NDFS Unit 3
Excessive fluoride intakes can cause ________ _______ especially in children under the age of 8
dental fluorosis
Riboflavin is easily destroyed by
exposure to UV light
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by ________ ________
free radicals
_______ is an enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of an iodine deficiency
goiter
When iodide is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with
growth and mental retardation
In the United States, _______ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency
iron
In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are
used as coenzymes
Beef, salmon, potatoes, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of
vitamin B-6
The primary and initial sign of dehydration is rapid
weight loss
Dental fluorosis can be identified by
white specks on the teeth, severe discoloration of the teeth, and pitting on the teeth
Consuming foods with sulfur-containing amino acids can enhance the bioavailability of
zinc
Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?
Boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?
Broccoli, citrus fruits, and strawberries
Best description of niacin, biotin, Vitamin K, and Vitamin D
Can be synthesized (made) in the body
Which of the following best describes how an antioxidant works?
Gives up electrons to radicals
Good sources of pantothenic acid are
sunflower seeds, chicken liver, and muchrooms
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg.day, whereas requirements from major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?
Riboflavin
Which disease is characterized by a vitamin D deficiency and leads to soft and misshapen bones in children?
Rickets
Zinc is readily found in which of the following foods?
Roast beef and baked beans
Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?
Salmon, herring, and milk
If an individual ate primarily locally produced foods, which location would have the least likelihood for developing goiter?
San Diego, CA. Near ocean
Iron is an important component of...
hemoglobin in blood cells
The risk of dehydration in older adults compared to younger adults is
higher
Vitamin E deficiency can reduce the functioning of the ________
immune system
Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of
niacin
Examples of foods high in sodium are
processed snacks
Which of the following increased zinc absorption?
sulfur
There are not a lot of foods with vitamin D, therefore, the body depends on ___ for much of its vitamin D
sunlight
Good food sources of Vitamin A include
Apricots, pumpkins, spinach, sweet potatoes
Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?
Bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body
Function of Vitamin D
Bone health
Best description of Vitamin C
Broccoli, Potatoes, Kiwi, Strawberries, and Peppers
Infants who eat a large amount of these foods may develop carotenemia, characterized by a yellowing of the skin
Carrots, apricots, and winter squash
What role does vitamin A play in the body?
Cell growth, formation of epithelial cells, and cell production
Which of the following may increase iron absorption?
Combining heme and nonheme iron sources and drinking a glass of orange juice with an iron supplement
Which of the following foods would not be a good source of vitamin D?
Cucumbers
The body is able to make vitamin ____ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation
D
Which foods contain the richest sources of folate?
Fortified cereals and enriched grains
Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?
Fruits and vegetables
Which of the following is true about vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables are good food sources
Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables, margarine and salad dressing, and soybean and canola oils
Function of vitamin A
Growth and development and immune function
Why is a vitamin B-12 deficiency more common among older adults?
HCI production in their stomachs declines and they are unable to release the vitamin from animal protein
What are roles of iron within the human body?
Neurological function, immune function, carrying oxygen, and part of many enzymes
_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Niacin
Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?
Refined grains
Which of the following are functions of water?
Regulate body temp, transport nutrients, and major solvent
Which of the following are functions of zinc?
DNA synthesis and cofactor for more than 50 enzymes
Which of the following are signs of pellagra?
Dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea
Good dietary sources of phosphorus include
Diary and meat
Alyssa is trying to become pregnant, and she wants to increase her dietary intake of folate. Which of the following key recommendations from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans will help to improve Alyssa's folate intake?
Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark-green, and red and orange vegetables, and beans and peas.
Best description of sodium, chloride, and potassium
Electrolytes, required for fluid balance
Which of the following people are most likely to need to consume sports drinks?
Endurance athletes
Which of the following become most affected in the case of an iron deficiency?
Energy levels
Function of thiamin
Energy metabolism
Choose the functions of iron
Energy metabolism, growth, reproduction, wound healing, and immune function
Roles for magnesium in the body include
Enzyme function, muscle contraction, and DNA synthesis
T/F Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common
False
T/F Trace minerals are not essential nutrients
False
The simplest ways to determine hydration status are observing urine...
Volume and color
The adult RDA for calcium ranges from
1000 to 1200 mg/day
Recommended daily intake of Vitamin C (male smoker)
125 milligrams (mg)
Recommended daily intake of Calcium (teen)
1300 milligrams (mg)
What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?
18 mg/day
The US Public Health Service recommends that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume ______ micrograms of folic. acid daily to help prevent neural tube defects
400
Recommended daily intake of folate
400 micrograms (mcg)
Recommended daily intake of potassium
4700 milligrams (mg)
What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consumed sufficient folic acid before conception and in early pregnancy?
50%
Recommended daily intake of Vitamin C (female)
75 milligrams (mg)
The male RDA for iron is ____ and the female (between 19 and 50 years old) RDA for iron is _____
8 mg/day; 18 mg/day
Certain acne medications, like Accutane, containing high levels of vitamin ______ should not be prescribed during pregnancy due to the increased risk for harm to the fetus
A
Why are older adults at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?
As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food. In addition, decreased production of intrinsic factor by the stomach limits vitamin B-12 absorption
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
Beef liver and soybeans, boiled
What are some food sources of vitamin B-6?
Beef, salmon, and walnuts
Best description of thiamin (B1)
Beri-Beri (deficiency)
Carotenemia is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, and can result from consuming too much ______
Beta-carotene
Because it is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in a wide variety of foods, a deficiency of the B vitamin, _________ is rare
Biotin
Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?
Biotin
Long-term vitamin E deficiency can cause _______
Blindness, nerve damage, and loss of neuromuscular control
Vitamin A plays a critical role in all of the following functions EXCEPT _______
Blood clotting
What is the primary function of vitamin K?
Blood clotting
Iron deficiency usually results from
Blood loss, low iron intake, and inability to absorb iron
Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by
Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, increasing calcium retention by the kidneys, and increasing bone breakdown
The fluid outside a cell is called...
Interstitial fluid or extracellular fluid
What is the best food source for iodide?
Iodized salt, 1/2 tsp
Approximately 25% of the worlds population has anemia. Many of the cases of the condition are due to _____ deficiency
Iron
To reduce the risk of iron-deficiency in children, they should be encouraged to consume _____
Iron-fortified cereal and meats
Because the heart of a person with anemia has to work harder to circulate oxygen-poor blood throughout the body, over time anemia can cause
Irregular heartbeat, chest pain, and enlarged heart
How does fluoride encourage bone development?
It becomes incorporated into bone tissue
What are some good food sources of folate?
Leafy vegetables, asparagus, and liver
Which of the following foods are good sources of thiamin?
Legumes, orange juice, and pork
Women typically consume _____ than the RDA for calcium, while men consume amounts ______ the RDA
Less, equal to
Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?
Sodium, calcium, and potassium
Choose the two highest food sources of iron
Soybeans, boiled, and whole-grain total, ready-to-eat cereal
Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?
Spinach
What cooking methods best preserve the vitamin content of foods?
Steaming, stir-frying, and microwaving
Pregnant women who are iodine deficient have a higher risk of
Stillbirths and infant cretinism
Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?
Sunflower seeds and plant oils
Which of the following are considered signs and symptoms of scurvy?
Swollen gums, fatigue and petechiae, and loose teeth
Roles for phosphorus in the body include
Synthesizing DNA, generating ATP, and regulating acid-base balance
What events can occur when a salt sensitive individual consumes a high sodium diet?
Their body will retain more water and their kidneys may eliminate less sodium
Mr. Stockton is a 64-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room with extreme weakness, poor coordination, back-and-forth eye movements, and mental confusion. He had a CT scan to check for signs of stroke, but his results came back normal. After speaking with his family, his doctor learned that Mr. Stockton has a history of alcohol abuse. Based on this information, the physician should test the patient for a deficiency of ______
Thiamin
Pork, legumes, enriched grains and Brewer's yeast are all good sources of which vitamin?
Thiamin
What gland uses iodine?
Thyroid gland
Select the primary function of iodine
Thyroid hormone synthesis
The roles for sodium in the body include
Transmission of nerve impulses, functioning of muscle, and transport of glucose
T/F People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein
True
T/F The vitamin content of vegetables is determined by growing conditions, including soil and sunlight.
True
Which of the following are food sources of niacin?
Tuna, salmon, and beef liver
Excessive intake or exposure to which vitamin may be particularly harmful to a developing fetus?
Vitamin A
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb _______
Vitamin B-12
People who eat little/no animal products may have a deficiency of _____
Vitamin B-12
Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?
Vitamin B-12
Vegans need to be concerned about getting an adequate intake of ______ because plant foods are not good food sources of this micronutrient
Vitamin B-12
Vegans are at risk for a deficiency of this vitamin because it is only found in animal products
Vitamin B12
Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?
Vitamin C
Which of the following substances may increase intestinal absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Plant oils, such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing, are rich food sources of
Vitamin E
Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body?
Vitamin E
This fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized (made) in the GI tract
Vitamin K
Zinc is necessary for which of the following?
Wound healing
Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is
a baked potato
Adults who may be at higher risk for osteomalacia include those who ______
are homebound and have covered skin for religious reasons
Carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, and mangoes are all good sources of _________, a carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A
beta-carotene
Vitamin K deficient infants are at risk of serious bleeding because their bodies are unable to make certain ______
blood-clotting factors
Roles for calcium in the body include
bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, and blood clot formation
Magnesium is needed along with calcium and phosphorus to
build strong bones
For most Americans, milk products are significant food sources for
calcium
The most plentiful mineral in the body is ...
calcium
Thyroid hormone controls the rate of ________ metabolism
cellular
Magnesium is a critical component in ________, making plants good food sources for magnesium
chlorophyll
Most of the sodium in the American diet comes from salt...
Added to cooked meals at the table, added during food preparation, and added to food during processing
Vitamin ____ participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth
A
Function of folate
Amino Acid metabolism and blood formation
Function of Vitamin E
Antioxidant defense
What protects cells by giving up electrons to free radicals?
Antioxidants
______ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.
Antioxidants
Which of the following is not a good sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet?
Apples
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should
Choose more fruits and vegetables
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?
Collagen synthesis and immune system function
Choose the minerals that are classified as trace minerals
Copper, zinc, selenium, manganese, and iron
Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?
Fluoride
Vitamins A and D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. These are examples of
Fortification
_____ involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods
Fortification
_______ involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods
Fortification
A person who consumes a high sodium diet and is salt sensitive is more likely to develop which of the following?
Hypertension
What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common?
Maintaining fluid balance
Best description of Vitamin B-12
Maintains Myelin Sheath around Nerve Cells
What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?
Milk, meat, and poultry
Which of the following are good dietary sources of iodine?
Milk, seaweed, and saltwater fish
What are some food sources of riboflavin?
Milk, spinach, and yogurt
Potassium is needed by the body for
Muscle contradiction and nerve transmission
Anancephaly and ______ ________ may occur if a woman's diet is low in folate
Neural tube or Spina bifida
A vitamin B-12 deficiency is more common in which group due to the fact that the HCI production in their stomach declines?
Older adults
What are some common foods fortified with vitamin D?
Orange juice, cereal, and milk
The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called ______
Osteomalacia
Who is at greatest risk for a vitamin C deficiency?
People who do not eat fruits and vegetables, smokers, and alcoholics
Petechiae are a symptom of scurvy. What is petechiae?
Pinpoint hemorrhages in skin
Consuming sports drinks during endurance physical activities helps
Prevent sodium depletion and prevent dehydration
Choose the functions of vitamin E
Protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals, maintains nervous tissue, and maintains immune system function
Which of the following food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
Protein
Which of the following are good sources of beta-carotene?
Pumpkin, carrots, and spinach
Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of Biotin?
Raw eggs
What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively?
Vitamin K
What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?
Vitamin K
Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?
Vitamin K
When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its _______ function
coenzyme
Total water intake refers to water ingested by ...
eating food, consuming beverages, and drinking water
Because the cells cannot obtain the energy they need to perform work when iron levels are low, a major symptom of iron deficiency is
fatigue
Symptoms of anemia can include
fatigue and weakness, pale skin, and headache
The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when ...
fluid intake is limited and fluid loss is great
Cavities can be prevented by consuming
fluoride
To improve mineralization of bone, individuals at risk of osteoporosis should be sure to consume
fluoride
A diet adequate in ______ is recommended for preventing neural tube defects
folate
Intracellular water is water that is...
inside the cell
About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______
intestinal bacteria
To prevent the risk of serious bleeding incidents in infants, newborns are generally given a single injection of vitamin _____ immediately after birth
k
Consuming too much ______ may lead to an iron deficiency in children
milk
Which of the following are good food sources of calcium?
milk, cheese, and yogurt
The maintenance of _______ ________ that wrap around parts of certain nerve cells is one vital function of vitamin B-12 that does not involve folate
myelin sheath
Adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the _____ _______ forms about 21 days after conception
neural tube
The recommendation made by the U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily to help prevent
neural tube defects
Select rich food sources of zinc
oysters, beef roast, and baked beans
The hormone released from the parathyroid gland in response to falling blood calcium levels is called
parathyroid hormone
The "4 Ds", dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death are all signs of _______, a niacin deficiency disease
pellagra
Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the
skeleton
The mineral that plays the leading role in the regulation of fluid balance in the body is
sodium
Consumption of water, beverages, and food all contribute to
total water intake
______ minerals perform vital roles in the body although the body only requires consumption of less than 100 mg/day
trace
Common signs of dehydration include
low urine volume, dry mouth, and dark colored urine