NCOA DLC-OA-Test-3

Communication Patterns

-Time/Chronological -Reasoning -Problem/Solution -Cause/ Effect -Topical

Basic Doctrine

Air Force Doctrine Document 1 or "AFDD-1" is the Airman's basic doctrine. It's the foundation of all other doctrine and sets the tone and vision for future doctrine development. It describes the "elemental properties" of air, space, and cyberspace power and provides an Airman's perspective. Because basic doctrine is broad and expresses fundamental guidance, development is never complete. Also, it changes less rapidly compared to the other levels of doctrine.

Unit Discipline

Airmens willingness to do good of the unit, it demands habitual but reasoned obedience that preserves intiative and functions even in the absence of the commander

(DTRA) Defense Threat Reduction Agency

Assist CCDRs with plans and responses to WMD events and develops and delivers cutting- edge technologies to assist with these endeavors.

Deterrence =

Capability x Will x Perception

Priority

Commanders should establish clear priorities for the use of airpower. Due to its inherent flexibility and versatility, the demands for airpower may likely exceed available resources. If commanders fail to establish priorities, they can become ineffective. Limited resources require that airpower be applied where it can make the greatest contribution to the most critical current JFC requirements.

••Unity of Effort:

Coordination and cooperation toward common objectives...even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same organization, Service, command, or nation... which ensures successful unified action. Unity of effort helps overcome discord, inadequate structure and procedures, incompatible communications, cultural differences, and bureaucratic and personnel limitations.

The barriers to interaction are ______ and _____. a. competitive interrupting and the content-only response b. turn maintaining and competitive interruption c. content-only response and paralanguage

a. competitive interrupting and the content-only response

Irregular Warfare

is a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over relevant populations. The combatants are irregular military instead of regular forces.

Counseling (Verbal or Written)

"Counseling helps people use good judgment, assume responsibility, and face and solve problems." When you are counseling consider this, "Counselors assist subordinates in developing skills, attitudes, and behaviors that are consistent with maintaining the Air Force's readiness."

Relevance

"Evidence can be authoritative, accurate and precise, yet still be totally irrelevant. Don't shove in interesting facts that have nothing to do with the claim; help the reader understand the relevance of your material by explaining its significance. Explain charts, graphs and figures and use transitions in your writing to "connect the dots" for the reader.

Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, Multinational (JIIM)

"JIIM" versus "Joint" In this chapter, "joint" has been replaced with the term "JIIM". 'Joint' connotes activities and operations with only elements of two or more Military Departments. The acronym 'JIIM' includes our joint forces, but also accounts for the contributions of others, such as multinational forces other US Government (USG) agencies. If you deploy, you're more than likely going to be working not just with joint forces, but JIIM forces.

Strategic Communication

"a focused United States Government's efforts to understand and engage key audiences to create, strengthen, or preserve conditions favorable for the advancement of United States Government interests, policies, and objectives through the use of coordinated programs, plans, themes, messages, and products synchronized with the actions of all instruments of national power." -Examples of strategic communication are, knowing the domestic and diplomatic polices regarding foreign countries like Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran and also include human rights, and economic issues. -The primary purpose is to influence particular audiences whenever or wherever they present themselves.

There are two types of explanations

-Analysis means to break into small parts and provide who, what, why, where, when, and how. ▪▪ A Description is similar to a definition but adds more adjectives or adverbs and lets the audience see, hear, or feel the expanded definition.

Some common values that can be found across different cultures include:

-Power - social status, prestige, control over others and resources -Achievement - success through competence according to social standards -Self-direction - independent thought and action or choice, creativity, exploring goals -Universalism - understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of people and nature -Tradition - respect, commitment, and acceptance of ideas from a person's culture and religion -Conformity - restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others -Security - safety, harmony, and stability of society, relationships, and self

Security: To attain and maintain the security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners, we will:

-Strengthen our national defense ▪▪ Reinforce homeland security ▪▪ Combat the persistent threat of terrorism ▪▪ Build capacity to prevent conflict ▪▪ Prevent the spread and use of weapons of mass destruction ▪▪ Confront climate change ▪▪ Assure access to shared spaces ▪▪ Increase global health security

SSgt Rakim briefs his Security Forces fire team members, "At this point in time, the nuclear weapons that we safeguard are the main resource that prevents aggression from other countries." His Flight Chief, MSgt Halter adds, "That's right, just remember that not all forces can be dissuaded by the threat of nuclear weapons. In fact, someday, other national powers will most likely be used to achieve the same effects." MSgt Halter's comments BEST identify _______________. a. future deterrence theory b. modern deterrence theory c. nuclear proliferation

...a. CORRECT: According to the Nuclear Enterprise chapter, future deterrence theory "could rely more heavily on the diplomatic, economic and informational forms of our national powers. For example, the threat of nuclear attack may not deter radical non-state actors. These groups may have ideologies that prevent them from being concerned with the outcome of such modes of deterrence." In this scenario, MSgt Halter supports this theory by stating, "That's right, just remember that not all forces can be dissuaded by the threat of nuclear weapons. In fact, someday, other national powers will most likely be used to achieve the same effects."

A topic sentence should:

1. express the main ideas of each paragraph 2. serve as the focal point for supporting details, facts, figures, and examples 3. prepare readers for supporting information 4. normally be the first sentence; it sets the mood and catches the reader's interest

Face-to-Face.

A Face-to-Face interview is just that, you and the reporter sitting Face-to- Face during a scheduled interview. You need to find out if it will it be edited or live. Print reporters are looking for quotes, so be sure your messages are quotable.

Joint Task Force Components

A JTF is composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single commander. The elements can be service components or functional components. All joint forces include service components because administrative and logistic support for joint forces is provided through them. A major role of the service component commanders is to be a liaison between the CJTF and other component commanders. A JTF level service component consists of the service component commander and all the Service forces assigned to the JTF. The commander of each Service component (COMAFFOR, COMARFOR, OMNAVFOR, and COMMARFOR) is directly responsible to the CJTF, who exercises OPCON over Service components.

Draft and edit

A draft is not the finished product, and each sentence doesn't have to be polished and perfect. In the first draft, your main objective is to get your ideas down on paper. Develop your three-part structure containing an introduction, body, and a conclusion. The introduction must capture your audience's attention, establish rapport, and announce your purpose. The body must be an effective sequence of ideas that flow logically in a series of paragraphs. The conclusion must summarize the main points stated in the body and close smoothly.

Press conference

A press conference is a voluntary presentation of information to the media. In a press conference, you decide what information is presented, how it is presented, and who presents it. Important considerations are: the logistics, whether you will be seated, standing, or have a media roundtable.

Self-Discipline

A willing and instinctive sense of responsibility that leads you to do whatever needs to be done; far above your acceptance of imposed discipline

Persistence

Air, space, and cyberspace operations may be conducted continuously against a broad spectrum of targets. Airpower's exceptional speed and range allow its forces to visit and revisit wide ranges of targets nearly at will. Airpower doesn't have to occupy terrain or remain constantly in proximity to areas of operation to bring force upon targets.

Command and Control...Total flexibility

Airmen employ the Air Force's other four interdependent and enduring core missions through robust, adaptable, and survivable command and control systems. Using the specialized skills of over 53,000 command and control Airmen, the Air Force provides access to reliable communications and information networks so that the joint team can operate globally at a high tempo and level of intensity. Air Force command and control systems give commanders the ability to conduct highly coordinated joint operations on an unequaled scale using centralized command, distributed control, and decentralized execution.

Rapid Global Mobility...Delivery on Demand

American power can be projected quickly to anywhere on the face of the earth as a result of the Air Force's capability for rapid mobility. The Air Force's 122,000 air mobility Airmen provide swift deployment and the ability to sustain operations by delivering essential equipment and personnel for missions ranging from major combat to humanitarian relief operations around the world. Mobility forces also provide in-flight refueling, which is a unique Air Force capability and the linchpin to joint power projection at intercontinental distances.

Admonitions and Reprimands

An admonition (also known as an admonishment), either verbal or written, is more severe than counseling. Use it for infractions serious enough to warrant admonishment but not serious enough to warrant reprimand. A letter of admonishment indicates a mid-range level of written disapproval for serious infractions and/ or repeat infractions and is most often presented in a formal setting. A letter of admonition (LOA) or letter of reprimand (LOR) is appropriate when a letter of counseling has failed to correct a problem or when the misconduct is too serious for mere counseling. A reprimand, either verbal or written, is more severe than counseling or admonishment and indicates a stronger degree of official censure. Use an LOR for those acts not severe enough for non-judicial punishment, but in situations where verbal or written counseling or admonishment would not sufficiently address the misconduct. An LOR indicates the highest degree of written censure for the most serious infractions and/or repeat infractions and is always presented in a formal setting. It should be done in the most professional and serious way possible. It's a one-way communication. The subordinate may even be required to report in their service dress uniform and to stand at attention. This formality and tone helps the subordinate see the significance of his/her infraction.

Closure

An effective closure signals that the paper or speech is over. It brings the paper or speech "full circle" by reminding the audience of your introduction. Therefore, you must plan a definite, obvious ending that provides a sense of finality. Techniques used in the opening can be used to close as well. One of the most effective techniques is to tie closing remarks back to your opening statement. For example, "Let me close by asking a single question. Can we live with the results if this problem isn't fixed? I say no!" See how this helps tie your original main theme to the closing remark?

Centralized Control and Decentralized Execution(tenet of power)

As a result of airpower's unique potential to directly affect the strategic and operational levels of war, it should be controlled by a single Airman (centralized control) who maintains the broad, strategic perspective necessary to balance and prioritize the use of a powerful, highly desired yet limited force. Decentralized execution is the delegation of authority to designated lower-level commanders and other tactical-level decision makers to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative and tactical flexibility. It allows subordinates, all the way down to the tactical level, to exploit situational responsiveness and fleeting opportunities in rapidly changing, fluid situations.

Reference Sources

As an NCO, you need to become familiar with how to find timely and accurate information in case the need arises. The Internet, including Air Force websites like the e-publishing site and libraries are great places to begin your research. Other examples of reference sources include Internet search engines, paper or electronic books, periodicals, AFIs, The Tongue and Quill, and Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Other reference information can be found through a career field education and training plan (CFETP), technical orders (T.O.s), training plan, Air Force directives, operating instructions, safety directives, shift logs, and automated performance tracking systems.

One final purpose of writing or speaking that doesn't get much attention but is frequently used in the military is to inspire.

As you climb the leadership ladder, you'll increasingly be requested to perform retirements, promotions, and commander's calls that will present opportunities where you'll want to inspire the audience with your profound insight on someone's career or possibly your philosophy on leadership. Now that you understand the different uses/styles of communication you can choose the one that

Balance

Balance is an essential guideline for air commanders. Much of the skill of an air component commander is reflected in the dynamic and correct balancing of the principles of joint operations and the tenets of airpower to bring Air Force capabilities together to produce synergistic effects. An Airman is uniquely— and best—suited to determine the proper theater-wide balance between offensive and defensive air operations, and among strategic, operational, and tactical applications. Air, space, and cyberspace assets are normally available only in finite numbers; thus, balance is a crucial determinant for an air component commander.

Development

Before beginning the development process consider selections for your support material, look at information and decide how well it supports your ideas, how well it fits into the time limit that has been levied upon you to deliver your message, how much time you will have to prepare, how it is important to the objective, and whether or not it has appeal to the audience. Always remember that preparation time may limit your support due to the amount of time it takes to gather information and develop your communication. It also may limit the types of support you can provide. If you're fortunate to have a longer amount of time to prepare, it may allow you to include a greater variety of support from more sources. Remember, the primary purposes for using support material are to clarify, amplify, reinforce, or emphasize your ideas or prove your assertions. To achieve this, you should use two types of support: clarification support and proof support. Finally you need to ensure to give credit to the author of your support using integration and citation .

Determine Main Points and Support

Begin by listing all ideas about the subject, combine related ideas into groups, and complete an outline to see where everything fits. By listing all of your ideas when organizing your communication, you're able to clear your mind and get all of your ideas out where you can see them. This will help you see how much you already know about your subject and decide how much research, if any, you'll have to do. You can sort relevant ideas from those that are not relevant to your subject, and visualize naturally related groups of ideas.

Outlining

By using an outline, you can concentrate on one point at a time to ensure ideas are fully developed. The outline keeps you on course, despite any interruptions that may occur. By being well organized, you'll save time, and that means less editing. An outline provides a brief visual overview of your presentation to ensure it is the best sequence of ideas and that it has a logical arrangement. You can also use an outline to act as a road map for putting together your entire paper or verbal presentation.

What forms of aggression must be considered in future deterrence theory?

Cyber-attacks and terrorism.

••Decentralized Execution:

Delegation of execution authority over tactical aerospace operations to subordinate tactical commanders. It allows the tactical commander (with a thorough understanding of the commander's intent) to execute operations from dispersed locations, allows the execution of tactical operations to accommodate unforeseen circumstances, and allows tactical commanders the flexibility to perform their mission without rigid direction from above.

specific objective, or "bottom line" of the communication.

Determine what you want the audience to do because of the communication you have either written or spoken.

Instruments of National Power

Diplomatic • Information • Military • Economic

Combat Support Agencies (CSAs)

DoD agencies so designated by Congress or the SecDef that support military combat operations. They provide combat support or combat service support functions to operating forces across the spectrum of military operations and serve in a supporting role for CCDRs executing military operations.

Remote Interview.

During a remote interview you and the reporter are in different locations and you're conversing back and forth through a microphone. Remote interviews are more challenging because you can't see the person interviewing you. Sometimes vision monitors are set up so the participants can see each other, but this isn't usually necessary (or even desirable as it can be distracting for the guest).

Off-The-Record Interview

During this type of interview you should always clearly state which portion of the interview is "off-the-record" to ensure there is no chance for confusion. Be advised however, there is always a risk the reporter will not honor your agreement. It is important for you to be prepared and understand these types of interviews because it decreases your chances of making a mistake or saying the wrong thing.

Be mindful of distinctions in others' behaviors:

Effective interpersonal intelligence builds on the core capacity to notice distinctions among others; in particular, contrasts in their moods, motivations, and intentions. In more advanced forms, this intelligence permits a skilled adult to read the intentions and desires of others, even when these have been hidden. This is achieved once you become aware of and in tune to others' nonverbal communication and paralinguistic behavior and can use the skills associated with active listening. Then you may begin reframing experiences in order to create new and alternative understandings of people while increasing your ability to interpret cultural messages.

(DHA) Defense Health Agency

Enables the armed forces medical services to provide a medically ready force to Combatant Commands in both peacetime and wartime.

(Support Material)Imaginary (jokes or parables):

Example: ••David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, or Jay Leno commentaries. •• Aesop's fables.

Flexibility and Versatility

Flexibility allows airpower to exploit mass and maneuver simultaneously. Flexibility allows airpower to shift from one campaign objective to another, quickly and decisively. Versatility is the ability to employ airpower effectively at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war and provide a wide variety of tasks in concert with other joint force elements.

Multinational Forces

Forces composed of military elements of nations Who have formed an alliance or coalition for some specific purpose.

Military Discipline

Founded upon respect for and loyalty to properly constituted authority; it's that mental attitude and state of training which renders obedience instinctive under all conditions.

Global Strike...Any target, any time

Global strike means that the Nation can project military power more rapidly, more flexibly, and with a lighter footprint than other military options. The Air Force's nuclear and conventional precision strike forces can effectively conduct global strike by holding any target on the planet at risk and, if necessary, disabling or destroying it promptly—even from bases in the continental US. These forces possess the unique ability to achieve tactical, operational, and strategic effects all in the course of a single combat mission. Global strike missions include a wide range of crisis response and escalation control options, such as providing close air support to troops at risk, interdicting enemy forces, inserting special operations forces, and targeting an adversary's vital centers. Whether employed from forward bases or enabled by in-flight refueling, global strike derives from a wide-range of systems that include bombers, missiles, special operations platforms, fighters, and other Air Force aircraft

Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC)

Headquarters: Barksdale AFB, Louisiana Activated Aug. 7, 2009, Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) is the Air Force's newest command. AFGSC develops and provides combat-ready forces for nuclear deterrence and global strike operations— safe, secure, effective—to support the President of the United States and combatant commanders.

Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)

Headquarters: Hurlburt Field, Florida Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is responsible to US Special Operations Command for the readiness of Air Force special operations forces to conduct the war on terrorism and to disrupt, defeat and destroy terrorist networks that threaten the United States, its citizens and interests worldwide.

Pacific Air Force (PACAF)

Headquarters: Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii Pacific Air Force (PACAF) provides Pacific Command integrated expeditionary Air Force capabilities to defend the homeland, promote stability, dissuade/deter aggression, and swiftly defeat enemies. PACAF organizes trains, equips, and maintains resources prepared to conduct a broad spectrum of air operations—from humanitarian relief to decisive combat employment in DoD's largest area of responsibility.

Air Combat Command (ACC)

Headquarters: Langley AFB, Virginia Air Combat Command (ACC) organizes, trains, equips, and deploys combat ready forces to support combatant commanders around the globe.

Air Force Space Command (AFSPC)

Headquarters: Peterson AFB, Colorado Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping mission-ready space and cyberspace forces and capabilities for North American Aerospace Defense Command, US Strategic Command, and other combatant commands world-wide. AFSPC oversees Air Force network operations to provide capabilities in, through, and from cyberspace; manages a global network of satellites, and is responsible for space system development and acquisition.

US Air Forces in Europe (USAFE)

Headquarters: Ramstein Air Base, Germany US Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) executes the US European Command mission with forward-based air power to provide forces for global operations, ensure strategic access, assure allies, deter aggression, and build partnerships.

Air Education and Training Command (AETC)

Headquarters: Randolph AFB, Texas Air Education and Training Command (AETC) develops America's Airmen today, for tomorrow. With a vision to deliver unrivaled air, space and cyberspace education and training, the command recruits Airmen and provides basic military training, initial and advanced technical training, flying training, medical training, space and missile training, cyber training, and professional military and degree-granting professional education. The command also conducts joint, readiness and Air Force security assistance training. AETC sustains the combat capability of the operational Air Force with highly-trained and motivated Airmen, recalls individual ready reservists, and manages mobility and contingency tasking support for combatant commanders.

Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)

Headquarters: Robins AFB, Georgia Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) provides the It conducts fixed-wing aerial spray missions, flies hurricane hunter missions for the National Weather Service, and is administratively responsible for the Air Force's individual mobilization augmentee program.

Air Mobility Command (AMC)

Headquarters: Scott AFB, Illinois Air Mobility Command (AMC) provides airlift and aerial refueling for all of America's armed forces. They also provide aeromedical evacuation and Global Reach Laydown (GRL). GRL strategy uses resources from various organizations and brings them together to form those deployed organizations required to achieve the specific objectives of any particular mobility operation.

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)

Headquarters: Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) delivers war-winning technology, acquisition support, sustainment, and expeditionary capabilities to the warfighter. AFMC conducts research, development, and test and evaluation, and provides acquisition management services and logistics support necessary to keep Air Force weapon systems ready for war.

This is called a two-way exchange of messages or interaction.

However, even when the person misses the ball, he or she usually retrieves it in order to throw it back. When the receiver throws the ball back, the same process starts over again, but with the roles reversed. This catch-throw pattern continues until someone or something breaks the cycle.

Learning and Knowledge

Human beings depend on the social, not biological, transmission of knowledge for survival. Teaching children the skills and knowledge they will need to function as adults in society is practiced in every culture, although societies vary in their teaching approach. Human social organization and group living provide the basic context for growth and learning whereby you learn from your parents. In Western societies, the long period of human childhood dependency provides for cultural learning.

On-the-record Interview

If you are selected for this type of interview, you should always be considerate of what you say because you are always on-the-record. Never say anything you don't want to see printed or broadcasted. Your words will always be attributed to your name. Since you wear the uniform, your responses could be seen as if being endorsed by the USAF.

Restatement of Purpose/ Re-motivation

If your purpose was to inform, tell the audience why they should remember or use the information. If your purpose was to persuade, you have two options. 1) Make a recommendation— tell the audience what you want them to do with the information. 2) Restate your position and make a final appeal to the audience. The most effective restatement/ re-motivation ties back to the motivation used in the introduction while clearly indicating how the audience can benefit from the information presented.

Aesthetics and Recreation

In every society, people express themselves in ways that surpass the need for physical survival. Every culture has its own forms of creative expression that are guided by aesthetic principles of imagination, beauty, skill, and style. You see these expressions in art, music, sport, clothing, rest, and leisure. Along with the external expression of beauty or leisure, people attach meaning to these activities which is reinforced by their beliefs and values about what is "good/bad," "right/wrong," "moral/immoral," etc

Legitimacy

In order to reduce the threat to US forces and to enable them to work toward their objective, the United States should be viewed as a legitimate actor in the mission, working towards multi-lateral interests including our own.

High context communication styles

In these cultures, one's relationship to the group is a dominant factor in any interaction; it must be preserved and enhanced at all times. High context communication is dependent upon the message's context, verbal cues and nonverbal cues more so than in a low context culture. Those in high context cultures tend to consider how their words and actions reflect on the reputation of their family and their group. They are more likely to postpone making decisions and are less likely to disagree publicly with someone or openly criticize another person to avoid reflecting poorly on the other person's family or reputation. They also believe unexpected forces (such as the divine) may affect outcome

Coherence

Internal transitions help ensure your communication is coherent by tying ideas and sentences together. They can be simple (and, but, nor, for, yet, or and so) or complex (however, moreover, nevertheless, therefore, hence, anyway, furthermore and on the other hand). External transitions are sentences used to provide a link between paragraphs within your communication. Transitions help an audience know where you've been and where you're going, and they allow the audience to shift mental gears as you proceed through your communication

Time/chronological pattern

Is a pattern organized along a time continuum. An example of this style of pattern would be a talking paper detailing the implementation schedule for a change in procedures, a letter of counseling, or a letter of reprimand.

Reasoning pattern

Is a pattern used to highlight a problem and explain with sound reasoning why the issue needs to be remedied. An example of this style of pattern would be, when you want to convince your superintendent to increase the supply budget in order to cover an unexpected increase in the cost of cleaning supplies required to accomplish your mission.

DOD Nuclear Weapon System Safety Policy

It is developed jointly between the Offices of the Secretary of Defense and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Defense Agencies, and the military services, in cooperation with the DOE. These entities share the common goal of providing maximum safety consistent with operational requirements.

Strategic Air Command (SAC)

Its mission was to be the one command to provide guardianship and control of all nuclear-capable bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles, also known as ICBMs. This command controlled the majority of nuclear assets throughout the Cold War—from 1946 through 1992. SAC prided itself on its strict rules for accountability and reliability in the nuclear arena and the ability to execute those weapons with precision when called upon by our Nation.

•• Common Doctrine:

Joint doctrine presents fundamental principles that guide the employment of US military forces in coordinated and integrated action toward a common objective. It promotes a common perspective from which to plan, train, and conduct military operations. Additionally, it represents what is taught, believed, and advocated as what is right (i.e., what works best). It provides distilled insights and wisdom gained from employing the military instrument of national power in operations to achieve national objectives.

The _________________________is the primary forum for discussion regarding national security and foreign policy issues.

National Security Council

multidimensional processing actually takes place in interpersonal communication.

Now suppose that instead of two people playing catch, there are six, and everyone is catching and throwing balls to everyone else continuously. To add even more complexity, some balls are thrown while others are dribbled along the ground or thrown high in the air, causing you to shift your gaze in all directions. Now you can begin to see how much

Recall the power of paralanguage:

One of the keys to managing the content-only response is to recall the power of paralanguage. Paralanguage is a term used to describe how you say what you say. Vocal rate, pitch, tone, volume, etc. can give the same words very different meanings. When you ignore this, misunderstandings and misinterpretations can occur and make communication ineffective.

Concentration

One of the most constant and important trends throughout military history has been the effort to concentrate overwhelming power at the decisive time and place. The principles of mass and economy of force deal directly with concentrating overwhelming power at the right time and the right place (or places). The versatility of airpower with its lethality, speed, and persistence makes it an attractive option for many tasks.

Intergovermental Organizations (IGOs)

Organizations created by a formal agreement between two or more governments on a global, regional, or functional basis to protect and promote national interests shared by member states. -Examples include the United Nations and NATO.

How you say it

Paralanguage is the characteristics of the voice. Paralanguage is often just as important as, if not more important than, the actual words you speak. You should continuously monitor the following items to decipher the true meaning of the message. •• Rate is the number of words spoken within a specified time. Rate often increases because of stress. Some people have a constant rate, whereas others speak in bursts. ••Diction is the combination of articulation (precise use of lips, tongue, and teeth to form sounds), pronunciation (pronouncing words properly), and choice of words. •• Tone can be considered in two dimensions: manner of expression (harsh, aggressive, gentle, passive, etc.) and relative pitch (high, low, varying, monotonous). •• Rhythm creates recurring patterns of variation in speech, i.e., rising and lowering waves of volume, pitch, or rate. •• Fluency uses pauses effectively to provide desired flow and effect. Pauses are typically described in three dimensions: length (milliseconds to minutes), filled (vocalized) and unfilled (silent), and location (ending of a thought, beginning of a thought, etc.). •• Volume is loudness. ••Quality pertains to the fidelity or timbre of sound. Four types of unpleasant voice qualities are: hyper-nasality (speaking largely through the nose), denasality ("head cold" sound), hoarseness (laryngitis-like sound), and huskiness (excessive exhalation of breath when expressing words).

Individual reliability encompasses two processes:

Personnel Reliability Program(PRP) and the two-person concept

•• Centralized Planning:

Placing within one commander the responsibility and authority for planning, directing, and coordinating a military operation or group/category of operations. This is vital for controlling and coordinating the efforts of joint forces

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Plan, manage, and execute intelligence operations during peacetime, crisis, and war.

political and social Relations

Political organization is the patterned way of applying power in a society to lawfully regulate behavior. It exists in all societies, yet different cultures have unique complexities and accepted methods of social interactions. Cultures also include various social groups that interact differently in each society. The authority to make decisions that affect public interest is part of social relations and is linked to kinship, economics, and religion.

basic interpersonal skills communication skills can be broken down into three categories:

Pre-session, Session, and Post-session skills. Pre-session activities include: diagnosing, and Preparing. During the session, opening, attending, responding, resolving, and closing skills are used. Post-session activities include follow-up actions.

Common Military Services Functions

Preparing forces and establishING reserves of manpower, equipment, and supplies for effective operations across the range of military operations and plan for the expansion of peacetime components to meet the needs of war •• Maintaining in readiness mobile reserve forces, properly organized, trained, and equipped for employment in an emergency •• Providing adequate, timely, and reliable intelligence and counterintelligence for the Military Departments and other agencies as directed by competent authority •• Conducting research; developing tactics, techniques, and organization; and developing and procuring weapons, equipment, and supplies essential to the fulfillment of the functions assigned by DoDD 5100.01, Functions of the Department of Defense and its Major Components •• Providing as directed, such forces, military missions, and detachments for service in foreign countries as may be required to support the national interest of the United States •• Assisting each other in the accomplishment of their respective functions, including provisions of personnel, intelligence, training, facilities, equipment, supplies, and services

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

Private, self-governing, not-for-profit organizations dedicated to alleviating human suffering; and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and civil society. -Examples include the Red Cross and CARE International.

Preventive Discipline

Processes/actions designed to keep someone from doing something undesirable.

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

Provides geospatial intelligence in support of US national security and defense, as well as disaster relief.

(NSA/CSS) National Security Agency/Central Security Service

Provides intelligence support to military operations through their signals intelligence activities and ensures military communications and data remain secure.

(DLA) Defense Logistics Agency

Provides the armed forces and other federal agencies and partner nation armed forces with a full spectrum of logistics, acquisition, and technical services.

DISA) Defense Information Systems Agency

Provides, operations, and assures command and control and information sharing capabilities in direct support of joint warfighters

DOD Nuclear Weapon Safety Design Criteria

Quantitative safety design criteria are established by the DOD, issued in weapon specific military characteristics (MCs), and implemented by the DOE in coordination with the Project Officers Group (POG). They are used during nuclear weapon design to ensure one-point safety and to lower premature detonation probabilities and component malfunctions.

Religion and Spirituality

Religion is a process every culture uses to provide meaning, unity, peace of mind, and control over events in society. It often helps preserve social order. By defining the individual's place in society, religion provides people a sense of personal identity and belonging. -When working with coalition partners, you may need to know what ways religion might inhibit people from engaging in an activity. Most cultures have religious food taboos. For example, Islam and Judaism forbid the eating of pork, so there are no pig farms in Israel or most of the Middle East. Hinduism prohibits eating beef, so fast food restaurants in India don't serve hamburgers.

Ambush Interview

Reporter and cameraman suddenly appear and start asking you questions. The ambush interview remains a favorite for many investigative reporters. We have all watched victims struggle with how to handle a reporter who shows up out of nowhere demanding an interview.

Task Discipline

Requires a strong sense of responsibility in performing your job to the best of your abilities, volunteering for the tough jobs, and working overtime, if necessary, to accomplish your mission as it relates to the Air Force mission.

Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VCJCS)

Second ranking member of the Armed Forces and replaces the CJCS in his absence or disability. The VCJCS performs duties prescribed by the CJCS.

Sex and Gender

Sex refers to the biological differences between male and female. Gender provides the cultural and social classification of masculine and feminine roles. Every culture distinguishes between male and female, although different societies attach their own social meanings to these categories. Gender often determines social relations involving power, individuals, group identities, and meaning and value. Gender equality isn't necessarily a modern phenomenon. In groups that primarily forage, women tend to hold roles and responsibilities similar to those of men. However, industrialized societies tend to have more gender inequality than non-industrialized societies because the household is no longer the main place of work for both men and women

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance...Eyes and ears on adversaries

Since the beginnings of armed conflict, superior knowledge has been one of the keys to effective combat power. For over 100 years, Airmen have exploited the vertical dimension to gain a decisive information advantage over our foes. The evolution of globally integrated ISR has fundamentally changed how America fights wars. Today, the Air Force has embraced globally integrated ISR as one of the Air Force's feature calling cards. ISR is much more than a support function. It's the foundation upon which every JIIM operation achieves success. Our 34,000 ISR Airmen identify and assess adversary targets and vulnerabilities from hideouts to bunkers to mobile launchers with greater accuracy than ever seen in the history of warfare

Sustenance and Health

Societies have different methods of transforming natural resources into food. The different food-getting or subsistence strategies are an essential part of human culture and serve as a basis for cultural differences. Sustenance influences residential patterns, family life and kinship systems, methods of exchange, and structures of power and prestige. ▪▪ What would you do if a young man in Eastern Europe cautioned you against drinking a cold drink because you would get a sore throat? How would you react if a person in North Africa told you her baby was sick because of jealousy and the "evil eye"? Each of these people could cite supporting examples of how cold drinks or the evil eye have caused illnesses. Your response in such situations could make the difference between building a relationship or spoiling it.

Technology an Materials

Societies use technology to transform the material environment. Technology includes the raw materials, tools, knowledge, and procedures needed to produce and manufacture material goods, whether in a basic agrarian (dealing with fields and land) or a complex industrial society.

Recognizing Prominent Barriers to Interaction

Sometimes you create barriers to effective and appropriate communication without even realizing it. There are two common communication barriers you should become aware of and practice to correct: competitive interrupting and overusing the content-only response.

Air & Space Superiority...Freedom from attack and the freedom to attack

Superiority in air and space - control over what moves through air and space - delivers a fundamental benefit to the JIIM environment. It includes the ability to control the air so that our military forces do not have to worry about being attacked from the air, while ensuring that joint forces have the freedom to attack in the air, on the ground, and at sea. It prevents adversaries from interfering with operations of air, space or surface forces, and assures freedom of action and movement. The control of air and space is a critical enabler for the Joint Force because it allows all US forces freedom from attack and freedom to attack.

transaction

Suppose that instead of one ball going back and forth, there are several balls in motion between the same two players. Now, the two players are simultaneously throwing balls to and receiving balls from one another in rapid-fire succession. This type of continuous sending and receiving is called a

Face-to- Face interpersonal communication.

Telephone, E-mail, and text message conversations, though usually private, are classified as

Post-Cold War

The Cold War lasted over 40 years, ending in 1991 with the fall of the Berlin Wall and without the use of a single nuclear weapon. With the Cold War won, our country was eager to cash in on the "peace dividend," a belief that the threat of nuclear war had decreased significantly and focus could move to other areas. Over the years that followed, the nuclear mission was deemphasized. In 1992, SAC and Tactical Air Command (TAC) combined to become Air Combat Command (ACC). The nuclear-capable bombers and fighters were assigned to ACC. The ICBMs were initially assigned to ACC as well but were later transferred to Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). This organizational change marked the beginning of a period of diminished strategic consideration for the nuclear enterprise and its mission.The nuclear enterprise changed again in 2009 when the Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) was created to ensure oversight of the Air Force nuclear mission and provide re-invigoration to the enterprise. This change highlighted the nuclear enterprise's continued relevance and priority as a major deterrence factor

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 led the world to the brink of nuclear war. When the Soviet Union's leader, Premier Nikita Khrushchev, installed medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, US President John Kennedy imposed a naval blockade to force their removal. Tension between the United States and the Soviet Union was at an all-time high, and the threat of a nuclear attack seemed imminent. In fact, Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations Anatoly Gribkov said, "Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread...and we weren't counting days or hours, but minutes." Both sides' fear of massive retaliation and the threat to the survivability of mankind heightened the tension that fueled the Cold War. In the end, the Soviet Union backed down on the missiles, and the United States promised not to invade Cuba in the future. The Cuban Missile Crisis stands today as a constant reminder of the immense danger that's ever present in the Nuclear Age.

AFI 36-2406, Officer and Enlisted Evaluation Systems -

The Officer and Enlisted Evaluation Systems have varied purposes. The first is to establish performance standards and expectations for ratees, meaningful feedback on how well the ratee is meeting those expectations, and direction on how to better meet those established standards and expectations. The second is to provide a reliable, longterm, cumulative record of performance and promotion potential based on that performance. The third is to provide officer Central Selection Boards (CSBs), SNCO evaluation boards, the Weighted Airman Promotion System (WAPS), and other personnel managers' with sound information to assist in identifying the best qualified

The President and Secretary of Defense (SecDef)

The President and SecDef are the civilian leadership of the US Military. By constitutional authority, the President serves as the military's Commander-in-Chief (CINC). Working with the SecDef, the President directs the execution of military actions and exercises authority, direction, and control of the Armed Forces through two distinct branches of the chain of command and control or C2. One branch...the operational branch... runs from the President and the SecDef, to the combatant commanders for missions and forces assigned to their commands. The other branch...the administrative branch... runs from the President, through the SecDef to the Secretaries of the Military Departments for administrative control (or ADCON) of Service responsibilities and forces.

Military Service Chiefs

The Service Chiefs are 'dual-hatted'. As members of the JCS, they offer advice to the President, SecDef, and the NSC. As chiefs of the Military Services, they're responsible to the Secretaries of their Military Departments for management of the Services. However, their duties as members of the JCS take precedence over all other duties.

Body

The body is where you deliver your message and achieve your objective (inform, motivate, persuade, etc.). A well-written body systematically guides the audience using a logical pattern. The body is made up of an orderly sequence of main ideas (main points) using one or more paragraphs. Each paragraph has a topic sentence and unity, which means that everything in the paragraph relates to a single idea. The body also has coherence, which means it follows an appropriate pattern, contains effective transitions, and uses nouns, pronouns, and verbs correctly.

▪▪ Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC):

The commander within a joint task force responsible for tasking air forces.

▪▪ Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC):

The commander within a joint task force responsible for tasking land forces.

▪▪ Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC):

The commander within a joint task force responsible for tasking maritime forces and assets. The JFMCC is normally the commander, Navy Forces.

▪▪ Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC):

The commander within a joint task force responsible for tasking special operations forces and assets.

Engagement

The goal of engagement is to fulfill your obligation to provide truthful, timely, and accurate information about military activities and personnel. The information must be consistent with security guidelines that enhance public trust and support for the Air Force. As such, the Air Force Core Value of Integrity First ensures your communication will always be truthful, credible, and remain within the bounds of security, accuracy, propriety, and policy (SAPP).

Learning Approaches (Application )

The greatest strength of the culture-general approach lies in the ability to take the foundational concepts and apply them to cultural scenarios not previously encountered. Doing so requires the individual to "learn how they learn," to analyze and draw conclusions from cultural data. Learn how you learn, and do the same for your Airmen, then capitalize on that with formal and informal learning opportunities. Build your knowledge via focused review of previous experiences (the OODA Loop is one model that helps you do that). Transfer knowledge to other Airmen as systematically as possible (After Action Reports, Lessons Learned, notes on Key Leader Engagements, unit "diaries", etc.)

What you say

The message focuses on what you say and how you say it. It consists of verbal and nonverbal messages sent back and forth between a sender and receiver. The message has the greatest impact on interpersonal communication because it contains a combination of spoken words and nonverbal messages.You should always use commonly understood terms and do not try to impress people with your "million-dollar" words. Remember, your words should always be concrete and not spoken in abstract terms

Motivation( Positive attitudes )

The most essential component of cross cultural competence is a set of positive attitudes toward cultural differences. Without these attitudes it is likely you may not absorb/retain knowledge or develop/employ the skills needed to be effective in a cross-cultural environment. You must have a positive attitude of openness and willingness to learn about and accept cultural differences.

••Unity of Command:

The operation of all forces under a single responsible commander who has the requisite authority to direct and employ those forces in pursuit of a common purpose.

Synergistic Effects:

The proper application of a coordinated force across multiple domains can produce effects that exceed the contributions of forces employed individually.

Adverse Administration and Punitive Actions Discipline

These are quality force management tools available to supervisors, superiors, and commanders

US Government Departments and Agencies

These include any United States governmental organizations that can be called upon when needed, such as the Department of Homeland Security, the Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau, any of the combat support agencies (CSAs), and the Domestic Policy Council.

four components which are inter-related that shows how you can Influence your environment.

They are: •• Knowledge (Cultural-General Conceptual Knowledge) is the intellectual scaffolding of cross cultural learning ••Motivation (Positive Attitudes) are the gateway to acquiring cultural general knowledge and developing or enacting cultural skills •• Learning Approaches (Application) is the ability to apply culture general knowledge and cultural skills in particular cultural contexts •• Cross Cultural Skills (at the center of the model) Relate, Communicate and Negotiate provide the means of acting upon culture general knowledge

Define parameters

Think about some of the major parameters that affect managerial communication: the amount of product to complete (quantity), the amount of time to prepare the communication (timeliness), the specific form of communication needs to be defined (type), the desired level of formality, the tone of the communication, and the amount of time allowed for delivering the message

Topical pattern

This pattern shows a specific way thing are accomplished...a breakdown of material by topic. An example of this style of pattern is, when you explain to new recruits that the Air Force is divided up into the airman, NCO, and SNCO tiers.

Background Interview

This type of interview is usually given when you have some background information regarding the topic. It allows you to provide context to stories, ensuring proper emphasis is placed on key aspects of the information, guaranteeing stories are accurately reported. In this type of interview, any quotes you give will usually be attributed to a generic title

Problem/solution pattern

This type of pattern brings not only the problem to the table but also a solution. An example of this type of pattern is, when you have to brief the commander about a plan to solve the problem of overdue training within your unit (or any communication that details a process like problem-solving or step-by-step course of action).

Cause/effect pattern

This type of pattern is used to show that because something did or did not happen, something else did or did not happen as a result. An example of this style of pattern would be a briefing covering a decrease in section manning (effect) caused by budget cuts and wing reorganization (cause).

Time and Space

Time management differs among cultures. A culture with a highly linear orientation toward time, as is customary in America, sees time as a limited commodity to be used efficiently towards problem-solving or coming to agreement. Non-linear cultures, such as Iraq, have a more expanded view of time. As a result, there may be less pressure to accomplish things quickly. Space refers to distance and proximity of living and personal space.

Research

To develop "substance," or foundation of information, you need to rely on certain sources of information. Your research plan should include these sources in this order: yourself, others who are familiar with your subject, and finally reference sources, common knowledge and standard information. By following this pattern you ensure you have used the resources most readily available to you first and foremost.

Selecting a Pattern

Using a pattern helps you present ideas in a logical sequence and allows your audience to follow your communication from start to finish. A pattern will also help you in developing transitions. When selecting your pattern, consider how to best reach your specific objective, the needs of your audience, and the nature of the material.

On-Scene Interview

Usually occurs on the scene of an incident or accident and a reporter, with an over the shoulder cameraman, asks you questions. During crisis media interviews, success is measured by the ability to convey messages that demonstrate commitment to public health and safety, as well as empathy/concern for those impacted by the crisis situation.

(DCMA) Defense Contract Management Agency

Works directly with Defense suppliers to help ensure that DoD, Federal, and allied government supplies are delivered on time.

Others as a credible source

You may consider speaking to others who have information on the subject that you're researching. The best information sources are those individuals who can assist in clarifying your questions and those who can provide facts and testimony to support your efforts. These subject matter experts can usually provide additional sources of information.

"back-channeling" cues

You may lean forward, nod your head, point, pause, or look away in an attempt to direct the conversation.

Group Discipline

You must "pull your own weight," and at times you may have to deny some personal preferences for the good of your group, section, and unit

TSgt Wilder is helping TSgt Salas prepare for his briefing to the Commander. After TSgt Wilder explains two or three steps, he asks TSgt Salas to explain to him what he truly meant by what he had just said so he could ensure his message was properly conveyed. Salas thanks Wilder for the information and says, "You just saved me from having to go up the chain of command for assistance." This scenario BEST illustrates ___________________________ communication. a. lateral b. upward c. downward

a. CORRECT. According to managerial communication, "lateral communication flows neither downward nor upward; instead, it flows across organizational channels or amongst you and your peers." In this scenario the communication is strictly between two TSgt's/peers. Salas shows his appreciation for this lateral communication when he states, "you just saved me from having to go up the chain of command for assistance."

Once SrA Knight arrived in Country "X", she noticed that many of the services she had back home were already up and running. The dining facility was operational, her tent was ready, and they even had a base transportation schedule available for those that worked on the other said of the forward operating base (FOB). She thought to herself, "Wow, I thought this was going to be a tough deployment, but now that I know I have some of the same things I had back home, performing my job won't be so bad." This scenario BEST illustrates the Air Force Key Capability of _________ and its impact on mission effectiveness. a. Agile Combat Support b. Rapid Global Mobility c. Global Presence

a. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, Agile Combat Support includes all elements of a forward base-support structure: maintenance, supply, transportation, communications, services, engineering, security, health services, finance, legal services, and chaplaincy. It also includes services mentioned in the scenario such as a transportation schedule, dining facilities and living quarters (tents.)

In order to gather information on the situation in Country "X", one CSA provides the communication equipment as well as operates, and assures command and control and information-sharing capabilities and a globally accessible enterprise information infrastructure. This support allows joint warfighters, national level leaders, and other mission and coalition partners across the full spectrum of military operations to make the best decisions possible based on well-gathered information relating to Country "X". This scenario BEST identifies the responsibilities of the __________ CSA. a. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) b. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) c. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)

a. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, DISA provides, operates, and assures command and control and information-sharing capabilities and a globally accessible enterprise information infrastructure in direct support of joint warfighters, national level leaders, and other mission and coalition partners across the full spectrum of military operations.

Which is not a common function of the Services? a. Construction, maintenance, and repair of buildings, structures, and utilities as well as the acquisition, management, and disposal of real property and natural resources b. Maintaining in readiness mobile reserve forces, properly organized, trained, and equipped for employment in an emergency c. Providing adequate, timely, and reliable intelligence and counterintelligence for the Military Departments and other agencies as directed by competent authority

a. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, construction, maintenance, and repair of buildings, structures, and utilities as well as the acquisition, management, and disposal of real property and natural resources is a common function of the Military Departments, not the Services.

During an interview, SSgt Clark says, "Yes we had several Airmen die in combat today; however, they died defending the values of this great nation that we live in...the United States of America! TSgt Clark's use/misuse of the _____________ interview technique will MOST LIKELY ____________ NCO effectiveness. a. bridging; enhance b. bridging; hinder c. hooking; enhance d. hooking; hinder

a. CORRECT. Bridging is a technique you can use to move from the reporter's agenda to your message. Briefly answer the reporter's question then smoothly transition by bridging to deliver your message and agenda. An example is, "Fifteen airmen died in combat today; however, they died defending..." Using these types of techniques will enhance NCO effectiveness.

TSgt Pratt is a very well respected leader. He often talks with his subordinates about the use and misuse of social media to ensure they are doing the right things. During one of his roll calls, he says, "You are responsible for what you post online. It is important that you only discuss things you know to be true and remember not to share sensitive information. " TSgt Pratt's use/misuse of __________ will MOST likely____________ mission effectiveness. a. social media guidelines; enhance b. social media guidelines; hinder c. social media; enhance d. social media; hinder

a. CORRECT. Social Media Guidelines state that Airmen must remember there are always consequences to what you write and upload (e.g. videos). Stay in your lane, be aware of the image you present, don't misrepresent the truth or give out classified information." TSgt Pratt's comments will enhance mission effectiveness by ensuring his team understands social media guidelines.

TSgt Langrud was selected to address the media regarding the Air Force'Ss Self Aid and Buddy Care Training Program. He has been instructing the hands-on skill verification portion of the training for the last three years. TSgt Langrud says, "Before the interview, I rehearsed so that I could provide correct and current information about our unit's activities. I almost got caught off guard with one question but ended up providing an answer that sustains confidence for our unit." This scenario BEST illustrates the goal of _______________________. a. engagement b. perception c. telling the Air Force Story

a. CORRECT. The goal of engagement is to fulfill your obligation to provide truthful, timely, and accurate information about military activities and personnel (correct information about the Air Force). The information must be consistent with security guidelines that enhance public trust and support for the Air Force (sustains confidence for our unit).

TSgt Finn stated, "This is used to portray actions you require to be completed by your addressees. The emphasis in this communication is strong, brief guidelines, and prospects for your audience. This style is best used to convey instructions to your subordinates about a task that needs to be completed." Due to his comments, SSgt Haynes was able to appropriately convey the job needed to be accomplished. The comments of TSgt Finn BEST illustrate the appropriate use of ____________ communication and its impact on subordinate effectiveness. a. directive b. informative c. persuasive

a. CORRECT: According to managerial communication directive communication is used to describe (portraying) actions you expect (require) to be carried out (completed) by your audience (addressees). The emphasis in directive communication is clear (strong), concise (brief) directions (guidelines) and expectations (prospects) for your audience. This communication style is best used to deliver (convey) orders (instruction) to your subordinates about a task (job) that needs to be accomplished.

TSgt Olds sent a memorandum removing any ambiguity for his Airman which read, "From this day forward, all operators will only be afforded one hour for lunch and no more. Also, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday all operators are to go to flight PT which will begin promptly at 0630." TSgt Olds' use of _________________ will MOST LIKELY ______________ NCO effectiveness. a. directive communication; enhance b. directive communication; hinder c. persuasive communication; enhance d. persuasive communication; hinder

a. CORRECT: According to managerial communication, directive communication is, "used to describe actions you expect to be carried out by your audience. The emphasis in directive communication is clear, concise directions and expectations for your audience. This communication style is best used to deliver orders to your subordinates about a task that needs to be accomplished." In the scenario, TSgt Olds is clearly laying down his expectations for his subordinates with clear concise directions that leave no room for questions. His actions will MOST LIKELY enhance NCO effectiveness.

TSgt Jonson is about to deploy for the first time. Not wanting to make the same cultural mistakes others in his unit have made while deployed, he memorized the Air Force Cultural and Language Center's field guide on Afghanistan's culture. He also visits a local Afghan community in the States to practice what he has learned and establishes a great working relationship with the Afghan community. TSgt Jonson's actions BEST illustrate ___________ knowledge of 3C education and training and its impact on his effectiveness. a. Culture-specific competence b. Culture-general competence c. Cross culture skills

a. CORRECT: According to the Cross Cultural Awareness chapter, Cultural-Specific competence illustrates an approach that emphasizes specific aspects of particular cultures, affording Airmen much of the knowledge and/or skills necessary to interact more competently with individuals from those cultural backgrounds. TSgt Jonson has demonstrated that by taking what he has learned from the pamphlet developed by the Air Force Cultural and Language Center and applying it in the local Afghan community. His initiative in doing so exemplifies a motivation of an Airman wanting to make a positive difference in a deployment

TSgt Knight briefs her newly arrived team, "If this is your first deployment, I want you to be aware of your actions. This relates to the faith or notion that your community or ethnic set is greater than another's. It can make you think that you are right while others are wrong. It's important to open your mind, be tolerant, and understand that every culture is different, especially when deployed." TSgt Knights's comments BEST identify _____. a. ethnocentrism b. universalism c. relativism

a. CORRECT: According to the Cross Cultural Awareness chapter, ethnocentrism is the belief or assumption that the particular social or cultural group a person belongs to is superior. TSgt Knight is explaining ethnocentrism when he states, "...the faith or notion that your community or ethnic set is greater than another's. It can make us think that we are right while others are wrong. It's important to open your mind, be tolerant, and understand that every culture is different, especially when deployed."

The three factors of interpersonal communication are ______, _______, and _______. a. Knowing yourself, knowing others, and the message. b. Knowing others, self-monitoring, and perception checking c. Knowing yourself, self-monitoring, and the message

a. Knowing yourself, knowing others, and the message

Maneuver

ability to quickly integrate a force and strike an adversary's strategic or operational centers of gravity is the essence of maneuver.

Unity of Command

all efforts should be directed and coordinated toward a common objective under one responsible commander.

Relativism

allows you to temporarily suspend judgment in order to understand things from another's point of view. For example, in western culture, men and women can engage in conversation in public. In some other cultures, men and women that aren't related can't talk to each other in public. If you practice relativism, you would understand that the way things happen in your culture don't necessarily happen the same way in other cultures...and you can respect the difference.

Essential knowledge of culture begins with

an understanding of basic concepts, particularly culture, relativism, ethnocentrism, and holism. This establishes the field of inquiry (what culture is), different "ways of seeing" (relativistic versus ethnocentric), and how culture "works" (holistically). These general culture concepts are applicable to any specific culture, establishing a solid baseline for further learning

Organizing communication

appropriately is an important step toward effectively reaching your specific objective. There are several important sub-steps to organizing your communication: selecting a suitable pattern, defining main points and support, constructing an outline, and transitioning between main points. As soon as your topic of communication comes to you (directed/thought of), your mind automatically starts to generate ideas about the subject. Organizing those ideas will help you develop the subject clearly and logically and ultimately help your audience reach the specific objective.

Quotations

are also an excellent way to begin a speech or paper as long as it is relevant to what follows.

Safety Rules

are comprised of general and specific provisions applicable to a nuclear weapon system for conducting approved operations while ensuring maximum safety consistent with operational or logistic requirements

Gestures

are customarily the use of hands to show emphasis, transition, enumeration, etc.; sometimes accompanied by tonal inflections, pauses, or other nonverbal behavior.

Positive Measures

are design features, safety rules, procedures, accident prevention or mitigation measures, or other controls including physical security and coded control systems used collectively or individually to enhance safety and to reduce the likelihood, severity, or consequences of an accident, unauthorized act, or deliberate threat.

Functional components

are established by the CJTF to control military operations. The functional component commanders are given the authority to conduct operations IAW the CJTF's intent and governing CONOPS. The responsibilities and authority of each functional component must be assigned by the CJTF.

(support Material) Brief Examples

are normally presented in short clusters of two or three. Brief examples are more effective if they are specific instead of general. They can be used as citation support, proof support, or to condense a massive amount of narrative information. Here are three examples: •• Citation Support: Defined as making it easier to understand: Example: ▪▪ Air University often looks at critical processes. For example, staff and faculty are currently looking at ways to leverage technology to reduce costs across the university. •• Proof Support: Defined as establishing something as true and/or factual. Example: ▪▪ Because of inadequate PCS reimbursements, Sergeant Green was not reimbursed for $1,500 in moving expenses. His loss is evidence that a problem exists. •• A narrative is defined as an example that provides very effective support. Normally a narrative example involves a specific incident and includes names, dates, and details. An effective narrative example makes the story real and believable.

Definitions

are primarily used to explain or clarify unfamiliar terms, jargon, processes, or to establish a common core of experience. ••Use as proof support. For example, they can show you that a certain policy or rule existed in a regulation or other document. ••Use as clarification support. For example, use a definition to explain unfamiliar jargon in an EPR (Enlisted Performance Report). •• Rules for using definitions. ▪▪ If your audience knows or understands the term, don't define it. ▪▪ If your audience does not understand the term or jargon, define the term or jargon in words the audience will understand

Transitions

are the device that helps the audience know this shift is occurring. While not every form of supervisory communication uses the same type of transition, you need to incorporate some type of transition into all of your communications. Transitions show connections between ideas. Without transitions, your communications are nothing more than a group of individual ideas.

Technical Procedures

are the explicit directions that must be followed to conduct operations with nuclear weapons. Technical procedures are documented in service technical publications and Joint Nuclear Weapons Publication System (JNWPS) Technical Publications (TP).

The 12 Domains of Culture

are universal categories of interaction, belief and meaning shared by all cultures but dealt with differently by each culture.

Rhetorical Questions

are used to prompt listeners or readers to seek answers in their own minds and to stimulate them to think about the matters or issues you want them to deal with. Example: An insurance agent speaking to a group of potential customers, might say, "What would you do if your house burned down tonight?" This question gains the audience's attention and gets them thinking about insurance.

Worldviews

are ways that someone sees and understands world events, especially in relation to their religious or political beliefs and ideas.

Surprise

attacking the enemy at a time, place, or in a manner for which they're not prepared.

Simplicity

avoiding unnecessary complex organizing, preparing, planning, and conducting military operations.

TSgt Lee was mentoring his subordinate when he said, "This style of arrangement carries not only the issue to the table, but it also brings a resolution along with it." TSgt Lee continued by explaining the entire process. The actions of TSgt Lee BEST identify the use of the _____________________ pattern. a. time/chronological b. problem/solution c. cause/effect

b. CORRECT. According to managerial communication, "This type (style) of pattern(arrangement) brings (carries) not only the problem (issue) to the table, but it also brings a solution (resolution) along with it." Lee is briefing his subordinate the problem solution style pattern.

_______ exercise COCOM over their assigned forces and establishes personnel policies to ensure proper and uniform standards of conduct within the command. a. Service Component Commanders b. Combatant Commanders c. Joint Force Commanders

b. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, Combatant Commanders exercise COCOM over their assigned forces and establishes personnel policies to ensure proper and uniform standards of conduct within the command.

Since the US has an alliance with Country "X", the President and NSC determined that the violence and unrest has created a humanitarian crisis. People aren't getting the food and medical care they need. Therefore, within a matter of hours, C-130s carrying troops and supplies was headed to a safe location near Country "X". This scenario BEST illustrates an example of ________________________. a. Precision Engagement b. Rapid Global Mobility c. Information Superiority

b. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, Rapid Global Mobility refers to the timely movement, positioning, and sustainment of military forces and capabilities through air and space, across the range of military operations. In the scenario, troops are headed to Country "X" in a matter of hours with supplies. This is made possible by Rapid Global Mobility

While at a local pizzeria, SSgt Pym and TSgt Van Dyne heard what appeared to be a bomb explode across the street. A reporter bursts through the door with an over the shoulder cameraman and asks, "Do you think it's a terrorist bombing like the Boston Marathon?" They respond, "It probably is. Get out of our way so that we can go and help." This scenario BEST illustrates the ____________ interview. a. face-to-face b. on-scene c. remote

b. CORRECT. During an On-Scene interview, you are actually on the scene of an incident or accident (what appeared to be a bomb explode across the street) and a reporter, with an over the shoulder cameraman, asks you questions (A reporter bursts through the door and asks, "Do you think it's a terrorist bombing like the Boston Marathon?").

During his briefing at the Newcomers Orientation, TSgt Mullins says, "This is a sociable measureable act and open-source material that can be composed, understood, or patched together by an adversary to develop perilous information. This scenario BEST identifies ____________________________ . a. OPSEC b. an OPSEC indicator c. the purpose of OPSEC

b. CORRECT. OPSEC indicators are friendly (sociable) detectable (measurable) actions and open-source information (material) that can be collected (composed), interpreted (understood), or pieced (patched) together by an adversary to derive critical (perilous) information.

TSgt Johnson, NCOIC of Public Affairs, says, "Some of the things you should consider is to not give confidential data, security, and be mindful of the appearance you convey." This scenario BEST identifies some of the _____________________. a. interview techniques b. social media guidelines c. OPSEC concerns

b. CORRECT. Some of the top 10 tips for new social media is: don't give classified info (confidential data), safety (security), and be aware of the image you present (be mindful of the appearance you convey).

While conducting an in-brief, TSgt Williams says, "For this intelligence unit to be successful, we must inspire certain onlookers whenever or wherever they present themselves. We must stay abreast of global current events and be able to speak on them when called upon. It begins with a united and synchronized message that is presented consistently to key audiences to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical effects." This scenario BEST identifies __________________________ strategic communication. a. examples of b. the purpose of c. your role in

b. CORRECT. The primary purpose of strategic communication is to influence (inspire) particular (certain) audiences (onlookers) whenever or wherever they present themselves. It begins with a combined (united) and coordinated (synchronized) message that is presented consistently to key audiences to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical effects.

MSgt Casale was mentoring TSgt Schrand on ways to overcome his inability to find an appropriate direction for his communication. Casale told him, "This method is useful in showing the critic within yourself who is really in charge." MSgt Casale's comment BEST identifies ________________________. a. statistics b. free writing c. mind mapping

b. CORRECT: According to managerial communication, free writing is an effective method for overcoming your internal critical judge." Casale clearly identifies free writing when he says, "This method is useful in showing the critic within yourself who is really in charge."

While giving the unit's in-processing briefing, SSgt Offerman says, "Through the Nuclear Enterprise, our unit provides the capability that is a necessary piece of the formula to prevent aggression by our adversaries. This alone, however isn't enough to be fully effective. Our adversaries must perceive us as a credible threat by understanding that our Nation has the will and capability to use these weapons if needed." This scenario BEST illustrates key elements of nuclear ________ impact on mission effectiveness. a. weapons systems and their b. deterrence and its c. surety and its

b. CORRECT: According to the Nuclear Enterprise chapter, Deterrence can be viewed as a product of three inter-related factors which are a nation's capability, multiplied by its will, multiplied by others' perceptions of that capability and will. In this scenario, SSgt Offerman mentions all three parts of the deterrence formula.

TSgt Hammond is the NCOIC of the dental clinic and believes Airmen are the key to success. He establishes rapport with them, listens and values their viewpoint, and provides and accepts constructive feedback. He holds regular meetings to explain clinic goals and to discuss with his subordinates how to align their goals with organizational goals. At one of his meetings, Amn Miller says, "Because our patient questionnaire is several pages long, it delays patient in-processing. If we sent the questionnaire to our patients ahead of time, it would speed up in-processing." Hammond replies, "That is a great idea. Please implement it immediately." Several weeks later Miller tells Hammond, "Our new procedure has shortened patient in-processing an average of 15 minutes." TSgt Hammond's actions BEST illustrate effective _____________ and their impact on mission effectiveness. a. basic interpersonal communication skills b. interpersonal communication c. feedback and counseling

b. CORRECT: In the scenario, TSgt Hammond demonstrates effective interpersonal communication by listening and valuing his subordinates viewpoint (Working Relationships), providing and accepting constructive feedback (Working Relationships), and allowing subordinates to discuss their job ("Because our patient questionnaire is several pages long, it delays patient in-processing. If we sent the questionnaire to our patients ahead of time, it would speed up in-processing.") (Working Relationships). According to the Defining Interpersonal Communication section, one of the benefits of effective interpersonal skills on improving working relationships with subordinates was they are willing to share finer details of the job and their performance of it. Furthermore, his regular meetings to discuss the goals of the clinic and how the goals align with his subordinates personal goals demonstrates an understanding of the work center Climate (situational climate), which according to the Interpersonal Communication chapter, the situational climate contends that organizational and individual goals need not be at odds with one another; thus, this climate falls midway between the dehumanized and overhumanized climates. The perception of similarity between personal and organizational goals should promote increased productivity, which, in turn, may increase the amount of intrinsic motivation and a greater sense of responsibility by subordinates.

After attending a Cross Cultural Awareness class, TSgt Trickle says, "I learned that people in certain cultures pay more attention to the message's framework and the spoken and nonverbal cues than people from other cultures." TSgt Trickle's comments BEST identify ________________. a. low context b. high context c. worldviews

b. CORRECT: TSgt Trickle's comments BEST identify a high context style/tendency. When listening to someone speak, people in relatively high context cultures pay more attention to the message's context and the verbal and nonverbal cues than people in relatively low context cultures. This is evident in TSgt Trickle's comments when she says, "people in certain cultures pay more attention to the message's framework and the spoken and nonverbal cues than people from other cultures."

The two types of feedback are _______ and _______. a. preventative and feedback sessions b. preventative and rehabilitative c. rehabilitative and interpersonal problems

b. preventative and rehabilitative

MSgt Copley has tasked TSgt Wendt with briefing the flight about the new tattoo policy. Copley tells Wendt "you'll have 5 minutes during tomorrow's roll call to brief the section on what has changed in AFI 36-2903 in regards to the tattoo policy. This brief needs to be delivered in a professional manner so that everyone understands the message." MSgt Copley's directions BEST illustrates ___________________. a. narrowing the topic b. analyzing the audience c. defining the parameters

c. CORRECT. According to managerial communication, "some of the major parameters that affect managerial communication: the amount of product to complete (quantity), the amount of time to prepare the communication (timeliness), the specific form of communication needs to be defined (type), the desired level of formality, the tone of the communication, and the amount of time allowed for delivering the message." Copley is giving all of the above information to Wendt before he even begins to prepare his communication.

Since Country "X's" government has been overthrown, the President and advisors must decide on which force to send in to establish order. This will require the selected force to occupy territories in Country "X" and provide for the initial establishment of a military government until the elected government can regain control. This scenario BEST illustrates functions suited for the _______________. a. Marine Corps b. Navy c. Army

c. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, occupying territories and providing for the initial establishment of a military government until the elected government can regain control is a function of the Army.

SrA Knight has been tasked with a no-notice deployment to Country "X". She doesn't understand why the US has to get involved in another country's problems. Her supervisor, TSgt Foye, tells her our Nation has decided that promoting security, especially with our allies like Country "X" is an objective that supports the National Security Strategy. TSgt Foye says, "Your job as a Security Forces member is key to not only promoting security, but also deterring future conflict. Executing your job allows us to meet our global responsibilities." TSgt Foye's comments BEST identify objectives of the ____________ and its impact on mission effectiveness. a. National Security Strategy b. National Military Strategy c. National Defense Strategy

c. CORRECT. According to the JIIM Operations chapter, the objectives of the NDS include defending the Homeland, winning the Long War, promoting security, deterring conflict, and winning the Nation's Wars. TSgt Foye's comments, "Your job as a Security Forces member is key to not only promoting security, but also deterring future conflict" is indicative of the NDS objectives.

A face-to-face, multidirectional exchange of verbal messages and nonverbal signals between two or more people, for the purpose of gaining a shared meaning. The statement above BEST identifies_________. a. factors influencing interpersonal communication b. the nature of interpersonal communication c. interpersonal communication

c. CORRECT: According to the Interpersonal Communication chapter, interpersonal communication is a face-to-face, multidirectional exchange of verbal messages and nonverbal signals between two or more people, for the purpose of gaining a shared meaning

SSgt Ayo asks her supervisor TSgt Vann, "Why do the women here in Iraq dress like that? They all wear the same color...black! I'm so glad our culture isn't so restrictive." TSgt Vann responds, "Their culture doesn't support a lot of freedom of expression. We shouldn't judge their culture just because it's not like ours in the U.S." Because TSgt Vann _____domain of culture, his comments will MOST likely _____ subordinate effectiveness. a. understands the Sex and Gender; enhance b. misunderstands the Sex and Gender; hinder c. understands the Aesthetics and Recreation; enhance d. misunderstands the Aesthetics and Recreation; hinder

c. CORRECT: Because TSgt Vann understands the Aesthetics and Recreation domain of culture, his comments will MOST likely enhance subordinate effectiveness. Aesthetics and Recreation refers to people's expression of beauty and style, as well as people's methods of recreation. It is evident that TSgt Vann understands the Aesthetics and Recreation domain of culture by his comments when he says, "Their culture does not support a lot of freedom of expression. We shouldn't judge their culture just because it's not like ours in the U.S."

SSgt Fullerton eagerly asks TSgt Tate about his upcoming deployment and the challenges he's going to face. Tate sits down with Fullerton and goes over the cultural dynamics of the location. She goes on to say, "I have gathered all the notes and reports we have been collecting on the area. There's a lot of great information on our interactions with the village elders along with how to effectively work with the locals. I also have manuals for you to study on the area." After their conversation, SSgt Fullerton leaves excited and ready for the challenge. TSgt Tate's comments BEST illustrate the ________________ part of the 3C model and its impact on mission effectiveness. a. Communication b. Motivation c. Learning approaches

c. CORRECT: TSgt Tate's comments BEST identify Learning approaches. Transfer knowledge to other Airmen as deliberate and methodically as possible (After Action Reports, Lessons Learned, notes on Key Leader Engagements, unit "diaries", etc.). This is evident in TSgt Tate's comments when she says, "I have gathered all the notes and reports we have been collecting on the area. There's a lot of great information on our interactions with the village elders along with how to effectively work with the locals. I also have manuals for you to study on the area."

Private Sector (and others)

can assist the USG by sharing information, identifying risks, performing vulnerability assessments, assisting in deliberate planning, etc. The scope in which private organizations can be involved includes theater security cooperation, combat support, and reconstruction. Examples of this type of organization include the Homeland Security/Defense Education Consortium, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for Defense and Business, and the University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center

The scope of interpersonal communication

can be as small as one-on-one interactions between two people, transactions between one person and a small group of people, or even transactions between one person and a large audience

Common Knowledge

can be used in the same manner as your own personal knowledge and experiences; there is no need to acknowledge the source. Some examples of common knowledge are: •• There are four seasons in the year. •• There are 365 days in a year. •• The United States entered World War II after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. •• The national bird of the United States is the bald eagle. Common knowledge is not always so common. Be careful with what you believe is common knowledge, it may only be common to you.

Startling Statement

can be used to jar the audience into paying attention. Example: "You can eat in a different restaurant three times a day for 15 years and still not eat in every restaurant in New York City."

Gimmicks

can quickly gain the audience's attention. Example: Speaker holds up a clenched fist, and states, "I have in my hand something that no human being has ever seen before, and, a moment after I open my hand, no one will ever see it again." The speaker opens his hand revealing a peanut in a shell. He opens the shell, eats the peanut, and then makes the point that ideas are as useless as peanuts in a shell unless they are properly expressed.

Economy of Force

careful employment and distribution of forces.

The theory of modern deterrence

centers, around our nuclear capabilities. The primary purpose of maintaining the US nuclear arsenal is to discourage an enemy from pursuing, procuring, and employing nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Nuclear weapons create massive amounts of damage and suffering to intended targets and surrounding areas. The fear of counteraction from other nations and the possible political consequences of the use of nuclear weapons are factors that have determined the need for nuclear deterrence.

Blog

comes from the term web log (also called Weblog). It is a diary on a web site usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary intended for public viewing. Most blogstyle web sites allow users to reflect, share opinions, and discuss various topics in the form of an online journal. Items—called posts—may have keyword tags associated with them and are usually available as feeds. Be careful of what you post. U.S. Air Force Live is a Blog (airforcelive.dodlive.mil) maintained by the Air Force Public Affairs Agency

Combatant Commanders (CCDRs)

command the unified combatant commands established by the President. They're responsible for the mission in their geographic area of responsibility (AOR), unless otherwise directed. According to Joint Publication 1-0, Joint Personnel Support, CCDRs exercise combatant command (COCOM) over assigned forces, which allows them to direct and approve those aspects of personnel support necessary to carry out assigned missions and to standardize personnel policies as they deem necessary. Additionally, the CCDR establishes personnel policies to ensure proper and uniform standards of conduct within his/her command

Mass

concentrates the effects of combat power at a specific time and place that is most advantageous to achieve decisive results.

Collectivist cultures

consider extended family (grandparents, aunts/uncles, etc.) affiliations very important throughout a person's life. Children usually live with their family of orientation until marriage and may live with them even after marriage. Family relations strongly influence where one lives, what political candidates and parties one supports, one's religious identification, etc. People tend to remain economically and legally dependent on their family of orientation until marriage, and even sometimes afterwards.

Tactical Doctrine

considers particular objectives (stopping the advance of an armored column) and conditions (threats, weather, and terrain) and describes how Air Force assets are employed to accomplish the tactical objective (B-1s dropping anti-armor cluster munitions). It's codified as tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) in Air Force TTP (AFTTP) 3 series manuals.

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)

consist of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. The collective body is headed by the CJCS, who sets the agenda and presides over JCS meetings. The Joint Chiefs of Staff functions include developing the Joint Strategic Review, the National Military Strategy, the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, global plans and orders, and managing global forces.

Joint Doctrine

contains fundamental principles that guide the employment of the US military forces in coordinated action toward a common objective and may include terms, tactics, techniques, and procedures

During an interview, TSgt Thomas says, "I like the way you asked that question." Afterwards, he answers the question with very detailed and accurate information. TSgt Thomas' use/misuse of ______________ will MOST LIKELY _____________ NCO effectiveness. a. interview techniques; enhance b. interview techniques; hinder c. interview do's and don'ts; enhance d. interview do's and don'ts; hinder

d. CORRECT. Part of the Interview Do's and Don'ts says, "Don't begin with gratuitous phrases, such as, 'I'm glad you asked that question'.... It wastes time, doesn't convey anything, and implies that all the other questions were stupid."

the nature of interpersonal communication includes

depth, scope, and suitability

Social Media

describes the various activities that integrate technology, social interaction, and the construction of words, pictures, videos, and audio.

Yourself as a credible source

determine what you already know about the subject before you start looking elsewhere. Your experiences with the specific situation can often provide a strong base of information. In examining your own personal knowledge base, you might discover you have gaps in your information. This will indicate where you need to conduct more research.

distinct phases to effective communication

diagnose communication needs, prepare the communication, and deliver the message. Following these basic steps will be your guide to success, regardless of whether your communication task is to write a letter, speak to an audience, conduct performance feedback, or correct a policy violation.

According to The Tongue and Quill, all Air Force writing or speaking falls under one or a combination of four general purposes:

direct, inform, persuade, and inspire

Objective

directing military operations toward a defined and attainable goal that contributes to strategic, operational, and tactical aims.

Restraint

disciplined application of military force appropriate to the situation.

The Personnel Reliability Program (PRP)

ensures that only those persons whose behavior demonstrates integrity, reliability, trustworthiness, allegiance, and loyalty to the United States shall be allowed to perform duties associated with nuclear weapons.

comparisons

focus on similarities and make a statement about the relationship between two or more things stated fully to ensure clarity. •• For example: "Auditory learners are distracted by noise more than visual learners are" or "Noise distracts auditory learners more than it distracts visual learners." You should always state "what" is being compared. •• For example: "The F-22 is faster than the F-16.", "Her paper is better than mine."

A content-only response

focuses only on the literal meaning of a message without taking into account the emotions or cultural message behind what is being said. For example, if an Airman sets foot on the ground for the first time in Afghanistan and said, "This heat is killing me," a novice interpreter could translate that message literally, and a great deal of misunderstanding could occur between the Airman and the Afghan's he will be working with before the introductions are even made!

Culture-General competence

gives us the ability to quickly and accurately comprehend, then appropriately and effectively act in any culturally complex environment to achieve the desired effect for the mission. You need not necessarily have had prior exposure to that particular group, region, or language. However, cross cultural competence in a general sense can help you operate in a culture by employing problem-solving skills (like the OODA loop: observe, orient, decide, and act) and having the requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes that should help you avoid a communication faux pas or misunderstanding

Multidirectional exchange

happens when all parties involved have both permission and freedom to express themselves freely and openly about the issue under discussion. This is considered verbal communication. During a multidirectional exchange of conversation, you often display nonverbal signals. Nonverbal signals are important because they carry the greatest amount of the communication burden. Also, nonverbal signals display the way you listen, look, move, and react to other people. They also show whether or not you care and how well you are listening. Nonverbal signals produce a sense of interest, trust, and desire for connection, or in contrast; they generate disinterest, distrust, and confusion.

Eye Contact

happens when the sender and receiver are looking into each other's eyes.

Common grounds

help audiences pay more attention when they have something in common with the speaker

General purpose objective

identifies what the communicator intends to do: direct, inform, persuade, or inspire. However, the specific objective defines the desired result on the target audience (what you want your audience to take away from the communication). "What do I want my audience to do as a result of my communication?"

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)

in consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, advises the SecDef on manpower and personnel issues impacting the readiness of the Armed Forces of the United States and the force structure required to support attainment of national security objectives. Additionally, the CJCS is responsible for advising the SecDef on the extent to which the major manpower programs and policies of the Armed Forces of the United States conform to strategic plans.

Introduction

includes an attention step, purpose statement, motivation/hook, and overview. These elements capture the audience's attention and inform them of the purpose of your communication. A good introduction also provides a roadmap so the audience understands where your communication is headed

Doctrine

includes fundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of national objectives. It's authoritative, but requires judgment in its application. Although there are three types of doctrine (Multinational, Joint, and Service), this section will only address two types: joint and Air Force doctrine.

Lateral Communication

information flows neither downward nor upward; instead, it flows across organizational channels or amongst you and your peers.

Motivation/Hook

informs the audience Why they need to listen, How they can use the information you're about to communicate to them, and what makes them Want to listen. Think about how you can relate to your listeners and get them to relate to you, or your topic. Appealing to your audience on a personal level captures their attention, increasing the chances of motivation and an overall successful communication. Some examples of motivational hooks include: presenting shocking statistics, asking direct questions of the audience, or enlisting audience participation.

Negotiate

involves the use of a deliberate process to overcome differences and resolve conflicts that can arise from different values, miscommunication, different interpretations, or competition for resources. Supporting these skills is a body of declarative knowledge (concepts) as well as procedural knowledge (what to do). The ability to effectively enact this knowledge through behavior must be developed through deliberate practice and feedback.

Communicate

involves transmitting thoughts, feelings and information to other people to avoid misunderstandings. Culture manifests itself in our communication. Whether you realize it or not, our verbals and nonverbals speak volumes about our worldviews or notions of how the world is. They also provide clues into our norms or beliefs on how we think the world should be. Along with Time and Space, these contextual clues, if misunderstood or overlooked, could spell disaster for a relationship or even an entire mission.

Relate

involves understanding others in order to develop a social or sympathetic relationship. In order to positively influence a cross cultural relationship, you should find ways to relate with individuals from other cultures. This might require you to put your point of view and judgments aside and step back to look at the world through their eyes. Having the motivation to understand culture should help you find some commonality to better relate and communicate (expressing thoughts, feelings or information) effectively.

Deterrence

is "a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction." Deterrence can be viewed as a product of three inter-related factors: a nation's capability multiplied by its will, multiplied by others' perceptions of that capability and will. All Airmen are vital to this formula. If Airmen fail to adhere to proper procedures and guidance resulting in mission degradation, the capability and will of our force comes into question. This could degrade the credibility of our force in the eyes of our aversaries, thus compromising the desired level of deterrence

a crisis

is "an incident or situation involving a threat to a nation, its territories, citizens, military forces, possessions, or vital interests that develops rapidly and creates a condition of such diplomatic, economic, political, or military importance that commitment of military forces and resources are contemplated to achieve national objectives." From this definition, note that crisis/contingencies are smaller than war and the purpose may be to assist versus fight.

A reasonable doubt

is a "doubt based on reason and common sense." A reasonable doubt isn't mere speculation; it's an honest, conscientious doubt suggested by the evidence, or lack of it, in the case.

Control Roster

is a 6-month observation period for individuals whose duty performance is substandard or who fail to meet or maintain Air Force standards. Commanders should periodically counsel personnel on the control roster about their improvement or failure to improve and have the authority to remove a member from the control roster early regardless of how long the action was on file.

Summary

is a brief and concise review of all main points and supporting ideas that are critical to achieving your goal. Well-developed summaries show a logical relationship between the main points and the purpose of the communication. In addition, summaries act like brake lights alerting your audience that the presentation is about to end. Always remember, your summaries must not contain any new information.

A function

is a broad, general, and enduring role for which an organization is designed, equipped, and trained.

The Air Force Story

is a deliberately developed narrative about the Air Force. It's important to stay informed of current events. When engaging the media you should be able to articulate the Air Force's mission, values and goals and how they are aligned with your wing's mission. As a general rule, when you communicate with members of the media, always speak the truth, give accurate details, and ALWAYS speak "in your lane."

A lodgement

is a designated area in a hostile territory that, when seized and held, makes the continuous landing of troops and material possible and provides maneuver space for subsequent operations.

Interpersonal communication

is a face-to-face, multidirectional exchange of verbal messages and nonverbal signals between two or more people, for the purpose of gaining a shared meaning."

Citation

is a method used to verify the source's credibility on a book, article, webpage, or other published item. When using any material word-for-word from a source, use quotation marks around the entire statement. Introducing the author of your quote provides credibility to your speech by convincing your audience that the quote came from a reputable source

The Unfavorable Information File (UIF)

is a paper or electronic file maintained by the Military Personnel Section (MPS). Once a UIF is established it shows up on personnel reports for as long as it exists. UIFs can exist for only one year or as long as several years depending on the types of documents it contains and when documents were placed in the folder. The most important thing to remember about UIFs is that they indicate the person in question has committed one or more very serious breaches of discipline. While the UIF exists, NCOs must consider its contents when making personnel recommendations such as promotion, cross-training, special duty assignments and permanent change of station moves, reenlistment, deployments, Temporary Duty's, and advanced training.

An alliance

is a relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations.

Campaign

is a series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a military strategic or operational objective within a given time and space.

Air Force Doctrine

is a statement of officially sanctioned beliefs, warfare principles, and terminology that describes and guides the proper use of air, space, and cyberspace power in military operations. It also shapes the manner in which the Air Force organizes trains, equips, and sustains its forces

The Discipline Model (DM)

is a system of three Arenas that if used correctly can help uphold standards and discipline in the Air Force. The three Arenas consist of Prevention, Correction, and Punishment and are intended to build upon one another and if taken seriously, each preceding Arena can serve to preclude the following Arena.

Flagging

is a technique used to emphasize your message. Use verbal clues such as tone of voice, non-verbal hand gestures, and facial expressions to emphasize your point. Example: If you remember one thing (higher tone for "one thing") today, it should be...

Bridging

is a technique you can use to move from the reporter's agenda to your message. Briefly answer the reporter's question then smoothly transition by bridging to deliver your message and agenda. Examples: The F-35 does cost a lot, but this aircraft delivers... Fifteen airmen died in combat today; however, they died defending... This base is not closing, and our mission here will...

Culture Shock

is a term used to describe the anxiety and physical/emotional discomfort that can occur when a person moves to an unfamiliar environment

"Cold War"

is a term used to describe the period of political conflict, military tension, and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII. The Cold War, which would become a nuclear weapon "stand-off," began with the Berlin Airlift in June 1948.The Berlin Airlift was the first major challenge for the US Air Force after being designated a separate military branch in 1947.

Nuclear proliferation

is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that are not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" (NWS) by the NPT. Opened for signature 1 July 1968, the NPT defined what a NWS was, provided security for non-nuclear weapon states, and provided incentives to sign the treaty. Article IX, paragraph 3, of the NPT defines a NWS as "one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967."

Counseling

is a type of communication used to empower subordinates to achieve goals. It is more than simply telling subordinates how they are doing; that is feedback. Good counseling focuses on developing subordinates' abilities to achieve individual and unit goals, and when performed correctly, it guides subordinates toward appropriate changes in behavior.

Concept of Operations

is a verbal or graphic statement that clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intendeds to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources.

Interpreting

is about representing ideas in understandable terms as opposed to word-by-word translation. The interpretation process involves many of the concepts and skills associated with effective communication, such as an understanding of communication tone, gesture-use, and other culture-specific rules for interactions.

"Turn-maintaining"

is accomplished through a variety of verbal and nonverbal cues to help you maintain the speaker's role (e.g.; audibly inhaling to show you have more to say, continuing a gesture to show you have not completed your thought, or vocalized pauses to show that you are still talking). Turn-maintaining cues tell the listener you are finished and wish to exchange the role of speaker for that of the listener (e.g..; you might end your statement with some paralinguistic cue such as "eh?", ask a question, or nod in the direction of the listener).

Competitive interruption

is aggressive and serves to dominate conversation. It is "I" oriented and becomes a battle for conversational control. Conversely, non-competitive interrupting usually arises out of excitement about the conversation and from not being able to hold back one's contribution. The acceptability of non-competitive interrupting varies from culture-to-culture. It is important to gauge competent response styles based on the culture in which you are interacting.

Reliability

is an ability to be trusted to do what is expected or has been promised.

Culture-Specific competence

is an approach that emphasizes specific aspects of particular cultures, affording Airmen much of the knowledge and/or skills necessary to interact more competently with individuals from those cultural backgrounds. This may involve in-depth study of the history, economics, social relations, or language to give an Airman enhanced regional understanding.

A coalition

is an arrangement between two or more nations for common action

Operational Doctrine

is contained in doctrine annexes and describes more detailed organization of forces and applies the principles of basic doctrine to military actions. Through operational doctrine, the Air Force achieves the focus for developing missions and tasks that will be executed through tactical doctrine. Doctrine at this level changes a bit more rapidly than basic doctrine, but usually only after deliberate internal Service debate.

Airpower

is defined as "the ability to project military power or influence through the control and exploitation of air, space, and cyberspace to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical objectives."

Culture

is defined as a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors that impacts society or norms and dictate how men and women are supposed to act.

Space

is determined by the amount of space required between you and the other person. Anthropologist Edward T. Hall categorizes proxemics (interpersonal communication distance) as Intimate, Social and Consultative, and Public Space. Intimate space is the closest "bubble" of space surrounding a person. Entry into this space is acceptable only for the closest friends and intimates. Social and consultative spaces are the spaces in which people feel comfortable conducting routine social interactions with acquaintances as well as strangers, and public space is the area of space beyond which people will perceive interactions as impersonal and relatively anonymous

Joint Task Force

is formed to accomplish missions with a specific, limited objective...usually in response to a short notice, spontaneous, or unpredictable crisis. A JTF is unique in that it can be established by the SecDef, a Combatant Commander, a subordinate unified command commander, or an existing commander of a JTF. Once the purpose for which it was created has been achieved or when it's no longer required, the establishing authority dissolves the JTF. When direct participation by departments other than the DoD is significant, the JTF establishing authority may designate it as a 'joint interagency task force'. This might occur when the other interagency partners have primacy and legal authority and the JFC provides supporting capabilities, such as disaster relief and humanitarian assistance.

Nuclear Weapon System Reliability

is maintained through an extensive testing, inspection, and maintenance program to guarantee the weapons will work if ever called upon by our Nation's leaders. The specific elements of these testing, inspection, and maintenance programs are outlined by the individual services and their respective nuclear configurations.

Safety

is protection from, or not being exposed to, the risk of harm or injury.

Formal counseling

is required when misconduct warrants stronger action than informal counseling or when the behavior has continued despite previous informal counseling efforts. Formal counseling is especially important for any behavior that's contrary to Air Force standards. Supervisors can use an AF Form 174, Record of Individual Counseling (RIC), prepared IAW AFI 36-2907, Unfavorable Information File or a letter of counseling (LOC) to record the counseling session.

Superiority

is that degree of dominance that permits friendly land, sea, air, and space forces to operate at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.

Supremacy

is that degree of superiority wherein opposing air and space forces are incapable of effective interference anywhere in a given theater of operations.

National Military Strategy (NMS)

is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's (CJCS) strategic direction for the US Armed Forces. It provides focus for military activities by defining a set of interrelated military objectives for joint operating concepts that the Service Chiefs and combatant commanders use to identify capabilities and risks. It's guided by the President's NSS and implements the SecDef's NDS.

ethnocentrism

is the belief or assumption that the particular social or cultural group a person belongs to is superior OR A firm view that your own culture is "right" and others' are "wrong"

Upward communication

is the flow of communication through the chain of command from the lowest organizational position to the highest.

Message

is the idea, feeling, or information a sender transfers to his/her audience by using written or spoken words and nonverbal symbols. It's important that the message you deliver is clear and precise so there isn't any confusion.

Receiving Audience

is the intended recipient(s) of the message. *Analyzing your receiving audience provides you with information like age, sex, experience, educational level, purpose, occupational skills, goals, etc. This will help you tailor the message to fit them. Determine what you need to know about your receiving audience before you proceed with your message. Who are they? What do they already know? What do they need to hear to reach the objective you have set? Do you know their past experiences? If so, can they be used as examples or ways to link to information you're providing? Research the receiving audience's attitudes, values, and beliefs. Does your audience have any special needs? Research the average rank, AFSC, age, etc. to help customize your message.

Conclusion

is the last and often most neglected part of well-arranged communication. The conclusion is your last chance to summarize your communication and give your audience a sense of closure. Your introduction and conclusion should balance each other without being identical. Many professional speakers and writers consider the conclusion the most important part of the communication because it's the final thought and, because research shows people remember best what is said last. A good conclusion lets the audience know where you've been, how they can benefit, and that the communication is over.

Sender

is the originator of the communication process. Speakers, writers, artists, musicians, and even architects are examples of senders of communication. The sender must select and arrange symbols (words, sounds, gestures, etc.) in such a way as to create an accurate message in the mind of the receiver.

Sending Audience

is the person responsible for the message. this could be you or someone else for whom you happen to be writing or speaking. *Analyzing your sending audience (when necessary) will help you understand the sender's intentions, expected responses from the receiving audience, communication style, deadlines, etc. Determine what information you might need from your sending audience before you can proceed. Would the sender want you to direct, inform, or persuade? Determine if there are any specific details that need to be included. Next, determine the flow of communication - upward, downward, or lateral. It is also important to make sure you know who the point of contact will be for the project or activity for any questions you may have. To help ensure there are not any discrepancies, write a draft and have the sender preview it and provide you feedback.

National Security Strategy (NSS)

is the policy of the US that seeks and supports democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in the world. To achieve the world it seeks, the United States must apply a strategic approach in pursuit of the following four enduring national interests: Security, Prosperity, Values, and International Order.

Receiver

is the target for the sender's message. You receive messages through reading, listening, observing, and even touching. To be a good receiver, you should use as many of your senses as possible to make sure the message you get is the one the sender expected you to receive.

Security

is the total spectrum of procedures, facilities, equipment, and personnel employed to provide the protection against loss of custody, theft, or diversion of a nuclear weapon system; the protection against unauthorized access; and the protection against unauthorized actions, vandalism, sabotage, and malicious damage.

Cultural Diversity

is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region or in the world as a whole. Cultural diversity is a driving force of development, not only in respect to economic growth, but also as a means of leading a more fulfilling intellectual, emotional, moral, and spiritual life

To Interpret

is to determine the meaning or to understand the significance of the elements and how the elements fit into the whole. To interpret means to make assumptions, to form opinions or beliefs.

Informative Communication

is to merely pass on information to the audience. The communication is only successful if the audience understands the message exactly the way you intended.

Persuasive Communication

is typically used when you're trying to "sell" your audience on a new idea, new policy, new product, or change in current operations. Though emotions are one tool of persuasion, most persuasive communication in the workplace requires convincing evidence put together in a logical way. This style of communication is used on a daily basis by our Air Force Recruiters. Their job is to persuade individuals to join the world's best Air Force.

Directive Communication

is used to describe actions you expect to be carried out by your audience. The emphasis in directive communication is clear, concise directions and expectations for your audience. This communication style is best used to deliver orders to your subordinates about a task that needs to be accomplished.

Referral counseling

is used when you're aware of a problem a subordinate is experiencing that goes beyond the scope of the subordinate's and the supervisor's abilities. In this type of instance, the supervisor would appropriately refer the subordinate to one of the following individuals or agencies that normally handle referral situations: first sergeant, military personnel flight, legal office, area defense counsel, chaplain, family support center, military equal opportunity, or base clinic/hospital.

Proof Support

is where you show the proof that your communication should be taken seriously and it is supported usually by things such as statistics. Statistics are considered the most powerful proof support you can use.Always remember to consider the recency of statistics. Old statistics can hurt your credibility if someone in your audience has more recent data. There is even the possibility that old statistics may not be relevant any more. Testimonials or quotes will sometimes aid specific types of supervisory communications, E.g; commanders who support a promotion recommendation in writing. Testimony from a renowned expert can convince an audience to take action in a briefing

Self-monitoring

is your ability to detect appropriateness of your social behaviors and self-presentation in response to situational constraints and to adjust your behaviors to fit the situation.

when referring to Feedback

it is the active communication process for controlling effectiveness where you evaluate or judge subordinate performance (formal feedback and EPRs) and respond by either promoting a change in behavior or by reinforcing present performance.

Service Component Commanders

lead a type of command that consists of their Service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines) contribution (people/resources) to a joint force. All joint forces have service components because each Service has unique administrative and logistical requirements.

Unity

means all sentences support the topic sentence, which, in turn, supports the main point. One of the most effective methods for checking unity is called the "because test." Simply place the word "because" at the end of each supporting sentence, to see if it supports the topic sentence. Likewise, place "because" at the end of the topic sentence to see if it supports your purpose.

Holism

means that all the parts of a culture are interconnected and integrated.

Synthesize

means to put different elements together to form a new whole; to draw conclusions about the relationships and implication.

Personal Credibility

means you are the expert! Use your personal authority and experience to establish your professional credentials. Example: From my 15 years of experience...

Although the military Service Chiefs on the JCS are dual-hatted, their duties as ______________________________ take precedence over all other duties.

members of the JCS

Time

must be a consideration when planning the interactions (pre-session), the time spent actually in the session, and the time following up on proposed actions or promises after the session has closed (post-session). In addition, consideration for the timing of the session is critically important to the success of a session. When possible, conduct sessions at a time that is favorable to all parties involved (e.g. at the beginning of a shift).

Jokes

must be appropriate for your audience and relevant to what follows. Do not use jokes if there is any chance that someone will be offended

purpose statement

must clearly and briefly address your purpose for communicating. It must be well focused because it provides the underlying theme for the rest of your communication and addresses your reason for communicating. A well-developed purpose statement does three things. First, it narrows the subject. Second, it makes an assertion or states a precise opinion about the subject. Third, it lets the reader or audience know your reason for the communication—to inform, to persuade or to motivate - in a smooth, seamless manner.

Security

never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage.

Downward Communication

normally begins with the organization's upper level of management and filters down through the chain of command. There are many different ways you can communicate information down the chain: memos, letters, meetings, phone calls, etc.

Feedback

not only completes the communication process but it also starts it all over again. It's a reaction to the message as you received it. Feedback has two forms: verbal and nonverbal. Senders must fight for feedback to ensure their message was received as intended. Feedback allows senders to adjust communication when necessary.

Reliability has two key components

nuclear weapons system reliability and individual reliability

Mirror Imaging

occurs when one corresponds or associates an object (behavior, needs, etc) to another object in the same way as it would correspond to its image in a mirror.

The suitability

of your nonverbal signals is also very important; nonverbal signals should not contradict accompanying words. Words and nonverbal signals that are grossly inappropriate or contradictory can cut communication short and permanently damage healthy relationships.

Non-adversarial crisis responses (NACR)

or contingency operations is a term used to describe how US forces accomplish missions that aren't war but responses to a crisis or contingency. In these situations there is no enemy per se, and your actions may be needed to assist, not necessarily to fight. These types of operations are inherently "joint" in nature.

Joint Force Commanders (JFCs)

organize forces to accomplish the mission based on their intent and concept of operations (CONOPS)...maintaining unity of command, centralized planning and direction, and decentralized execution, important factors in the success of a joint force. The JFC has the operational authority and responsibility to tailor forces for the mission at hand, selecting those that most effectively and efficiently ensure success.

Location

pertains to situations when you may encounter interpersonal communication that requires a location with the fewest distractions. The type of situation will often dictate the level of privacy needed. Prepare your locations for seating, lighting, temperature, etc., as necessary and if possible.

Individualistic cultures

place less importance on extended family ties. In these cultures, children usually live separately from the family of orientation after basic education is finished. As the child grows into adolescence, he or she becomes less dependent on family and identifies more strongly with other groups (sports, political, religious, and so forth). Once a person becomes independent, he or she maintains economic and legal independence from the family of orientation.

Clarification support

presents a clearer message to the audience and gives variety to your communication. When you use clarification support, you're able to provide examples and additional descriptive details and emphasize the ideas. You can accomplish this by using definitions to explain standards to new Airmen or provide clearer understanding of abstract ideas like customs and courtesies.

Overview

provides a road map for your audience. It gives clues to the structure of the communication (main points), tells the audience where you'll begin (main point 1) and end (main point X), and tells how you're going to accomplish your purpose. A good overview not only sets up your audience's expectations about the length and direction of your communication, it smoothly moves your audience forward as you transition to your first main point.

Economics and Resources

refer to ways in which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed in a society. They reflect choices people make regarding their livelihood. Notably, economics and resources are equally influenced by culture, traditions, technologies, and the environment. ▪▪ Resource utilization and economic practices can provide many insights into a culture and their natural resources. This can help you answer the question, "Why are things the way they are?" For example, in contemporary Ethiopia, agriculture accounts for 40% of gross domestic product and employs 80% of the population. When the government nationalized all industries and services, and took ownership of all farmland, living standards and crop yields improved until a drought reversed the trend. However, with all farmland being government-owned, there has been little incentive for local managers to invest in modern equipment or soil and water improvement methods.

Family and Kinship

refers to both blood descent and marriage. It provides continuation of society through the generations and defines a "universal other" that a person depends on for aid. In most societies, inheritance (transfer of property) and succession (transfer of social position) take place within kin groups

Reliability

refers to the ability to be trusted, be accurate, or provide a correct result.

Language and communication

refers to the activity of transmitting information between people. Human language is a unique system of communication. Although all animal species exchange information to survive, only human language actually recreates complex thought patterns and experiences in words. Without human language, human culture could not exist. Language is crucial to establishing social relationships. By translating experience into language, humans gain knowledge that can be communicated to new members of the group or society; you use language to teach culture. A large part of communication is nonverbal, including body language, interpersonal distance, and touch. Nonverbal also includes vocal communication that is separate from actual language such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection and pitch.

Accountability

refers to the obligation imposed by law, lawful order, or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping accurate record of property, documents, or funds

Cultural Values

reflect how people see relationships, the world, and themselves and can vary significantly across cultures. Because values shape people's actions, decisions, and behaviors, you improve your chances for mission success when you make an effort to understand the values of those with whom you engage.

core missions

represent the combination of professional knowledge, airpower expertise, and technological know-how that, when applied, produces superior military capabilities

The two-person concept

requires the presence at all times of at least two persons, each certified under PRP, knowledgeable in the task to be performed, familiar with applicable safety and security requirements, and each capable of promptly detecting an incorrect act or improper procedure throughout the task performed.

Body language

sends messages through body posture (slouching, sitting erectly, lounging, crossed arms, etc.) and behaviors ( stomping a foot, pointing a finger, shaking the head, etc.)

National Defense Strategy (NDS)

serves as the DoD's capstone document. It addresses a core responsibility of the USG to protect the American people... Provides a framework for other DoD strategic guidance, addresses how the US Armed Forces will fight and win America's wars and how they seek to work with and through partner nations to shape opportunities in the international environment to enhance security and prevent conflict.

Facial expressions

show fear, surprise, joy, sadness, anger, disgust, etc., conveyed through brow, eye, and mouth configurations. **Next to speech, the face is probably the primary source of information in human interaction. It is the primary site for communication of emotional states, interpersonal attitudes, and feedback to others (see the following formula.) Perceived attitude= 7%verbal+38% vocal+55%facial

Low context communication

styles. These cultures tend to pay more attention to the explicit meaning of the verbal message. Low context communicators often stress lots of detail, facts and statistics with little regard given to how the message is delivered. They favor communication that gets directly to the point rather than communicating through analogies and high context hints. Since saving face for the group is less of a concern, "saying what you mean and meaning what you say" are more valued characteristics.

All good conclusions include three elements:

summary, restatement of purpose and/or re-motivation, and closure.

Unified action

synchronizes, coordinates, and when appropriate, integrates military operations with the activities of other agencies to achieve unity of effort. The goal of unified action is to achieve a similar level of unity of effort with external partners.

Hooking

takes advantage of opportunities before the interview to get the reporter interested in talking about what you want to talk about. The idea is to entice the interviewer into your agenda. Tell the interviewer what is on your mind. You will be amazed at how receptive an interviewer will be about what you want to talk about. Example: I know you are interested in talking about personnel moves, but that's only a small part of something much more important to your audience...

Perseverance

the patient, resolute, and persistent pursuit of national goals and objectives, for as long as necessary to achieve them

National Security Council (NSC)

the primary forum for discussions regarding national security and foreign policy issues. The statutory members of the NSC are the President, Vice President, SecDef, and the Secretary of State. The Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Director of National Intelligence serve as advisors. The President's National Security Advisor attends the meetings, as well as others whom the president invites. The primary responsibilities of the NSC involve assisting our civilian leaders on national security issues. The NSC prepares national security guidance that, with Presidential approval, becomes national security policy. When these policies are implemented, they provide guidance for military planning and programming. Additionally, the NSC serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating national security and foreign policies among various governmental agencies.

adversarial crisis response operation

there is an enemy that our Nation's energies are being directed toward. When other measures of national power are unable to influence a deteriorating or potentially hostile situation, military force may be required to demonstrate US resolve and capability, support the other instruments of national power, or terminate the situation on favorable terms.During such periods, the general goals of US Military operations are to support national objectives, deter war, and return to a state of peace.

DM Arena 3 - Punishment

to correct and rehabilitate those who repeatedly or blatantly violate standards. Only officers on G-series orders can punish enlisted members and only through Article 15 or courts-martial processes. Commander only discipline (Punishment) includes Articles 15, courts-martial, administrative demotions, and discharge characterization/recommendations. A simple way to look at Punishment is that something is being done to discourage the poor behavior from occurring again. It can come in the form of extra duties, loss of money, loss of freedom, reduction in rank, and less than honorable and dishonorable discharges. You often hear the word punishment associated with LOCs, LOAs, LORs, and UIFs. These are NOT punishment but adverse administrative actions.

Offensive

to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and to do it as soon as possible.

Integration and Citataion

two requirements for source support in written and spoken projects. While citing sources, you should integrate and give them proper citation. Integration means the source is incorporated into the text, paper, or speech; it allows the reader or listener to know where the information came from simply by reading or listening

Informal counseling

used with minor misconduct and first-time offenses, can be an effective first step for you. It's a good idea to document verbal counseling sessions with a "Memo for Record (MFR)" that provides a brief description of matters discussed, then sign and place in the member's Personnel Information File (PIF).

Direct Quote

using words exactly as they appear or were said. Quote only the parts you need. Use ellipsis as needed: Ellipses (...) are used in writing to indicate an omission of words or phrases not necessary for understanding or purpose.

Paraphrase

using your own words to restate what the author said. When paraphrasing, be sure not to change the intent of what the author said. A paraphrase is simply a restatement of a source's words or ideas into your own words. Note: When paraphrasing it is important to remember these steps: 1. Read the material you want to paraphrase several times. 2. Try rewriting the material in your own words without looking at the original source. 3. Check your rewrite against the original source, making sure to verify that your rewrite is accurate and consistent with the intent of the source and that you have not simply shuffled a few words around.

Future Deterrent theory

will most likely focus on the other national powers becoming more relevant in deterrence to combat our changing global adversaries and their perceptions of our nuclear deterrent. This will only further highlight the importance of all Airmen in the deterrence mission as we will need to display our additional National Powers and additional skillsets within the Military Power.

When you Analyze

you are making sure you separate the reading into parts or elements. Ask yourself why you are reading the material and what question are you trying to answer?

Perception Checking

you can check to make sure the receiver understands your messages as you intended by asking them to tell you what you said in their own words. This ensures each person involved leaves the interaction on the same page. Perception checking is a key component of active listening. Seeking feedback, seeking input and validating understanding are Air Force Institutional Competencies.

If you evaluate something,

you make judgments about your work or you judge a piece of work as it stands and as it seems to you against your own unique bundle of experiences, observations, and attitudes.

Perception

you may only get one chance to provide the media with a positive perception of yourself and the Air Force. Your Public Affairs Office is your best resource to ensure your engagement with the media is both positive and successful. They are responsible for providing you with media policies and guidance. Public Affairs most important role is to prepare Airmen, like yourself, to communicate with reporters.

DM Arena 2 - Correction

• Bring back to set standards Line of Acceptability • (VWCAR) Verbal and written counseling, admonishment, and reprimand • Recommend UIF or Control Roster • Admin demote • Non-recommend for reenlistment • Referral EPR • Recommend admin discharge Remember, administrative tools are corrective in nature, not punitive. If the administrative correction tools don't rehabilitate the person this is where you move forward from Correction to Punishment, the "Commander's Only" zone.

What is Your Role in Strategic Communication?

• Know the Air Force message(s) • Tell the Air Force story • Tell what I do and how it supports my wing's mission and priorities • Stay in my lane

The CJCS Key Focus Areas

• Restore joint readiness • Improve our joint warfighting capability • Develop leaders for Joint Forces Next

DM Arena 1(Prevention)

• Set Standard (Line of Acceptability), Establish rapport • Create climate of accountability • Communication • Leading by Example

Counseling Guidelines

•Outline •Environment •Length of session •Inform counselees •Plan of action

Army Functions

•• Conduct air and missile defense to support joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority •• Interdict enemy sea, space, air power, and communications through operations on or from the land ••Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authority •• Conduct airborne and air assault, and amphibious operations •• ****Provide support for space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies****

Navy Functions:

•• Conduct ballistic missile defense •• Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and conventional capabilities •• ***Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction*** •• Establish, maintain, and defend sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air, or other joint operations as directed •• Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain

Coast Guard Functions

•• Conduct coastal sea control and maritime and air interception/interdiction operations ••*** Conduct maritime homeland security and counterterrorism operations*** •• Conduct ice operations •• Provide for marine safety, including aids to navigation •• Conduct search and rescue operations •• Conduct counter-illicit trafficking operations

Air Force Functions

•• Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities. •• Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense, to gain and maintain air superiority, and air supremacy as required, to enable, the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces. •• Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack, interdiction, close air support, and prompt global strike. •• Provide timely, global integrated ISR capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations. •• Conduct offensive and defensive operations to gain and maintain space superiority to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace forces. Conduct space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. •• Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other Military Service and USSOCOM forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations, air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation. •• Provide Agile Combat Support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual Military Services and USSOCOM in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. •• Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue, in coordination with the other Military Services, USSOCOM, and DoD Components. •• Conduct global integrated command and control for air and space operations.

Statistics

•• Keep statistics simple and easy to understand. ••Use terms and analogies the audience can understand. •• Round off when possible. ••Give complete information, providing all the facts and allowing the audience to draw their own conclusion adds credibility and reinforces your argument. •• Keep visual aids in proportion. Emphasizing certain points is okay as long as important points are not obscured. •• And most important, provide your source.

There are two major categories of counseling:

•• Personal Situation Counseling: Event-oriented, this counseling is reactive in nature, it occurs during or after a situation. •• Performance/Professional Growth Counseling: Proactive in nature, it occurs in preparation for or anticipation of future events. It includes planning for the accomplishment of individual and professional short- and long-term goals based on an established timeline.

Four qualitative standards are used in the evaluation of the safety of a nuclear weapon system,

•• Prevent nuclear weapons involved in accidents, incidents, or jettisoned weapons from producing a nuclear yield. •• Prevent DELIBERATE pre-arming, arming, launching, or releasing of nuclear weapons except upon execution of emergency war orders or when directed by competent authority. •• Prevent INADVERTENT pre-arming, arming, launching, or releasing of nuclear weapons in all normal and credible abnormal environments. •• Ensure adequate security of nuclear weapons under DOD Directive 5210.41.

Marine Corps Functions:

•• Provide close air support for ground forces •• Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facilitate subsequent joint operations •• Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed ••*** Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations to assure access**** •• Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments

National Security Interests (NSIs)

•• Survival of the Nation •• Prevention of catastrophic attack against US territory •• Security of the global economic system •• Security, confidence, and reliability of our allies •• Protection of American citizens abroad •• Preservation and extension of universal values

Free-Writing

•• Type/write whatever comes to mind and don't worry about its relationship to the topic - suspend all judgment. ••Do not look back at what you wrote, but keep typing or writing. ••Do not worry about spelling, grammar, complete sentences and thoughts, paragraphs, transitions, etc. •• After exhausting your thoughts, walk away without looking over your work while you take a cooling-off period.

Crisis response/contingency operations focus on:

•• deterring war •• resolving conflict •• promoting peace •• irregular warfare •• natural disasters •• supporting civil authorities in response to a domestic crisis

to maintain subordinate-centered communication sessions.

••Active listening: Give full attention to subordinates, listening to their words and the way they are spoken. Notice voice tone, eye contact, facial expressions, and appearance. Transmit your understanding of the message through responding. •• Responding: Use appropriate eye contact and gestures. Check understanding without talking too much; summarize, interpret, and question. ••Questioning: Serves as a way to obtain valuable information and get subordinates to think. Keep the majority of your questions open ended. •• Silence: Sometimes an effective way to get someone to open up is to be silent for a short period. In some cases, the counselee might feel uncomfortable with the empty space of no one talking, and this will prompt them to open up. However, if after a reasonable amount of time the counselee has not opened up, continue with the session; or, you might choose to reschedule to a time when the counselee is more willing to talk.

five key objectives outlined in the NDS:

••Defend the Homeland ••Win the Long War •• Promote Security ••Deter Conflict ••Win the Nation's Wars

three National Military Objectives.

••Deter, deny, and defeat state adversaries ••Disrupt, degrade, and defeat violent extremist organizations (VEOs) •• Strengthen our global network of allies and partners

There are three main approaches to counseling:

••Directive or Supervisor-Centered: In this approach, you do most of the talking and tell the subordinate what needs to be done. You determine the content of and assume the responsibility for the session. This approach is usually short in duration. ••Nondirective or Subordinate-Centered: A second option is to center the session on the subordinate. In this approach, your primary role will be to help the subordinate by providing the information he or she needs to make an informed choice about how to behave in the future. This approach puts the responsibility squarely on the subordinate, and it encourages maturity and open communication. Although many see this as the preferred approach, it cannot always be used due to the amount of time it usually takes to conduct nondirective sessions. •• Combined: Probably the most common approach is for both the supervisor and subordinate to share the responsibility for the session's success. This combined approach has a lot of positive impact on the relationship by creating trust. It will take a lot of skill on your part to know when to take on responsibility and when to let the subordinate have the responsibility. In the combined approach, you use portions of the directive and nondirective approaches. The combined approach emphasizes that the subordinate must be responsible for planning and decision making.

three categories of campaigns

••Global Campaign: A global campaign is one that requires the accomplishment of military strategic objectives within multiple theaters that extend beyond the AOR of a single Geographic Combatant Command (GCC). •• Theater Campaign: A theater campaign encompasses the activities of a supported GCC, and accomplishes military strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations that is primarily within the supported commander's AOR. •• Subordinate Campaign. A subordinate JFC may conduct a subordinate campaign to accomplish (or contribute to) military strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans if their assigned missions require military operations of substantial size, complexity, and duration and can't be accomplished within the framework of a single major operation. Subordinate campaign plans must be consistent with the strategic and operational guidance and direction provided in the supported JFC's campaign plan.

Mind-Mapping

••Have a well-focused topic. ••Have a well-developed purpose statement. •• Perform a Brain Dump! That is, write everything down as it comes to your mind (brainstorming), without analyzing, or at least very little analyzing. •• Connect like items/thoughts as you go along (getting organized). •• Erase and/or redraw lines and correct items as you go, but don't dwell on corrections. •• Allow one thought to lead to another and another and keep connecting ideas until you run out of ideas. ••When you're finished, you'll have a fairly accurate "blueprint" of all your thoughts , with patterns of organization practically completed. ••Group like items under categories.

(Support Material)Real Life examples(historical or current events)

••How powerful books can be. Uncle's Tom's Cabin started a war. ••How costly a DWI can be? They increase insurance rates, create loss of life or limb, and dead-end careers. •• Results of increased operation tempo relate to retention problems, increased family problems, and decreased morale

There are several types of comparisons

••Metaphor Example: The assignment was a breeze. •• Simile Example: She sings like a bird. ••Analogy Example: I feel like a fish out of water. •• Literal Example: The landing surface of an aircraft carrier is equal to the length of 3.5 football fields. •• Figurative Example: He floats like a butterfly; stings like a bee. •• Contrast Example: old vs. new, here vs. there, ours vs. theirs, etc.

Principles of Joint Operations

••Objective ••Offensive ••Mass •• Economy of force ••Maneuver ••Unity of command •• Security •• Surprise •• Simplicity •• Restraint •• Perseverance •• Legitimacy

International Order: To ensure international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges, we will:

▪▪ Advance our rebalance to Asia and the Pacific ▪▪ Strengthen our enduring alliance with Europe ▪▪ Seek stability and peace in the Middle East and North Africa ▪▪ Invest in Africa's future ▪▪ Deepen economic and security cooperation in the Americas

Values: To ensure respect for universal values at home and around the world, we will:

▪▪ Live our values ▪▪ Advance equality ▪▪ Support emerging democracies ▪▪ Empower civil society and young leaders ▪▪ Prevent mass atrocities

Prosperity: To ensure a strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity, we will:

▪▪ Put our economy to work ▪▪ Advance our energy security ▪▪ Lead in Science, Technology, and Innovation ▪▪ Shape the global economic order ▪▪ End extreme poverty