:

Something is taken away after the behavior occurs. Negative (subtraction), something is taken away. Positive (addition), something is added following an operant (behavior)

Token reinforcement occurs when:

Something which represents a reinforcer is given after a desirable behavior. The token --which often looks like a plastic coin --can be exchagnged for the primary (i.e., actual) reinforcer.

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grande of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads," This demonstrates:

Sour grapes rationalization.

A client from another culture will:

Speak to a counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

During this shocking and frightening investigation, the principle often used to explain "obedience and authority" in social situations such as the Salem witch hunts and Natzi war crimes was established:

Stanley Milgram discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command. Subjects were told that they were to punish a learner strapped to an electric chair when he gave an incorrect answer. Only 14 out of 40 refused to go to the highest level of shock.

_____is associated with obedience and authority.

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist.

Clients who have counselors of the same ethnicity tend to:

Stay in counseling longer.

Language barriers, on the part of the client or the counselor intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender. One good technique:

Steer clear of slang or fancy therapeutic jargon and try to speak in clear, concise, and direct manner.

Lack of environmental _____ does indeed hinder vocalization development.

Stimulation

The department chairman instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Once the graduate students were able to do so, the poodle was now demonstrating:

Stimulus discrimination, which is nearly the opposite of stimulus generalization.

Little Albert, who had a learned fear of white rats, had a tendency to display fear with other furry white animals or Santa Claus mask, this is illustrative of the principle of:

Stimulus generalization

Although conversion/reparative therapy is not specifically mentioned as banned in the body of the ACA ethical guidelines document:

Subsequent articles quoting experts from the ACA task force indicate that it does fall in the "unproven" category.

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client:

Suffers from fixation

Behavioristic Empiricsts

Suggest "If you can't measure it then it doesn't exist!". They value statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment.

"Culture epoch theory"

Suggests that all cultures -like children—pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.

Balance theory:

Suggests that individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs (people prefer consistent beliefs). This is sometimes known as the tendency to maintain "cognitive consistency".

In the general population:

Suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the:

Superego

The "person," who has lived in the ghetto or the desert, will want to check out the counselor's authenticity as a "person," and a counselor who keeps his or her "professional distance" runs the risk of being seen as _____.

Superficial

All societies are ethnocentric in the sense that they use their own view as a standard of reference and view themselves as _____.

Superior

Often individuals are courteous and polite with those who are of the same cultural origin, but with outsiders are:

Suspicious and untrusting.

A master's level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates:

Sweet lemon rationalization

Who is Carl Jung or C.G. Jung?

Swiss psychiatrist, the father of analytic psychology.

Symbolic schema,which occurs in Piaget's pre operational stage refers to:

Symbolic mental processes that allow language and symbolism in play to occur. Ex: A milk carton can become a spaceship or a pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile.

Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of:

Symptom substitution

Joseph Wolpe pioneered what technique?

Systematic desensitization, a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions.

In counseling, biofeedback devices such as a scale and a mirror, are used primarily to:

Teach clients to relax or to control autonomic (i.e., automatic) nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.

Piaget felt:

Teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. He felt that before the final stage (formal operations, begins at age 11 or 12) a child learns best from their own actions and interactions with peers, not lecturing or by interacting with adults.

All reinforcers:

Tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur. ***All reinforcers, both positive and negative, raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur***

The id strives for immediate satisfaction, while the superego is ready and willing to punish the ego via guilt if the id allowed to act on such impulses. This creates _____ and a certain degree of pressure within the personality.

Tension

The statement: "The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to make clients aware of their unconscious processes" is a:

Textbook definition of interpretation.

Today we call specialists who study death:

Thanatologists

Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by:

Thanatos

What does the Dollard/Miller hypothesis assert?

That frustration leads to aggression (frustration-aggression theory).

Schreber's major delusion in "Memoirs of a Mental Patient"

That he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race.

The "cultural approach to normality" suggests:

That the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered "normal."

Prejudice means:

That we are negative or have rigid inflexible attitude toward a given group of people and can often act on our unfavorable thoughts.

Behavior in one culture cannot be judged by

That which is considered normal in another culture.

Ethnicity refers to:

That which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes.

Some scholars refer to the ego (Freudian theory) as:

The "executive administrator" since it governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience).

According to Eric Berne's TA, an individual whose caretaker left or died at an early age might be plagued with:

The "incomplete parent." This person could expect others to parent him or her throughout life, or might use the lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior. TA calls this the game of "Wooden Leg."

Daniel Paul Schreber has been called:

The "most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry". In 1903, after spending 9 years in a mental hospital, wrote "Memoirs of a Mental Patient."

_____ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992, and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by:

The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

When it comes to the ACA's new standard, counselors are urged to turn to resources such as:

The ACA website, textbooks, professional journals and newsletters, attend workshops and keep in contAct with persons who can act as consultants.

Which is the ACA division that deals explicitly with the topic of multicultural counseling?

The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD). The division is intended to raise cultural, racial, and ethnic understanding and empathy.

Extinction occurs when the CS (conditional stimulus, the bell) is "not" reinforced via the US (unconditional stimulus),the cheeseburger. Most experts believe that:

The CR (conditional response), the salivation in this example, is not eliminated but is suppressed, or what is generally called "inhibited." The rationale for this position is that if the animal is given a rest, the CR will reappear, though it will be weaker. This phenomenon has been called "spontaneous recovery.

A conditional stimulus is contingent on conditions. Whereas an unconditional stimulus elicits an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment with the dogs:

The CS was the bell. The UCS or US was the meat. As the experiment went on, the dogs began to realize shortly after the bell they would be given meat, and so they started to salivate at the sound of the bell. Outside of the experiment, dogs would not normally salivate to the sound of a bell.

Ying and yang refers to:

The Chinese Taoist philosophy in which the yin is the passive feminine force of the universe, which is contrasted by the yang, the masculine force.

What was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns in the counseling profession?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-352) prohibiting discrimination for reason of gender, race, religion, or national origin.

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as:

The Electra complex

Who is Fritz Perls?

The Father of Gestalt Therapy, which attempts to ameliorate a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress. "Gestalt" is a German word which roughly means the "whole" form, figure, or configuration.

Who is Viktor Frankl?

The Father of Logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses "healing through meaning".

Who is Eric Berne?

The Father of Transactional Analysis

William Glasser is:

The Father of reality therapy

Wish fulfillment refers to:

The Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments.

This project has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different:

The Human Genome Project

The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is:

The Oedipus complex, otherwise known as the Electra complex in females.

Ego identity refers to:

The ability to integrate all previous roles into a single self concept (typically in adolescence). This is associated with Erikson's fifth stage, in which identity versus role confusion takes place. An inability to integrate all previous roles into a single self concept results in role confusion, which is known as identity crisis.

Eidetic Imagery

The ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time, this is usually gone by the time a person reaches adolescence. Otherwise known as "photographic memory."

Empathy is:

The ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client.

GSR feedback:

The acronym for galvanic skin response, a method of biofeedback that provides electrical skin resistance. The role of GSR and emotion is still a bit vague an thus it is not a very popular form of biofeedback treatment.

Postive reinforcement refers to:

The addition of a stimulus that strengthens or increases a behavior.

The phenomenon of social/observational learning is greatest when:

The adult exhibiting the aggressive behavior is admired, powerful, or well-liked.

Who conforms the most?

The answer includes individuals who are authoritarian and thus are heavily influenced by authority figures, people who are external approval seekers, and person who feel that outside external factors control them.

Transference refers to:

The assumptions is that the client will relate to the therapist or counselor as he or she has to significant others.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys:

The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a Terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.

Equilibration is:

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage:

The child gains sensorimotor intelligence by using their reflexes. "Practical intelligence" captures the gist of this stage. The child also learns that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them.

According to Freudian theory, in the Oedipus or Electra complex:

The child's libido or sex energy is directed toward the parent of the opposite sex. The child, nevertheless, realizes that retaliation would result if he or she would act on these impulses. The child thus strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction.

_____ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.

The civil rights movement.

The "alloplastic" conceptualization is that:

The client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment

Robert Kegan speaks of "holding environment" in counseling in which:

The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.

Regarding interpretation,most counselor educators believe that the counselor must wait until counselor-client trust is established, otherwise:

The client is more likely to reject the interpretation. This notion has been called "the timing of interpretation"

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if:

The client likes the counselor.

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term "therapeutic surrender" means:

The client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

"Ambivalent transference", a term popular in multicultural counseling settings, occurs when:

The client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past.

In addition to dreams, the basic nature of the shadow is also evident when an individual engages in projection:

The clinical assumption is made that projection will decrease and individuation will increase as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.

The ethnocentric position holds that a given culture is the best or superior to others.

The concept can also mean that the counselor falsely believes that the client views the world in the same manner as the helper.

Accurate empathy means that:

The counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing.

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture:

The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture. In other words, the counselor will not impose his or her values on a client from a different cultural perspective.

If a client requests an approach that does not meed the new standard:

The counselor is obligated to tell the client this this approach is "unproven" or "developing" and this could result in potential risk or harm.

A monolithic perspective indicates that:

The counselor perceives all the people in a given group (say African Americans or Hispanic/ Latino/a Americans) as being identical. Not a good thing!

In the context of multicultural counseling, structure indicates that:

The counselor will explain the role of the helper as well as the role of the help. This helps ward off embarrassment and further enhances the effectiveness of the counseling process. The greater the social/cultural gap, the more important the need for structuring.

If after a thorough discussion the client fails to change his or her mind regarding using an approach that is "unproven" or "developing":

The counselor would have a responsibility to provide a referral.

Genuineness, or congruence, is really:

The counselor's ability to be himself or herself. The counselor who is congruent is real and authentic. This is a counselor who is not playing a role and is not putting up a facade.

"National culture" refers to:

The cultural patterns common to a given county. This does not take into account "the ideal culture" which is the way individuals are supposed to behave, as well as the "real culture" which is all the behaviors within the culture. When a group of persons vehemently opposes the values of the culture they are said to be members of a "counterculture."

Experimental neurosis occurs when:

The differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical, the dog will show signs of emotional disturbance.

***Exam tip***The term "active therapy" or "active-directive" therapy delineates:

The directive paradigm or directive therapy

When it comes to cognitive dissonance, the notion is that:

The discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes.

*** Macroculture or majority culture refers to:

The dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority citizens in a given society.

For Freud, the dream was the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. According to Freud:

The dream is composed of surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning or so-called latent content.

Describe the ego as understood in Erikson's theory:

The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. Simply put, ego psychologists (as opposed to Freudians) accent the ego and the power of control.

Connotation applies to:

The emotional content of a word, which is different from true or dictionary definition.

Freudians refer to the ego as:

The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.

Rollo May was prime moves in:

The existential counseling movement.

In psychoanalytic theory the word "fixation" implies that:

The person becomes stuck in a stage where he or she feels safe. When life becomes too traumatic, emotional development can come to a screeching halt, although physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace. Typically, an individual is able to go from one developmental stage to the next.

Common archetypes include:

The persona, the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self. Animus, anima, self. Shadow, the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired. All of the above.

Modal personality:

The personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.

"Foot-in-the-door" obedience technique:

The phenomenon asserts that when a person agrees to a less repugnant request (step 1), then he or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful (step 2).

In Freudian theory the id is also called:

The pleasure principle, it houses the animalistic instincts.

Erikson, an ego psychologist, would not emphasize the role of the id, but rather:

The power of control or the ego.

In light of Edward Thorndike's "law of effect" practice does not ensure effective learning.

The practice must yield a reward.

Egocentrism refers to:

The pre operational child's inability to see the world from anyone else's vantage point.

What is something important to keep in mind when dealing with suicidal or homicidal clients as a counselor?

The presence of a weapon raises the level of violence as well as the probability that it will occur. An individual who owns a gun is more likely to turn his or her aggression against the self; firearms constitue the number one method of committing suicide in our country.

Prognosis refers to:

The probability that one can recover from a condition. When dictating on cases the counselor would do well to discuss the length of treatment and the status expected at the end of treatment.

Stimulus discrimination, the opposite of stimulus generalization, occurs when:

The process is "fine tuned", to respond only to a specific stimulus. In this example, the dog would be taught to salivate only to the chairman's horn. A piano key, a buzzer on a stove, or the original bell would not elicit (i.e., cause) the reaction.

Transactional analysis (TA), reality therapy, and behavioral interventions all stress "contracting."

The process of contracting has its merits in cross-cultural situations because it keeps the counselor from shoving a dose of his or her own cultural values down the clients throat (i.e., the client has input before signing or agreeing with the contract).

Insight refers to:

The process of making a client aware of something which was previously unknown. This increases self-knowledge. Insight is often described as a novel sudden understanding of the problem.

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to:

The prognosis

The "etic" counselor emphasizes:

The sameness among clients --a universalism perspective --that literally transcends cultural boundaries.

The most important concept in Freud's theory is:

The unconscious mind

This new ethical position, by the ACA, does not prohibit:

The use of eclectic/integrative counseling (i.e., ideas from two or more different theories) as long as each approach meets these ACA ethical guidelines.

In the process of creating SUDS the counselor can ask a client:

To rate imagined situations on the subjective units of disturbance scale so that a treatment hierarchy can be formulated.

An effective multicultural counselor when it comes to cultural relativism, does what?

Transcend the "culture-bound values" barrier in which the counselor is "bound" to his or her own values and tries to impose them on clients.

Etic viewpoint:

Transcends culture

When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

Transference

"Autoplastic" view:

Transformation from within

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is:

True according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin. Major impetus for sex-role differences come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry.

True or false: Males in general have difficulty expressing feelings.

True, African-American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to Caucasians.

True or false: Sue and Sue suggested that Asian Americans respond best to brief therapy that is directive and structured with specific problem-solving goals.

True, Asians are often brought up with the belief that it is considered proper to talk no more than necessary, avoid eye contact with an authority figure, and it is shameful to brag or express one's own desires, ambitions, or strong feelings. This modality would accommodate those beliefs.

True or False: Cultures often differ markedly from each other and customs are always learned and shared with members of the society.

True, one culture is very different from the next.

True or false: Clients in higher social classes have more time to "look within themselves" (instrospect).

True, since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs.

True or false: An adept multicultural helper ideally would study topics which go beyond traditional counseling theory.

True, some educators have even suggested that an exchange program in which counselors study in foreign universities could be beneficial.

True or false: Lower-class clients generally view the helper as an advice giver.

True, some may expect the counselor to take on the role of teacher as part of the helping process.

True or false: Every brand of therapy has its merits and its disadvantages.

True, therefore it is best if the multicultural counselor remains flexible.

True or false: The eclectic/integrative theoretical stance is used by more counselors (as well as social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists) as their primary theoretical orientation than any other single approach.

True, thirty-seven percent of all counselors now consider themselves eclectic/integrative.

True or false: Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.

True, to achieve balance. ***Remember***

True or false: The boundaries of a culture and society are not the same.

True. Cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture.

True or false: Two of the most popular MYTHS regarding the aging population are that a) intelligence declines in old age and b) the elderly are incapable of sex.

True. In reality, only 8% of the aged are truly senile.

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as____________ is to Erikson.

Trust versus mistrust

Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to:

Uncertainty

An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented is called:

Unconditioned. Whenever you see the word conditioned, substitute the word learned, and unconditioned for the word unlearned. Salivating is an "unlearned" association.

According to psychoanalytic theory, if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the:

Unconscious mind

Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) is the brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and mathematician/computer expert John Bandler, they:

Watched expert helpers Virginia Satir, Milton H. Erickson, and Fritz Perls to discover what these therapists really did rather than what they said they did.

An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that:

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. Experiments have shown even nursery school age children display more violent behavior after observing violence. Other researches have found, the more we see, hear, and read about violence the less it bothers us and therefore we behave in a more violent manner.

Propinquity refers to:

What social psychologists refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity (ex: working in the same office or living close) to be attracted to each other.

Adlerians, like REBT practitioners are didactic and use homework assignments. The Adlerian counselor often asks the client:

What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner? Then the counselor asks the client to act "as if" he or she did not have the problem (a dramatic therapeutic strategy!).

Therapeutic surrender occurs:

When a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses. The term is used frequently in intercultural counseling.

Accurate empathy occurs:

When a counselor is able to experience the client's point of of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.

When it comes to multicultural counseling, person-centered therapy is useful, except in the case:

When counseling an ethnic or racial group that demands structure or authority from a helper.

Sandra Bem posits that:

When males and females are not guided by traditional sex roles individuals can be more androgynous and hence more productive. She has spoken out against gender stereotyping.

Cultural pluralism occurs:

When person of a cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters.

"Catharsis" is used to connote mild purging of emotions, while "Abreaction" is used:

When repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent. When all is said is done, most exams will use the terms in a synonymous fashion.

"Flight from reality" refers to:

When the client resorts to psychosis (i.e.,losing touch with reality) to avoid dealing with current life difficulties.

When does assimilation occur?

When the individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture.

In cross-cultural counseling ,structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective:

When the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by:

Consequences

What is the structuralist viewpoint?

Each stage is a way of making sense of the world.

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Generativity versus stagnation

***Never forget*** All reinforcers, positive and negative, do what?

Increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

Research would suggest that the actions of a counselor who would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client are _____.

Typical

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that:

Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move onto the next stage.

Multicultural counseling promotes:

Eclecticism

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of:

Egocentrism

According to Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson:

Eighty percent of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis. An "Age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes as referred to as

Empiricists

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. The balance between assimilation and accommodation is called:

Equilibration

Which therapist was NOT instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Eric Berne

The Parent Ego State:

Eric Berne, the father of Transactional Analysis, put Freudian lingo in everyday language and spoke to the Parent ego state, which is equivalent to the superego. The Parent ego is filled with the should, oughts, and must which often guide our morality.

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are:

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

When it comes to gender identity, most counselors today feel that:

The child "learns" gender identity and male/female roles.

Reflection of emotional content is accomplished when:

The counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of his or her emotions.

Interpretation is highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities, although it is used in other schools of counseling. Interpretation takes place when:

The counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation.

Personalism implies that:

The counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient.

The ego ideal of the superego is:

The perfect self or ideal self that the person judges himself or herself against.

"Cultural awareness" refers to:

Understanding the cultural factors as a counselors. This trend is contrasted by a position of "cultural tunnel vision."

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by:

Universal culture

Lack of environmental stimulation is otherwise known as:

Unstimulating environment

Child frequently use "holophrases" when they begin speaking. This means they:

Use one- or two-word phrases

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are:

psychosocial

Helping an individual in distress is generally called what in the literature:

"Altruism"

***Helpful hint***Some exams refer to the items or activities which can be purchased with the tokens as:

"Back-up reinforcers"

Baseline measures

"Baseline" is a behaviorist term (the behaviorists are the rivals of the analysts). Baseline indicates the frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.

***Remember***CS comes before US

"C" comes before "u" in the alphabet. CS: conditional stimulus (the bell before the meat). US: unconditional stimulus (the meat).

Women and other minorities are sometimes said to be victims of a:

"Caste system", which implies that there are fixed layers of superiority and inferiority which you are born into and thus cannot escape.

Konrad Lorenz's concept of "imprinting" illustrates the principle of what?

"Critical periods" which states that certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animals development, otherwise the behaviors will never be learned at all.

Behavioral scientists have attempted to create _____ _____ diagnostic instruments but as of this date none has been totally effective.

"Cultural free"

When the CS (bell) is delayed until the US(meat) occurs, the procedure is known as:

"Delay conditioning"

Memory device, sour grapes rationalization:

"I didn't really want it anyway" (underrating)

Stage theorists assume:

Qualitative changes between stages occur.

Freud postulated psychosexual stages:

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

What do radical behaviorists believe?

"If it can't be measured it doesn't it doesn't exist" They do not believe in concepts like the id, the ego, or the superego. In fact, they do not believe in mental constructs such as "the mind" nor do they believe in consciousness.

A woman who is being robbed:

would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

Edward Thorndike postulated the:

"Law of effect," which is also known as "trial and error learning."This theory assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be "stamped in," while those associated with annoying sequences are "Stamped out."

In reference to the "foot-in-the-door" obedience technique, social science researchers report that trivial commitments lead to a so-called _____.

"Momentum of compliance" This notion is generally related to a 1966 study by Freedman and Fraser.

Emic viewpoint:

"My culture", culture specific

William Glasser, MD, the father of reality therapy, list eight steps for effective treatment, of which step 7 admonishes:

"Not to punish"

The prejudiced individual ofte

"Prejudges" others without substantial evidence.

In a situation where we have positive reinforcement, something is:

Added following an operant (behavior)

Jeans Piaget stages:

1. Sensorimotor, birth to 2 years. 2.Preoperations, ages 2 to 7. 3. Concrete operations, ages 7 to 11. 4. Formal operations, 12 years and older.

In behavior modification simple behaviors are learned and then "chained" so that:

A complex behavior can take place. A chain is just a series of operants joined together by reinforcers.

Turner's syndrome:

A condition in which a female has no gonads or sex hormones.

Balance theory postulates:

A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency AND a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

The "complementarity theory" states:

A relationship becomes stronger as the two people's personality needs mesh.

Social exchange theory postulates that:

A relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

When using extinction, some research demonstrates that when using extinction the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated. This tendency is called:

A response burst or extinction burst. Fortunately, the "burst" or increase in the frequency of behavior, is temporary.

Some multicultural practitioners suggest that culture is really:

A system of norms

A in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

A= affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood

Studies indicate that as few as three other people can

Abet (assist/encourage) conformity in a social setting.

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage:

Abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction.

The etic view:

Adheres to the theory that humans are humans--regardless of background and culture --thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps.

A 1970 study by Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkratz, and Vogel found that:

All therapists who filled out a questionnaire used a different standard of mental health when rating men from the one they used for women.

An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out of there and rebel. You can change the system." This sis the _____ viewpoint for coping wth the environment.

Alloplastic viewpoint

Deductive thinking processes:

Allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations.

The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:

Allow clients to work through early conflicts.

Maturationist counselors:

Allow the client to work through the old painful material, acting almost like a perfect nonjudgemental parent, and thus the client can explore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship.

Identification:

Also a defense mechanism, results when a person identifies with a cause or successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.

Miller and Banuazizi showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to:

Alter heart rate and intestinal contractions. Prior to this experiment it was thought that automatic or "autonomic" bodily processes (such as heart rate, intestinal contractions, or blood pressure) could not be controlled.

***Exam hint: Native Americans are sometimes classified as:

American Indians or Alaskan Natives. They are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. There are over 560 federally recognized tribes and there are nearly 3 million in the US.

Counselors who have any doubts regarding an approach are advised to consult:

An expert such as a former professor or a colleague. Consultation is extremely important.

Displacement, also a defense mechanism, occurs when:

An impulse is unleashed at a safe target. The prototype example would be the man who is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it and so he comes home and kicks the family dog (may see in some exams).

The concept of "pluralism" means that:

An individual exists in more than one category.

Emic can be defined as:

An insider's perception of the culture. A researcher or counselor using an emic frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the culture thinks. The emic viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences.

Free association is an:

Analytic technique in which the client is instructed to say whatever comes to mind.

When a counselor uses DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior), the assumption is that:

As the alternative desirable behavior increases via reinforcement, the client will not display the inappropriate target behavior as frequently.

The phrase "people of color" refers to:

Asian Americans or Asian Pacific Americans, Hispanic or Latino/a Americans, African Americans, and Native Americans.

The sleeper effect:

Asserts that when you are attempting to change someone's opinion the change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange.

Milton H. Erickson

Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ____ is to behaviorism.

Associationism. Existentialism (the philosophy) is compared to "logotherapy", which is a brand of psychotherapy. Behaviorism is a type of psychology or brand of treatment. Logotherapy grew out of existentialism, associationism led to the formation of behaviorism.

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply:

Attacking the system

Efficacious helpers:

Attempt to elicit information regarding the client's religious and spiritual life.

An eclectic counselor:

Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an:

Avoidance-avoidance conflict.

B in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

B =behavior including acts, habits, and reactions

Based on "balance theory", if you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be _____.

Balanced

According to Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized he or she may ___ a given psychosexual stage

Become fixated at

The term "contextualism" implies that:

Behavior must be assessed inn the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

A counselor who utilizes the terms "instinctual technically means"

Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

Andrew Salter wrote "The Case Against Psychoanalysis" and did ground breaking work in:

Behavior therapy, which led to the formation of assertiveness training. This information appeared in the 1949 classic "Conditioned Reflex Therapy." He was a noted Freud hater.

In Arnold Lazarus' BASIC ID, the seven modalities of clients functioning are:

Behavior, affect, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs

Arnold Lazarus worked very closely with Joseph Wolpe on his multimodal approach, and although it is holistic (emphasizes the whole person), it has a strong:

Behavioral treatment slant. The therapist focuses on the seven key modalities or areas of the client functioning.

There are three types of theories of development. What are they?

Behavioral, structural, and maturational.

An empiricist view of development would be

Behavioristic

Organismic supporters

Believe the individual's actions are more important than the environment in term of one's development. The antithesis to this position is empiricism.

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client:

Belongs to a different culture from the helper.

In order to reduce the difficulty introduced by "semantic differential" and "connotative errors", the bilingual individual would ideally be _____.

Bicultural, have familiarity with the culture of the counselor and the client.

When it comes to autonomic bodily processes (such as heart rate, intestinal contractions, or blood pressure), today counselors often use the technique of:

Biofeedback, hooking the client to a sophisticated electronic device that provides biological feedback, to help client control autonomic responses.

John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with:

Bonding and attachment

"Material culture" refers to:

Books, painting, homes, and tools, otherwise known as artifacts.

Sheehy pointed out:

Both men and women tend to experience typical crises, or so-called "passages," and each passage can be utilized to reach one's potential.

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of:

Bowlby. He felt that if a child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, they would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult.

In terms of parenting young children:

Boys are punished more than girls.

***Exam hint***How are folkways different from mores:

Breaking folkways generally results in embarrassment, while breaking mores causes harm to others or threatens the existence of the group.

Two popular classes of constructivist therapy include:

Brief therapy, which examines what worked for a client in the past, and narrative therapy, which looks at the stories in the client's life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary.

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished:

By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.

C in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

C= cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was _____ , and the meat was the _____.

CS;UCS. "In the US we eat a lot of meat" US or UCS =meat

Founded analytic psychology

Carl Gustav Jung

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of:

Carl Jung. The MBTI is said to be the most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions.

What are two of the most influential names in the history of counseling?

Carl Rogers and Frank Parsons

When the counselor accepts the client just the way he or she is without any stipulations, would be an example of:

Carl Rogers' unconditional positive regard

A child who focuses on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of:

Centration

The "autoplastic" view asserts that:

Change comes from within

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is:

Compensation. It is evident when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation. The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors.

In counseling, sibling rivalry refers to:

Competition between siblings

Pro: Transactional analysis has been praised for illuminating cultural ethnic junctions.

Con: Transactional analysis lingo is often complex for a client with a different background.

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:

Concrete operations --ages 7 to 11.

In the case of Little Albert, striking a steel bar to make a loud noise whenever he would get near a white rat, created a:

Conditioned fear. This experiment has been used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow the result of an unconscious process.

John Bowlby has asserted that:

Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

Ethnocentrism:

Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior.

Freud and Erikson

Could be classified as maturationists

Adler stressed the importance of birth order in the family constellation. He believed the first born/oldest:

Could be dethroned by a later child who gets most of the attention; thus the firstborn would be prone to experience feelings of inferiority. Firstborns often go to great lengths to please their parents.

In light of cultural pluralism, an Asian American person:

Could feel torn between adhering to Asian culture while trying to become more Americanized.

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of:

Countertransference, in which the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly. A counselor who falls in love with a client or feels extreme anger toward a client is generally considered a victim of countertransference.

Being perceived as remote and not very personal could:

Create problems for the counselor since in the US "professionalism" is stressed more than "personalism" in the sense that a good counselor is not "supposed" to get very close to clients and if the counselor has not necessarily grown up in a culture that stresses such high level personal cooperation.

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as:

Cross-cultural, multicultural, and intercultural counseling > all of the above.

Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of:

Cultural (social) issues, and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.

Ecological culture implies:

Cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment.

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that:

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

According to some experts in this field, the three major barriers to intercultural counseling are:

Culture-bound values, class-bound values, and language differences.

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to:

Cure. John B. Watson demonstrated that a phobic reaction was "learned," while Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that "learning" could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.

Culture refers to:

Customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. Values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. Attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of the group. >All of the above.

"Nonmaterial culture" refers to:

Customs, values, humor, social ideas, or traditions.

***Key exam hint***Phobia

Different from anxiety in that the client IS aware of the source of fear, a phobia is a known fear, such as a fear of furry animals or flying in an airplane.

D in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

D= drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet, and nutritional supplementation.

EKG or electrocardiogram provides:

Data on the heart

If a client made a bold statement regarding their race by saying "Hey, I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it." the counselor might wish to:

Deal directly with the racial issue. Ex: "In what way do you feel that the fact that I'm White and you're Black will affect the counseling process?"

In therapy, dream work consists of:

Deciphering the hidden meaning of the dream (e.g., symbolism) so the individual can be aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires and conflicts.

Punishment:

Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. Behavior modifiers value reinforcement (adding/subtracting to increase probability of behavior) over punishment.

Paradoxical techniques are associated with the work of Victor Frankl, who pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment. Paradoxical strategies often seem to:

Defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by:

Denial. This a classic example. The tennis player is failing to face reality.

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm:

Describes how people are supposed to act.

Rogerians DO NOT emphasize:

Diagnosis or giving advice.

Desegregation created culturally _____ populations for school counselors.

Different

True to the tinsel town version, during free association, classical analysts have the client lie on a couch and free associate, while the analyst remains out of sight. This is more or less the antithesis of:

Directive approaches, in which the client is asked to discuss certain material.

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of:

Displacement

Preliminary studies indicate clients from other cultures

Do not use counseling as often as they could. The drop out rate is premature, perhaps 20% higher after the initial session than relationships which are not intercultural.

Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs:

During the 1980s Pavlov was looking at salivation (unlearned behavior) in dogs in response to being fed, when noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food.

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize:

EEF feedback. EEG is used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms.

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on:

EMG feedback. M in EMG refers to muscle.

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to:

Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.

Cultural norm refers to:

Expectations of how one should act.

Empathy is the ability to:

Experience the client's subjective world. Not the same as sympathy, sympathy is compassion.

ABA design:

Experimental and research lingo. A =baseline, behavior before intervention, B =treatment. After the treatment is implemented the occurrence of A=the behavior in question, is measured to see if a change is evident.

How was Little Albert conditioned to be afraid of furry objects?

First Albert was exposed to a white rat, which he was not initially afraid of. Watson and Rayner would strike a steel bar, which created a sound noise whenever the child would get near the animal.

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as:

Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. FAP will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present, the action or sequence of behavior will not vary.

Good multicultural counselors are:

Flexible

Most experts would insist that eclecticism is best inasmuch as intercultural counselors need to be _____. An "eclectic" position (i.e., selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models) would generally come closes to meeting this requirement.

Flexible

The term "white privilege" has been used to:

Focus on the special advantages, privileges, and opportunities that nonwhites don't have.

Jane Loevinger, a popular stage theorist:

Focused on "ego development" via seven stages and two transitions, the highest level being "integrated", similar to Maslow's self actualized individual or Kohlberg's self-accepted universal principles stage.

These describe correct ,normal, or habitual behavior. If violated may result in embarrassment:

Folkways

By their _____ year children can construct simple sentences.

Fourth

_____ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

Frank Parsons -the Father of Guidance, who wrote "Choosing a Vocation"

The word "eclectic" is most closely associated with:

Frederick C. Thorne

A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing

Free association

"Totem and the taboo" alludes to Freud's writings on the totem (an object that represents a family or group), the taboo, and the dread of incest.

Freud felt that even primitive peoples feared incestuous relationships. That dread of incest is not instilled merely via modern societal sanctions.

The Parent ego state has been liked to:

Freud's superego.

When does frustration occur?

Frustration occur when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed).

A person who does not master Erikson' _____ stage becomes self-centered.

Generativity versus self-absorption/stagnation

A successful individual in this stage plans for the next generation:

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A person who does not master Erikson' _____ stage becomes self-centered.

Generativity vs. Stagnation. This stage is also known as generativity vs. self-absorption

A person who does not master Erikson' _____ stage becomes self-centered.

Generativty vs. Stagnation. This stage is also known as generativity vs. self-absorption

_____ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation.

Genetic

Piaget considered himself a:

Genetic epistemologist

This modality is a superb modality for cultures that need to liberate their feelings. It is helpful when working with a population which emphasizes nonverbal communication.

Gestalt

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is:

Harry Harlow

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

Harry Harlow

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles:

Has according to Kohlberg reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the post conventional level of self accepted moral principles.

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling:

Has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Development is cephalocaudal, which means:

Head to foot. The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail.

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who:

Helps them work it out on their own.

The adept multicultural counselor should always keep in mind that:

Her or she, like the client, is a product of universal culture.

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called:

Higher order conditioning. When a new stimulus is associated or "paired" with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS.

Freud and Breuer initially used "abreaction" to describe:

Highly charged repressed emotions, which were released during the hypnotic process. Hard-core analysis often prefer this term to "catharsis", which is seen as nontechnical.

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes:

Id, ego, and supergo.

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in:

Identification

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by:

Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

Rule 1 for handling lengthy questions on exam:

Ignore all the irrelevant information. Whether it was the department chairman driving across campus or the dean of students riding his bicycle is about as relevant as to answering the question as the price of tea in China!

The essence of confrontation is to:

Illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.

A counselor who would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client and a male counselor who would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's are examples of:

Illustrative stereotyping, in which the counselor has generalized feelings about a given group.

Based on "balance theory", if you did not like or trust your counselor, then accepting his or her suggestions would produce an _____.

Imbalance, an inconsistent attitude.

Personalism:

Implies a high level of interpersonal cooperation. Think, the opposite of professionalism.

An example in which therapy is coordinated differently in light of culture:

In E. Fuller Torrey's book "The Mind Game: Witch Doctor's and Psychiatrists" he explains in Nigeria, helpers have accepted a female client as a wife in lieu of a fee. He also notes that in other cultures, a therapist cannot accept a fee unless the treatment is successful.

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that:

In general, girls posses better verbal skills than boys AND boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls.

Pavlovian conditioning has been called "respondent conditioning" because:

In his experiment with the dogs, the dogs started salivating in response to meat being placed in front of them, or salivating was a consequence of meat, the unconditional stimulus.

A wealth of research demonstrates that:

In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

In light of the sleeper effect, when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message.

In other words, the communication may have more impact after some time has passed.

Prior to Milgram's experiment, psychiatrists predicted that only 1% would administer the highest level of shock.

In reality, 62% dished out "fatal shock punishment" in response to an incorrect answer. If the experimental authority figure was in the room, the tendency to obey was higher than if he or she was not physically present.

The word "auto" generally refers to changing the "self" rather than altering the environment. The person works to create the project, solve the difficulty, or simply put, change the self.

In the "autoplastic" approach the counselor helps the client change him-or herself.

The golden years for developmental psychology happened when?

In the 1950s

When does "abstract reasoning" take place in Piaget's stages of development?

In the final formal operational stage

Piaget's preoperational stage:

Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema

Dissonance refers to:

Inconsistent thoughts. A distasteful state of mind in which the in which the individual will attempt to change, most counselors agree.

The preconscious mind:

Is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty (ex: from several months ago). The preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.

The fear of death:

Is greatest during middle age.

"Alloplastic" view:

Lead change from the outside

C.G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _____ principle while women are intuitive, operating on the _____ principle.

Logos; Eros. Logos implies logic, while eros refers to intuition.

Lorenz's beliefs about aggression:

Lorenz -partially basing his theory on the fact that certain tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed -is another who believes in the so-called "innate aggression theory."

A(n) _____ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor.

Lower-class African-American male

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates:

Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization.

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to:

Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes. This is a "best answer" type of question, choices c and d, make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors or help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood are not necessarily incorrect.

Psychodynamic therapy and counseling:

Make use of analytic principles (e.g., the unconscious mind) but rely on fewer sessions per week to make it a bit more practical. Psychodynamic therapists dispense with the couch and sit face to face, as in other forms of counseling and therapy.

Doing cross-cultural counseling

Makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

A critical period

Makes imprinting possible AND signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all.

EMG means electromyogram and is used to measure:

Muscle tension. A person who is tensing a given muscle group could have an EMG biofeedback device hooked directly to the problem area.

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis:

Must be done within a cultural context.

The melting pot concept --that different cultures assimilate or melt into the dominant culture --has been deemed a _____.

Myth

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be:

National AND ecological culture.

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by:

National culture

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by:

Neal Miller. In a study that might have challenged a 100-year-old psychological doctrine.

Would the "etic" counselor alter his or her technique when working with a client from a different culture or minority group?

No

_____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

Projection. The person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a:

Projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story. The TAT was introduced in Henry Murray's 1938 work "Explorations in Personality." Murray called the study of the personality "personology."

Ethnocentrism:

Promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty AND promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.

Name two types of counselors that fall into the maturationist category:

Psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists.

Little Hans' fear of going into the streets and perhaps even having a horse bite him were explained using:

Psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety. Little Hans reflects the psychoanalytic explanations of behavior (Little Albers =behaviorist paradigm)

Senile Psychosis refers to:

Psychosis brought on by old age. Psychosis refers to a break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. Senile psychosis may at times be used in a looser sense to imply a loss of memory.

The statement, "Whites are better than Blacks," illustrates:

Racism

The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as:

Resistance. A client who refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as a homework assignment or completing a battery of tests would be a typical example of resistance, or what counselors call the "resistant client."

Edward Thorndike's "law of effect" simply asserts that:

Responses accompanied by satisfaction (i.e., it pleases you!) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.

Paraphrasing results whenever a counselor:

Restates a client's message in the counselor's own words.

The Tarasoff Duty refers to:

Resulted in the counselor's duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence.

Social exchange theory assumes:

Rewards are things or factors we like, while costs are things we dislike. The theory assumes that a positive relationship is characterized by "profit."

S in BASIC ID, Arnold Lazarus' approach, stands for:

S= sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, steel, and taste

Countertransference (Counter-transference) is:

Said to be evident when the counselor's strong feelings or attachment to the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.

Hysteria

Said to occur when an individual displays an organic symptom (ex: blindness) yet no physiological causes are evident.

Eros is the Greek god of the love of life. To the Freudians this means:

Self-preservation

What is Piaget's first developmental stage?

Sensorimotor

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the:

Sensorimotor stage

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the:

Sensorimotor stage --birth to 2 years.

Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to 4 is:

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by:

Sex role socialization

The 1880s case of Anna O:

She is considered the first psychoanalytic patient. She was a patient of Freud's colleague Joseph Breuer. She suffered from "hysteria". In hypnosis she would remember painful events, which she was unable to recall while awake.

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home:

Should ask to come in the home.

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training:

Should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is:

Sibling rivalry

The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id", would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as:

Social connectedness. Adlerian theory suggests that we need one another.

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized:

Social factors. ***Must-know concept***

The ACA's ethics committee focused on the issue of "unproven" or "developing" approaches after discovering:

Some counselors rely on techniques that are based on the counselor's own bias, or a fad, rather than supporting research or an accepted theory.

Reminder: On questions regarding Pavlov's conditioning experiment or conditioning in general:

Some exams will refer to the CS (conditional stimulus) as the NS, or "neutral stimulus", and the UCS as the "reinforcing" or "charged stimulus."

What do social psychologist believe when it comes frustration?

Some social psychologists believe that when individuals lose their identity (deindividuation) they are likely to become aggressive or violent. It has been found that the presence of weapons raises the level of violence as well as the probability that it will occur.

At this point, there is no list that delineates precisely what techniques and approaches are unproven, although some task-force members did consider this option.

Some task-force members feared that such a list could cause difficulties if an unproven technique was left out or manifested itself after the document was completed. The idea of creating a website with a list of proven strategies and those which might cause harm is being considered.

A monolingual U.S. counselor:

Speaks only English. Mono literally means "one" or "single".

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?

Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate:

Stimulus generalization. In stimulus generalization the fear "generalizes." So in this example, a Santa Claus mask is white and furry, similar to a furry white animals, and hence produces the same fearful reaction in the child.

Skinner differentiated operants from "respondents." A respondent is the consequence of a known:

Stimulus. A dog salivating to food or the pupil in your eye enlarging when you walk into a dark room are examples of respondents (as opposed to operants).

The anal retentive personality is:

Stingy

John Holland:

Stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type.

Empathy is a:

Subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.

An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying:

Sublimation

Culture conflict refers to:

The experience of immigrants or person who must live in a culture which is different from their native culture. It manifests itself whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties. It can also describe the difficulties which arise when persons of different cultures live in the same geographical area.

Abreaction

The expression and consequent release of previously repressed emotion, achieved through reliving the experience that caused it.

What is Albert Ellis' stance when it comes to frustration?

The father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy feels that many clients do believe that frustration causes aggression and that is unfortunate. Ellis maintains that this transpires due to the client's irrational thought process (i.e., actually believing it is true) rather than some automatic response pattern. He does not agree with the Dollard/Miller frustration-aggression theory.

The baseline indicates:

The frequency of the behavior untreated and is sometimes signified in the literature on a chart using an upper case letter A.

"The pleasure principle" or "the seat of libido" describes:

The id in Freudian theory

In Freudian's theory, the superego is more concerned with:

The ideal than what is real. It is composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers and society.

Race refers to:

The identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily (somatic characteristics such as skin color or facial features. "The assumption is thus made that a given race is based on genetic origin."

In light of identification as a self-defense mechanism, another possibility is that:

The identification with the other person serves to lower the fear or anxiety toward that person.

The conscious mind is aware of:

The immediate environment

A.A. Brill is usually associated with:

The impact that Freudian theory has on career choice.

In the approach-approach format:

The individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously. This format is the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases the client can attempt both options. This format typically instills less anxiety than the other two types.

When it comes to language development in children around the globe:

The initial sounds made by babies are similar, cultural environment then strengthens certain verbalization via the process of reinforcement.

Piaget saw moral judgement broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than:

The intention behind the act. Even though a person may have the best intentions, breaking more dishes/causing the most damage is seen as more wrong.

The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children reflects:

The landmark research of Stanley Schachter, which concluded that the need to affiliate decreases for later-born children.

Piaget

The leading name is cognitive development in children

In the example in which the bell is paired with the light, and the light becomes the CS:

The light, which is a neutral stimulus, has taken on the power of the bell.

In the example of the little girl sticking out her tongue during a family counseling session, the counselor can expect:

The little girl's behavior to get worse before it gets better. Ignoring a behavior is a common method of extinction as is the practice of time-out, where the client is isolated from reinforcement.

Three key reasons cited for the slow development of elementary school counseling:

The majority of people believed that schoolteachers could double as counselors. Counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues, which would not be an issue in the elementary years. Secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists who would intervene IF emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older.

Statistical norm refers to:

The measuring of actual conduct.

Superego refers to:

The moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality.

Robert Carkhuff is very well known for his creation of a 5-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. Many counselor educators consider empathy:

The most important factor in the counseling relationship. When using the Carkhuff scale, a rating of 1 is the poorest, and a rating of 5 is the most desirable. A rating of 3 is considered the minimum level of acceptance.

Oral, anal, and phallic are:

The names of Freud's first three psychosexual stages

In the behavioral sciences the word "affiliation" refers to:

The need one has to associate with others.

Accurate empathy & reflection of emotional content are emphasized very heavily in:

The non directive, later called Client-Centered, and then Person-Centered approach to counseling.

According to social/observational learning theory, adolescents often model angry or aggressive parents, even when:

The parents discourage hostile behavior.

Shadow: the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired, is often called the dark side of the personality, though it is not necessarily negative. Jung noted:

The shadow encompasses everything an individual refused to acknowledge. The shadow represents the unconscious opposite of the individual's conscious expression.

The human equivalent to the fable in which the fox couldn't secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway?

The sour grapes variety of rationalization, usually expressed "I didn't really want it anyway."

Id, ego, and superego refer to Freud's structural theory of the personality while Chid, Adult, and Parent is:

The structural model proposed by Eric Berne, father of transactional analysis.

"Robbers' Cave experiment" set up two distinct group of 11-year-old boys who were hostile toward each other.

The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.

The word "ethology", which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to:

The study of animals' behavior in there natural environment

Psychodiagnostic refers to:

The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.

Proxemics refers to:

The study of proximity, relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, and territoriality.

Psychopharmacology refers to:

The study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions.

In psychoanalysis the term "object" describes:

The target of one's love.

Carl Jung's concept of "extroversion" refers to:

The tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people. The extrovert seeks external rewards. The introversion-extroversion distinction deals with inward or outward directiveness.

Id, ego, and superego is to structural theory as _____ is to topographical theory:

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious.

In light of Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, a man will likely read test reports after the purchase of an expensive watch, due to:

The tendency to justify behavior to create a state of "consonance" (a fancy word for harmony) between attitudes and behavior. If the test report states that the watch is a good buy, the belief and behavior are consistent.

Carol Gilligan was critical of Kohlberg's theory as she felt it was more applicable to males. Name the reason why:

The theory did not delineate the fact that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice.

Approach-avoidance, approach-approach, and avoidance-avoidance conflict indicate:

The three basic categories of conflict which result in frustration.

The acquisition period, refers to:

The time it takes to learn or acquire a give behavior. If it takes a mentally challenged child two hours to write his name, then two hours would be the acquisition period.

Psychoanalysis is both a form of _____ as well as a theory of personality.

Therapy

What does Crites, Roe, Holland, and Super have in common?

These are names primarily associated with the career counseling movement.

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that:

These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.

What do Ivan Pavlov, Mary Cover Jones, and John B. Watson have in common?

They were pioneers in the behaviorist movement. Ivan Pavlov fathered classical conditioning, Mary Cover Jones "cured" phobias, and John B. Watson shed light on "learned phobias."

Middle- and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue, for that reason they would not want to be dependent on a therapist, parents, or others. As a result:

They would want a counselor who helps them work it out on their own.

The 2005 ACA Code of Ethics now stipulates that there must be scientific empirical research or a theory-based foundation for the use of ANY technique or treatment modality.

This does not imply that the technique or modality has been supported by a true experiment with random selection of subjects since that would exclude a host of viable strategies.

Experts seem to agree on the fact that the DSM is most applicate to:

Those of European descent.

Employment agencies often view those who are over 40 as "older and thus:

Those who fit into this age bracket experience longer periods of unemployment than folks who are under 40.

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:

Three levels of morality : Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. Each level can be broken down further into two stages.

A counselor who values the "emic" view will try to help clients by:

Understanding the client's specific culture.

Universal helping principles:

Transcend culture

The case of Little Hans:

Used to contrast behavior therapy. This case reflects the data of Freud's 1909 paper, "An Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy"

Ethnocentrism:

Uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is:

Using concreteness. Concreteness is also known as "specificity" in some of the literature. The counselor uses the principle of concreteness in an attempt to eliminate vague language.

How is cognitive dissonance often reduced?

Using denial. Ex: "Sure I smoke, but the research which suggests it is harmful is not accurate."

An adept multicultural counselor:

Usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy:

Utilizes fewer sessions per wee, does not utilize the couch, AND is performed face to face (All of the above).

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to:

Volumer or mass

The study of Ethology:

Was developed by European zoologists who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory. It concerns field research utilizing animals.

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs:

Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. Dreikurs also introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting.

Animism refers to:

When a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies.

Directive therapy is used to describe:

When the therapist leads the client to discuss certain topics and provides "direct" suggestions" about how the client should think, act, or behave.

Summarization transpires:

Whenever a counselor brings together the ideas discussed during a period of dialogue.

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor:

Which evolves primarily during the oral age.

In Adlerian theory, a second child will often try to compete with a firstborn child and often surpasses the first child's performance. A middle child:

Will often feel that he or she is being treated unfairly. Middle children are sometimes seen as being quite manipulative.

According to studies, counselors are prejudiced toward _____.

Women

***Hint: Important topics on the Social and Cultural Foundations are of the exam in the coming years include:

Women's issues, men's issues, older adults, single-parent families, blended families, bereavement, and gay concerns.

Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He:

Wrote the 1978 classic "Seasons of a Man's Life" and the sequel "Season's of a Woman's Life" in 1997 AND postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier.

In Adlerian theory, the youngest child or baby in the family can be pampered or spoiled.

Youngest children often excel by modeling/ imitating the older children's behavior.

In terms of diagnosis,

a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior

In any case, if a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be _____ accepted than if the helper has poor credibility.

better

Konrad Lorenz is best known for:

his work on the process of "imprinting", an instinct behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother. Lorenz used himself as the first moving object, and the new born geese followed him around instead of following the real mother.

Down syndrome:

is the result of a chromosomal abnormality (additional chromosome or two) and causes a person to have brain damage, low IQ, slanted almost Asiatic eyes, a flat face, and thick tongue.

Unconditional stimulus (UCS or US) elicits an immediate response, like

salivating after having a delicious meal placed in front of you (i.e., dogs salivating due to the meat)

Counselors who espouse the etic viewpoint will use the _____ strategies and techniques on virtually any client.

same

In trace conditioning, the CS (bell) will terminate prior to the onset of:

the US or UCS (meat).

The zone of proximal development:

was pioneered by Lev Vygostky