NCSU Bio 183 Final Exam
A nucleotide mutation that converts a regular codon (coding for an amino acid) into a STOP codon is called
A nonsense mutation
The bond that connects the carboxyl end of an amino acid with the amino end of another one is called
A peptide bond
Which of the following best describes proteasomes?
A proteasome is protein complex whose purpose is to hydrolyse ubiquinated proteins.
In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis?
ATP and NADH
Which statement about ATP is correct?
ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell The reaction of ATP -> ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions The reaction of ATP -> ADP +P is an exergonic reaction The main source of ATP production for an entire plant cells is its mitochondria
The cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order, from small to large size):
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not.
The sum of all intracellular reactions involved in the building up of macromolecules is called
Anabolism
What is/are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded
The process of bringing the intracellular voltage of a resting neuron to a more positive value is called
Depolarization
Which of the following is false about the repressor encoded by the lac regulatory gene?
...
Which of the following is not a common DNA-binding motif?
...
How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
Two F1 generation offsprings of a monohybrid cross have similar phenotypes. In order to determine whether these 2 organisms are homozygous dominant or heterozygous, one may attempt to
Do a testcross
In prokaryotes, the processing of mRNA would include
Does NOT ADD a cap 5' cap, add of a 3' poly-A tail, or the removal of introns
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?
Fructose
During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases
G1, S and G2 only
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Maltose
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?
Microbodies (peroxisomes) lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is true about nucleosomes?
Nucleosomes are composed of histones arranged in a zig-zag pattern to make a 30nm DNA fiber Nucleosomes are made of 9 histones Nucleosomes contribute greatly to DNA compaction
Which of the following is true about gene regulation during transcription?
Nucleosomes may be displaced or remodeled
According to the theory of alternative splicing...
One gene may encode for more than one protein One sequence of mRNA may be split into several subunits Various tissues may express the same genes differently
Which of the following factors have the ability to denature most enzymes, thereby affecting their functionality?
Oven temperature pH=14 pH=1
Which of the following best describes the movement of small polar ions such as Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ across a regular cell membrane?
The membrane allows the movement of these ions through specific channels and pumps
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as
Gap Junctions
Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of
Glucose and FructoseChitin
Polymers of macromolecules (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) can be broken down into individual monomers by which process?
Hydrolysis
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
The p53 gene, which encodes for the p53 protein, is known as a a. Tumor suppressor gene
Tumor suppressor gene
Some plant cells have the ability to communicate with each other via hormones
true
The average resting membrane potential of neurons is around
-70mV inside the cell
Cortisol is a signaling molecule released in the blood stream by adrenal glands. Its effects on the brain are an example of which of the following?
...
When the receptor from the previous question is activated, the direct intracellular response would most likely be
...
Tomato Juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is
1000 as acidic as distilled water
How many major checkpoints would you expect in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle
3
Which of the following RNA sequence would you expect to be synthetized from the following DNA strands Template: 5' ATC GCC TCA TTA ACT 3' Coding: 3' TAG CGG AGT AAT TGA 5'
3' UAG CGG AGU AAU UGA 5'
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
What is the macromolecule illustrated below?
A Polysaccharide
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following?
Calcium storage, detoxification and steroid synthesis
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)
Chitin
Which of the following polysaccharides are likely to be used for structural purposed (instead of energy storage)?
Chitin and Cellulose
The constriction that forms at he end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in animal cell is known as
Cleavage Furrow
The pattern of inheritance illustrated by the various blood types is an example of
Codominance
What type of enzyme inhibition is represented below? (Enzyme)
Competitive Inhibition
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
Covalent Bonds
Which of the following role(s) is/are commonly performed by proteins?
Cytoskeletal Support Catalysis of chemical reactions Formation of transmembrane receptors Intracellular transport
The molecule below would most likely be found in which of the following?
DNA
Which of the following is true regarding extranuclear inheritance?
Extranuclear inheritance refers mainly to mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
An uncharged species of nitrogen has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
Intracellular receptors that affect gene expression (as is the case for steroid receptors, for instance) typically have faster effects that transmembrane receptors such as GPCRs or RTKs
False
The following cartoon represents a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
False
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrins
Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen (both hydrophilic hormones) are known to bind to which of the following?
Intracellular receptors
Which of the following is accurate regarding the disaccharide lactose
Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose Lactose is a sugar found in milk and some of its derivatives
In the axon of a multipolar neuron, you would expect to find
Ligand-gated channels Sodium/potassium pumps
In the dendrites and cell body of a multipolar neuron, you would expect to find
Ligand-gated channels Sodium/potassium pumps
In lungs, O2 moves freely across the cell membrane of alveoli, down its concentration gradient, and without the requirement of any carrier protein or any input of external energy. This is an example
Passive Diffusion
Which of the following best explains the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis works best in the red and blue ranges of the visible spectrum
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
If you were to place an amino acid in an acidic environment, you would expect its nitrogen-containing group to look like which of the following
R-N-H_2
Which of the following are you least likely to find inside a virus?
RNA polymerase Single stranded RNA
Which of the following best describes G-protein-coupled receptors
Receptor-associated, intracellular protein complexes composed of 3 subunits
Retroviruses such as HIV mostly utilize their host's machinery to make more viruses. However, to function properly, retroviruses may also need to incorporate (an) extra enzyme(s) that is/are normally not present in their host's proteome. This/these enzyme(s) is/are:
Reverse transcriptase Integrase
DNA replication is known to follow which of the following patterns
Semi-Conservative mechanism
Water has its highest density when it is in its
Solid state
The molecules represented below are best described as
Stereoisomers
The molecules represented below may be described as (Butane, Isobutane)
Structural Isomers
Which of the following is true about telomerase
Telomerase extends the 3' end of DNA strands by a few nucleotides Telomerase activity decreases over time Telomerase contains its own template of repetitive nucleotide sequence
During the initiation of translation in eukaryotes, the first tRNA is brought into which site of which ribosomal subunit?
The A site of the 30S subunit
Which of the following answers describes what happens to the Lac operon when Glucose is high and Lactose is low
The CAP protein would bind to the CAP site, and the Lac repressor would bind to the operator
The LacI gene is constitutively active, which suggests which of the following
The Lac repressor is made constantly
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are extremely specific enzymes. Without this high level of specificity,
The amino acid sequence of polypeptide would often be wrong
Some bacteriophages have a latent phase in their reproductive cycle during which they integrate their DNA in their host's genome. During this phase, they do not actually reproduce and/or kill their host cell. This phase is known as
The lysogenic cycle
Which of the following is true about operons in general?
They are found primarily in prokaryotes They are composed of a cluster of genes regulated by a single promoter region
Which of the following is true about transcription factors in eukaryotes?
They often bind DNA in the area of the TATA box They tend to bind DNA in the major grooves They often form complexes made of several subunits
Which of the following is true about miRNA and siRNA?
They work by binding to mRNA and preventing its expression
The purpose of the 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA is
To allow the attachment of ribosomes
The method you used in lab to insert a GFP-encoding plasmid in bacteria is called
Transformation
Based on body size only, you would expect a mouse to have an easier time conserving heat than a dog does
True
Calcium is an important intracellular messenger
True
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
Hypothetically, an enzyme that was allosterically activated can still be inactivated by a competitive inhibitor.
True
If the following mutation took place in an RNA strand, it would be called a missense mutation Before mutation 5' UGG CAA ACU CUG 3' After mutation 5' UGG CAU ACU CUG 3'
True
Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from cholesterol, and are known to bind to which of the following
Voltage-gated ion channels
A hypothetical cell whose plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer only (no channels or anything of that sort) is placed in a solution of 100mM NaCl. The intracellular NaCl concentration is 200mM. What would you expect to observe?
Water would move in the cell by osmosis.
The purines found in DNA and RNA are
adenine and guanine
The type of cellular division observed in bacteria is known as
binary fission
When the G-protein of a GPCR is activated, it converts a GDP into a GTP
false
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary ii. Secondary iii. Tertiary iv. Quaternary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain x. linear sequence of amino acids y. assembly of subunits into functional protein z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix)
i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y
Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium?
neither lysosomes or Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is false about nucleosomes
nucleosomes are found only in prokaryotes
Which of the following is not a reason for mitotic cell division
pollen production in flowers
The advantages of using Ca2+ and cAMP downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors are
signal amplification and speed
The cloverleaf-shaped molecule that carries an anticodon at one end and an amino acid at the other is called
tRNA
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes may take place at which of the following levels:
transcriptional level translational level post-translational level
Cyclin-dependent kinases can be activated or deactivated through phosphorylation
true