Nemcc general Biology 2 hurley chapter 30, 31, 32, 39, and 40

Muscles occur in antagonistic pairs because:

they are only capable of contracting and not pushing.

Sutures can be classified as __________ joints.

immovable

The organizational unit of skeletal muscle tissue is the

sarcomere.

Calcium ions are commonly stored in the __________ of the muscle cell.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on __________, which attach to bones.

tendons

Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey. a. proboscis b. tentacle c. set of jaws d. claw e. forked leg

A. proboscis

Birds are most closely related to: a. reptiles. b. testudines. c. mammals. d. labyrinthodonts. e. terrapins

A. reptiles

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? a. skin b. adipose tissue c. blood d. bone e. lymph

A. skin

The adult form of which of the following animals is not capable of locomotion? a. sponges b. jellyfish c. ctenophores d. planarians e. flukes

A. sponges

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates? a. vertebral column b. blood containing hemoglobin c. four-chambered heart d. lungs e. live birth

A. vertebral column

__________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host. a. Pinworms b. Ascarid worms c. Trichina worms d. Rotifers e. Caenorhabditis elegans

B. Ascarid worms

Salamanders are members of the order: a. Apoda. b. Caudata. c. Anura. d. Tetrapoda. e. Squamata

B. Caudata

Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat? a. Arachnida b. Crustacea c. Insecta d. Chilopoda e. Diplopoda

B. Crustacea

Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata. a. Ophiuroidea b. Echinoidea c. Asteroidea d. Crinoidea e. Holothuroidea

B. Echinoidea

You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. They are members of the phylum: a. Platyhelminthes. b. Nematoda. c. Cnidaria. d. Annelida. e. Nemertea

B. Nematoda

Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon a. Cambrian b. Proterozoic c. Paleozoic d. Cenozoic e. Devonian

B. Proterozoic

Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish a. contact inhibition. b. a blood supply. c. a nutrient source. d. a second genetic mutation. e. a mutation.

B. a blood supply.

Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers: a. have striations. b. are under involuntary control. c. are multinucleate. d. have a comparable intermediate resistance to fatigue. e. have a comparable intermediate speed of contraction.

B. are under involuntary control

Lungs first evolved in which group? a. cartilaginous fishes b. bony fishes c. lampreys d. coelacanths e. lungfishes

B. bony fishes

Placoid scales are found on: a. fleshy-finned fishes. b. cartilaginous fishes. c. ray-finned fishes. d. lampreys. e. hagfishes

B. cartilaginous fishes.

Bone cells communicate with one another by: a. adipose cells. b. collagen fibers. c. reticular fibers. d. macrophages. e. a semifluid matrix

B. cellular extensions running through canaliculi

The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is: a. adipose cells. b. collagen fibers. c. reticular fibers. d. macrophages. e. a semifluid matrix

B. collagen fibers

You would not expect sebum to be involved in: a. keeping hair moist. b. contributing to the color of the skin. c. making the skin supple. d. inhibiting bacterial growth. E. preventing desiccation of the skin

B. contributing to the color of the skin.

Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin? a. epidermis b. dermis c. subcutaneous tissue d. stratum basale E. stratum corneum

B. dermis

Which of the following is not a modification of epithelial cells? a. scales b. mucus-secreting cells c. sensory cells d. an endoskeleton e. poison-secreting cells

E. .an endoskeleton

The coelacanth is found in the class: a. Dipnoi. b. Actinistia. c. Placoderms. d. Cephalochordata. e. Urochordata.

b. Actinistia

In Figure 39-3, the responses initiated at point A in response to an increase in body temperature include: a. a decrease in sweating and panting. b. a decrease in muscle activity. c. a constriction of blood vessels. d. an increase in metabolism. e. shivering

b. a decrease in muscle activity

The type of tissue forming the covering around muscle fibers is:

connective tissue.

The flight muscles of insects:

contain more mitochondria than any known variety of muscle

Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton? a. skull b. vertebral column c. ribs d. pelvis e. sternum

d. pelvis

Based on Figure 39-3, which of the following is not a response to a decrease in body temperature? a. the release of thyroid hormone. b. the contraction of blood vessels. c. an increase in metabolic rate. d. an increase in voluntary movement. e. evaporation of water.

e. evaporation of water.

Thermoregulation in ectotherms can be accomplished by all of the following except: a. migration. b. basking. c. burrowing. d. seasonal variations in the external environment. e. increasing their metabolism

e. increasing their metabolism

A sprinter would have a high proportion of __________, and a marathon runner would have a high proportion of __________.

fast-oxidative fibers; slow-oxidative fibers

A single, quick contraction of skeletal muscle is called a:

simple twitch.

The fluid that provides lubrication for movable joints is called:

synovial fluid.

During contraction of your arm muscle

the I band and the H zone shorten.

If it were possible, which of the following methods would be the most effective at eliminating parasitic flukes? a. eliminate clams from the ocean shoreline b. eliminate freshwater snails c. avoid eating undercooked pork d. avoid eating undercooked beef e. avoid coming in contact with infected individuals

B. eliminate freshwater snails

Lancelets are: a. carnivores. b. filter feeders. c. parasites. d. herbivores. e. algae feeders

B. filter feeders

A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts. a. median b. frontal c. sagittal d. cross e. transverse

B. frontal

Which statement about muscle contraction is false?

During contraction, the muscle length does not change, but the actin and myosin filaments shorten.

The earliest mammals resembled small: a. dogs. b. koalas. c. kangaroos. d. monkeys. e. shrews.

A. dogs

The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today. a. moss animals b. trilobites c. lophophorate animals d. tardigrades e. phoronids

B. trilobites

Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through: a. the use of gills. b. the use of book lungs. c. the use of tracheae. d. diffusion across the epidermal layer. e. a closed circulatory system

C. the use of tracheae

Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as: a. eutherians. b. lancelets. c. therapsids. d. holothurians. e. labyrinthodontsb

C. therapsids.

One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that: A. they severely limit locomotion. b. they interfere with ingestion. c. they must be shed when the animal grows. d. they do not provide adequate protection from predators. e. they do not prevent desiccation

C. they must be shed when the animal grows.

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics. a. head end b. tail end c. adult d. larva e. egg

D. larva

Extinct jawless fish include the: a. lungfishes. b. lancelets. c. placoderms. d. acanthodians. e. ostracoderms

E. ostracoderms.

In Figure 40-3, the function of the structure labeled C, particularly in small children, is: a. to produce blood cells. b. to act as a growth center. c. to provide mechanical strength. d. to serve as an attachment site for tendons. e. to nourish the bone tissue

b. to act as a growth center

Smooth muscle has all of the following characteristics except:

being attached to bones via tendons.

Which of the following is one of the main locations for the type of tissue in Figure 39-1? a. lining of the digestive tract b. within blood vessels c. dermis of the skin d. respiratory passages e. air sacs of the lungs

d. respiratory passages

The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone:

is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not

Arrange the events of muscular contraction in chronological order. 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split

5 ® 4 ® 2 ® 6 ® 3 ® 1

Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent. a. polyp b. hydra c. medusa d. larval e. juvenile

A. polyp

The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era. a. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic c. Tertiary d. Devonian e. Jurassic

A. Cenozoic

A closed circulatory system is found in the: a. Cephalopoda. b. Turbellaria. c. Bivalvia. d. Gastropoda. e. Polyplacophora

A. Cephalopoda

Which statement best describes a lophophore? a. It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth. b. It is a larval stage found in the Lophotrochozoa and the Ecdysozoa. c. It is a structure used for locomotion in the Lophophorata. d. It is the opening also referred to as the anus in the Ecdysozoa. e. It is one of the openings to the excretory system of phylum Platyhelminthes.

A. It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth

Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition. a. a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae b. a symbiotic relationship with lichens c. the dead animals found on the ocean floor d. photosynthesis since they are part animal and plant e. a symbiotic relationship with a fish

A. It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth.

Which of the following statements concerning an exoskeleton is false? a. It is composed of living tissue that grows along with the animal. b. Although the exoskeleton is rigid, it allows for flexibility. C. It may act as an anchor to which muscles attach. D. It is capable of providing protection against predators or pathogens. e. Animals with exoskeletons must undergo a molting process.

A. It is composed of living tissue that grows along with the animal

The ability of animals to adjust to seasonal changes in temperature is called: a. acclimatization. b. estivation. c. homeostatic adjustment. d. torpor. e. hibernation

A. acclimatization

Which chordate group has the most species? a. bony fishes b. reptiles c. amphibians d. mammals e. cartilaginous fishes

A. bony fishes

You take a dog's temperature at the rectal end of the large intestine. Which surface is this? a. caudal b. ventral c. dorsal d. cephalic e. superior

A. caudal

A tissue is represented by a group of __________ adapted to carry out __________. a. closely associated, similar cells; specific functions b. closely associated, different cells; specific functions c. loosely associated, different cells; different functions d. loosely associated, different cells; specific functions e. closely associated, similar cells; different function

A. closely associated, similar cells; specific functions

Epithelial tissue is least likely to: a. contract. b. be specialized as sensory receptors. c. provide protection. d. regulate exchange of substances between parts of the body. E. produce and secrete cell products.

A. contract

Ectothermic animals: a. depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures. b. may dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat to the skin. c. maintain a relatively constant body temperature despite external temperatures. d. may have feathers to keep them insulated. e. may have body fat to keep them insulated

A. depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.

Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate. a. eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads b. crawl to an area with more favorable conditions c. form a resistant spore d. float to the surface and then later drop to a more favorable location e. crawl deep into the ocean mud on the bottom

A. eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from: a. endoderm. b. ectoderm. c. germ cells. d. mesoderm. e. pseudoderm

A. endoderm

The anti-bacterial peptides secreted by frogs and toads is produced by: a. epithelial cells. b. goblet cells. c. endothelial cells. d. sweat glands. E. oil glands.

A. epithelial cells

Clams and oysters are: a. detritivores. b. herbivores c. omnivores. d. carnivores. e. filter feeders.

A. filter feeders

All cephalic organisms: a. have bilateral symmetry. b. have a coelom. c. receive stimuli equally from all directions. d. have bilateral symmetry and a coelom. e. have bilateral symmetry, a coelom, and receive stimuli equally from all directions

A. have bilateral symmetry

All echinoderms are found a. in marine habitats. b. in freshwater. c. on land. d. on the bottom of the ocean or lakes. e. in shallow ocean waters.

A. in marine habitats.

Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their: a. lateral lines. b. electroreceptors. c. keen olfaction. d. sight. e. dorsal fin.

A. lateral lines

Snakes are most closely related to: a. lizards. b. turtles. c. eels. d. caecilians. E. synapsids

A. lizards

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks? a. oviparous b. viviparous c. ovoviviparous d. placental e. eutherial

A. oviparous

Which term describes an animal that lays eggs? a. oviparous b. viviparous c. ovoviviparous d. placental e. eutherial

A. oviparous

Members of the class Bivalvia: a. have gills that secrete the shell. b. have a mantle that may form pearls. c. are all sessile. d. all have a radula. e. have a broad foot used for locomotion

B. have a mantle that may form pearls

Annelids a. have a visceral mass. b. have a segmented body. c. surround their body with a mantle. d. move with a muscular foot. e. have an open circulatory system

B. have a segmented body.

Hundreds or thousands of individuals of certain __________ form colonies in which each polyp has a special function such as feeding, reproduction, or defense. a. sea anemones b. hydrozoans c. jellyfish d. ctenophores e. sponges

B. hydrozoans

Animals apparently evolved: a. in freshwater. b. in the ocean. c. during the Cambrian explosion. d. in swamps. e. during the Devonian.

B. in the ocean

Most mollusks are: a. found in fresh water. b. marine. c. terrestrial. d. arboreal. e. parasitic

B. marine

Currently, for any organism to be considered as an animal it must: a. show evidence of locomotion. b. not be an autotroph. c. show evidence of sexual reproduction. d. have a brain and nervous system. e. be at the tissue level of organization

B. not be an autotroph.

Tissues associate to form: a. cells. b. organs. c. organ systems. d. organisms. e. tumor

B. organs

Which cells or cell components play an essential role in the clotting of blood? a. erythrocytes b. platelets c. leukocytes d. hemoglobin e. plasma

B. platelets

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage a. radial; determinate B. radial; indeterminate c. spiral; determinate d. spiral; indeterminate e. blastopore;synapomorphy

B. radial; indeterminate

For gas exchange to occur quickly and efficiently, which type of epithelium must be present on all respiratory surfaces? a. pseudostratified columnar epithelium b. simple squamous epithelium c. ciliated columnar epithelium d. stratified squamous epithelium e. ciliated squamous epithelium

B. simple squamous epithelium

Traditionally, the _______ were assigned to the basal group called Parazoa. a. jellyfish b. sponges c. flatworms d. roundworms e. ribbon worms

B. sponges

Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____. a. eels; carnivorous b. corals; photosynthetic c. starfish; carnivorous d. sponges; filter feeders e. earthworms; detritivores

B. sponges, filter feeders

A primary difference between a normal cell and a cancerous cell is a. the cell must be directly exposed to a carcinogen. b. the cell must lose normal cell division controls c. the cell must go through mitosis at least 25 times. d. the cell must be located in either connective tissue or muscle. e. the cell must be located in epithelial tissue

B. the cell must lose normal cell division controls

The components of the pectoral girdle are: a. three fused hipbones. b. the clavicles and the scapula. c. the ribs and the clavicles. d. the ribs and the sternum. e. the ribs and the digits

B. the clavicles and the scapula

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers. a. two; three b. three; four c. two; four d. three; five e. three; two

B. three; four

By the Late ____ period the Chordates had expanded to include a number of different taxa with skeletal elements such as a rudimentary braincase. a. Permian b. Paleozoic c. Cambrian d. Jurassic e. Cretaceous

C. Cambrian

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true? a. Compression of fluids causes movement of an animal body. b. Hydrostatic skeletons permit very precise and delicate movements. c. Fluid is moved throughout an organism due to alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles. d. Contraction of the inner circular muscles causes the body of an organism to shorten. e. Contraction of the outer longitudinal muscles causes the body of an organism to lengthen

C. Fluid is moved throughout an organism due to alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles.

Which of the following statements about stress is true? a. It impacts only one organ system at a given time. b. It does not influence the function of the nervous system. c. It causes a body response to attempt to maintain homeostasis. d. It means that the internal and external environments are stable. e. It impacts only one organ at a given time

C. It causes a body response to attempt to maintain homeostasis

Which of the following statements concerning malignant melanoma is false? a. It is the fastest growing (in number of incidents) form of skin cancer. b. It is the most lethal form of skin cancer. c. It is the third most common form of cancer in humans. d. Its highest incidence is in light-skinned individuals. e. It is caused by excessive exposure to UV irradiation

C. It is the third most common form of cancer in humans

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are a. Cephalochordata and Placoderms. b. Chondrichthyes and Actinistia. c. Myxini and Petromyzontida. d. Dipnoi and Actinistia. e. Placoderms and Petromyzontida

C. Myxini and Petromyzontida

Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity? a. Asteroidea b. Holothuroidea c. Ophiuroidea d. Echinoidea e. Crinoidea

C. Ophiuroidea

Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises. a. Crocodilia b. Squamata c. Testudines d. Saurischia e. Pterosauria

C. Testudines

What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common? a. They are coelomates. b. They are pseudocoelomates. c. They are acoelomates. d. They have two germ layers. e. They have three germ layers

C. They are acoelomates.

Free-living flatworms belong to the class: a. Monogena. b. Lophotrochozoa. c. Turbellaria. d. Cestoda. e. Chelicerata

C. Turbellaria

Sponge larvae: a. are miniature sponges that float about in the plankton. b. crawl along the bottom like an amoeba. c. are flagellated and able to swim. d. bud off the adult sponge. e. float out of the adult, fall to the bottom, and attach to form a new sponge.

C. are flagellated and able to swim

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs? a. marsupials. b. monotremes. c. birds. d. mammals. e. amphibians

C. birds

Tapeworm(s): a. have a tubelike digestive system. b. have a closed circulatory system. c. bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments. d. have a well developed sensory system to find vertebrate hosts. e. life cycles are simple and completed in their vertebrate hosts

C. bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.

Carcinomas describe: a. cancers that develop from connective tissue. b. cancers that develop from muscle. c. cancers that develop from epithelial tissue. d. the migration of cancer cells through blood or lymph channels. e. genes that transform normal cells into cancer cells

C. cancers that develop from epithelial tissue

Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of: a. smooth muscle tissue. b. skeletal muscle tissue. c. cardiac muscle tissue. d. both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. e. all forms of muscle tissue

C. cardiac muscle tissue

Sea stars are primarily a. herbivores. b. omnivores. c. carnivores. d. detritivores. e. saprophytes.

C. carnivores

The type of epithelial tissue you would expect to find lining the upper respiratory tract is: a. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. b. simple squamous epithelium. c. ciliated columnar epithelium. d. stratified squamous epithelium. e. ciliated squamous epithelium

C. ciliated columnar epithelium

The four basic animal tissues are: a. connective, digestive, nervous, and respiratory. b. blood, bone, connective, and epithelial. c. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. d. digestive, nervous, reproductive, and respiratory. e. circulatory, excretory, respiratory, and sensory.

C. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is: a. flight. b. production of uric acid. c. feathers. d. endothermy. e. a forked tongue.

C. feathers.

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they: a. are predators that consume partially digested prey. b. are mostly extinct species. c. have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall. d. have moveable spines that are used to facilitate locomotion. e. have a distinct central disk with very long, slender arms

C. have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they: a. lack mammary glands. b. lack hair. c. lay eggs. d. have pouches. e. exhibit parthenogenesis

C. lay eggs.

A person with fair skin produces less __________ than a person with dark skin a. sebum b. keratin c. melanin d. melatonin e. mucous

C. melanin

The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. a. endoderm b. ectoderm c. mesoderm d. blastopore e. mesoglea

C. mesoderm

Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: a. respiration. b. reproduction. c. movement. d. sensation. e. eating

C. movement.

Marsupials include the: a. cat. b. armadillo. c. opossum. d. crocodile. e. spiny anteater.

C. opossum

Sharks that are ____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body. a. oviparous b. viviparous c. ovoviviparous d. placental e. eutherial

C. ovoviviparous

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes? a. Chondrichthyes b. Reptilia c. Myxiniformes d. Amphibia e. Actinistia

D. Amphibia

In a nerve cell, the function of the dendrites is to: a. conduct impulses away from the cell body. b. attach the neuron to connective tissue. c. receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body. d. increase the speed at which nerve impulses are carried away from the cell body. e. support and nourish the neuron

C. receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve? a. amphibians b. birds c. reptiles D. mammals e. frogs

C. reptiles

A negative feedback system is designed to set off mechanisms that will: a. lower the abnormal value until it reaches its normal level. b. increase the abnormal value until it reaches normal levels. c. return the system to steady-state levels. d. speed up the body's response until it reaches its normal levels. e. slow down the metabolic rate until steady-state levels are reached

C. return the system to steady-state levels

Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to: a. Hydra. b. jellyfish. c. sea anemones. d. Portuguese man-of-war. e. hydrozoans

C. sea anemones

Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are: a. jointed appendages. b. parapodia. c. setae. d. fins. e. tentacles

C. setae.

Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____. a. echinoderms; Echinodermata b. freshwater fish; Chordata c. urochordates; Chordata d. urochordates; Echinodermata e. echinoderms; Chordata

C. urochordates; Chordata

Which of the following correctly represents length of axons found in humans? a. 0.1 to 1 mm b. 1 to 10 mm c. 1 mm to 10 cm d. 1 mm to 1 m e. over 1 m

D. 1 mm to 1 m

Within the kingdom Animalia there are about: a. 325 phyla. b. 16 classes. c. 32 classes. d. 35 phyla. e. 6 phyla.

D. 35 phyla.

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates. a. 2,000 b. 5,000 c. 30,000 D. 50,000 e. 125,000

D. 50,000

About ____ species of birds have been described. a. 1,000 b. 2,000 c. 4,500 d. 9,000 e. 20,000

D. 9,000

How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom? a. A pseudocoelom is a cavity not found between tissues. b. A pseudocoelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm. c. A coelom is a cavity fully lined by endoderm. d. A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm. e. A coelom is a cavity between two tissue layers

D. A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.

Which of the following statements concerning the heart is false? a. It is an organ. b. It contains endothelium. c. It contains nerves. d. It is an organ system. e. It contains smooth muscle.

D. It is an organ system

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism be Figure 32-1 a. brain b. mouth c. heart d. notochord e. anus

D. Notochord

All of the following are characteristic of life in a marine environment except? a. Many nutrients and gases are dissolved in the water and are readily available. b. Buoyancy helps to support the organisms. c. Currents may wash organisms away from suitable habitats. d. Osmotic balance is very difficult for invertebrates to maintain. e. Temperatures are relatively stable

D. Osmotic balance is very difficult for invertebrates to maintain

Order ____ includes the snakes. a. Apoda b. Chelonia c. Aves d. Squamata e. Reptilia

D. Squamata

An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called: a. a mite. b. a tick. c. an insect. d. a centipede. e. a millipede

D. a centipede

An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be: a. a scorpion. b. a tick. c. a mite. d. a spider. e. a barnacle.

D. a spider

The tetrapods include: a. fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. b. lancelets, cartilaginous, and bony fish. c. amphibians and reptiles. d. amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. e. echinoderms and chordates

D. amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

The first function of feathers was most likely: a. as protection from predators. b. to insulate. c. to communicate with rivals. d. as color displays in courtship rituals. e. as protection from parasites

D. as color displays in courtship rituals

One difference between cardiac muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers is that cardiac muscle fibers: a. have several nuclei, while skeletal muscle fibers do not. b. are not striated, while skeletal muscle fibers are. c. are under voluntary control, while skeletal muscle fibers are not. d. branch and form complex networks, while skeletal muscle fibers do not. e. are cylindrical-shaped, while skeletal muscle fibers are spindle-shaped

D. branch and form complex networks, while skeletal muscle fibers do not.

Which of the following statements is false? Typically, one surface of an epithelial tissue layer: a. is attached to a basement membrane. b. is freely exposed. c. lines cavities. d. consists of loosely packed cells with several intermediate spaces. e covers body surfaces

D. consists of loosely packed cells with several intermediate spaces

Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________. a. sponges; ectoderm b. sponges; mesoderm c. ctenophores; mesoderm d. ctenophores; endoderm e. ctenophores; metaderm

D. ctenophores; endoderm

The state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature is called: a. acclimatization. b. hibernation. c. conformation. d. estivation. e. integration

D. estivation

Which of the following was not an adaptation for animals to live on land? a. internal fertilization b. egg shell c. embryo development within the female d. external respiratory surfaces e. skeletal system and muscles

D. external respiratory surfaces

Which of the following is not a specialized function of epithelial coverings? a. exchange of gases b. secretion of lubricants c. receiving sensory signals d. facilitation of flexibility for movement e. temperature regulation

D. facilitation of flexibility for movement

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that: a. hagfishes lack gills. b. hagfishes lack a jaw. c. hagfishes are parasitic. d. hagfishes lack vertebrae. e. hagfishes have notochords

D. hagfishes lack vertebrae.

Sea stars eat: a. large fish. b. mostly algae. c. sea weed. d. mostly crustaceans and mollusks. e. debris on the bottom.

D. mostly crustaceans and mollusks.

Bone cells called __________ continually remodel bone. a. chondrocytes b. adipocytes c. osteons d. osteocytes e. lamellae

D. osteocytes

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____. a. ovoviviparous; external b. oviparous; external c. ovoviviparous; internal d. oviparous; internal e. viviparous; external

D. oviparous; internal

Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the: a. bryozoans. b. phoronids. c. ctenophores. d. rotifers. e. platyhelminthes

D. rotifers

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral: a. chondrichthyean fishes. b. actinopterygian fishes. c. reptiles. d. sacropterygian fishes. e. amphibians

D. sacropterygian fishes.

Select the best reason why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons. a. abrasion b. contractility c. protection d. strength e. secretion

D. strength

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish? a. kidney b. stomach c. intestine d. swim bladder e. ureter

D. swim bladder

The primary problem animals faced in adapting to life on land was: a. finding a mate in the new environment. b. being able to move around in the new environment. c. the presence of predators, which was not a problem in the ocean. d. the dry atmosphere. e. acquiring enough oxygen

D. the dry atmosphere

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their: a. digestive system. b. nervous system. c. closed circulatory system. d. water vascular system. e. mantle.

D. water vascular system

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group: a. Actinopterygii. b. Crinoidea. c. Cephalochordates. d. Urochordates. e. Chondrichthyes

E. Chondrichthyes.

Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies. a. Asteroidea b. Holothuroidea c. Ophiuroidea d. Echinoidea e. Crinoidea

E. Crinoidea

Which of the following statements about UV radiation is true? a. It is necessary for the body to make vitamin B. b. The amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is fairly constant. c. The ozone hole is responsible for the Greenhouse Effect, but has no impact on levels of UV radiation. d. Individuals with less melanin suffer less wrinkling and skin cancer. e. Exposure to ultraviolet rays causes the epidermis to thicken and produce more melanin

E. Exposure to ultraviolet rays causes the epidermis to thicken and produce more melanin.

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the: a. Hemichordata. b. Hemichordates. c. Cephalochordata. d. Ophiuroidea. e. Urochordates

E. Urochordates

Which of the following does not characterize arthropods? a. presence of a coelom b. segmentation c. an open circulatory system d. an exoskeleton e. an incomplete digestive tract

E. an incomplete digestive tract

The head end of an animal is termed its: a. posterior end. b. ventral end. c. inferior end. d. lateral end. e. anterior end

E. anterior end

The first air-breathing land animals were: a. vertebrates. b. amphibians. c. snails. d. reptiles. e. arthropods.

E. arthropods

As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans a. ticks b. the decapods c. shrimp d. the uniramids e. barnacles

E. barnacles

Hox genes have been identified in: a. bilaterally symmetric animals only. b. radially symmetric animals only. c. asymmetric animals only. d. both asymmetic and radially symmetric animals only. E. both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only

E. both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only

Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other. a. setae; zygotes b. setae; eggs c. setae; sperm d. clitellum; eggs e. clitellum; sperm

E. clitellum; sperm

In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called: a. choanocytes. b. cnidocils. c. pseudopodia. d. nerve nets. e. cnidocytes

E. cnidocytes

Skeletal systems can serve all of the following purposes except a. protection. b. allowing for movement. c. attachment for muscles. d. storage. e. contraction

E. contraction

Which of the following is not a region of the vertebral column? a. sacral region b. thoracic region c. cervical region d. coccygeal region e. cranial region

E. cranial region

Insects are most closely related to: a. mites. b. ticks. c. millipedes. d. lobsters. e. crustaceans

E. crustaceans

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they: a. have endothermy. b. do not have two pairs of temporal openings in the skull. c. have mammary glands. d. have hair. e. do not have nipples

E. do not have nipples.

The nervous system of many species of flatworms: a. consists of a single, large ganglion in the anterior end. b. is sometimes referred to as tubelike. c. includes two dorsal nerve cords. d. is diffuse and netlike. e. is a "ladder-type."

E. is a "ladder-type."

Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs: a. is a pseudocoelom lined by endoderm. b. is a pseudocoelom lined by mesoderm. c. is a coelom lined by endoderm and mesoderm. d. is a coelom lined by ectoderm. e. is a coelom lined by mesoderm

E. is a coelom lined by mesoderm

Cartilage-producing cells occupy small cavities in cartilage called __________, while bone-producing cells occupy cavities in bone called __________. a. lacunae; Haversian canals b. canaliculi; Haversian canals c. lacunae; canaliculi d. lamellae; lacunae e. lacunae; lacunae

E. lacunae; lacunae

Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii? a. swim bladder b. pharynx with gills c. nerve chord d. fleshy lobed fines e. more flexible fins with less bone

E. more flexible fins with less bone

Which membrane type lines body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive tract? a. serous membrane b. exocrine membrane c. endocrine membrane d. basement membrane e. mucous membrane

E. mucous membrane

Which of the following is not a characteristic of any animal? A. locomotion at some time during the life cycle b. multicellular eukaryotes c. heterotrophic d. sexual reproduction involving motile sperm e. share a common body plan

E. share a common body plan

Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as: a. parasites. b. predators. c. autotrophs. d. herbivores. e. suspension feeders

E. suspension feeders

Echinoderms are unique because: a. their larvae are radially symmetrical while the adult is bilaterally symmetrical. b. the adults and larva are both pentaradially symmetrical. c. the adult and larva are both radially symmetrical. d. the adult and larva are both bilaterally symmetrical. e. their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical

E. their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical.

One adaptation of insects that is specific to this group among all arthropods is: a. cephalization. b. hard exoskeletons. c. segmentation. d. specialized mouthparts. e. wings.

E. wings

Which of the following statements about keratin is false? a. It is a protein molecule. b. It is manufactured by epidermal cells. c. It gives strength to the skin. d. It acts as an evaporative barrier to prevent excess water loss. e. It facilitates diffusion across the body surface.

E.. It facilitates diffusion across the body surface

One function of the type of tissue represented in Figure 39-2 is: a. insulation. b. flexible support. c. calcium reservoir. d. oxygen transport. e. secretion and absorption

b. flexible support.

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. increase in body temperature when exposed to cold b. increased muscle contractions during labor c. decreased insulin production in response to low blood sugar d. increased respiration rate in response to decreased blood pH E. Both choices A and B are correct

b. increased muscle contractions during labor

The type of tissue represented by Figure 39-2 is: a. adipose tissue. b. bone. c. cartilage. d. simple squamous epithelium. e. elastic connective tissue

c. cartilage

The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the: Figure 32-4. a. phylum Hemichordata. b. phylum Echinodermata. c. phylum Chordata. d. subphylum Urochordata. e. subphylum Cephalochordata

c. phylum Chordata

The type of tissue illustrated in Figure 39-1 is: a. elastic connective tissue. b. simple squamous epithelium. c. pseudostratified epithelium. d. cartilage. e. adipose tissue.

c. pseudostratified epithelium.

The portion of the bone labeled B in Figure 40-3 is called: A. the periosteum. b. the diaphysis. c. the epiphysis. d. compact bone. e. metaphysis

c. the epiphysis

Accumulation of __________ contributes to muscle fatigue.

lactic acid

Which of the following molecules has an enzymatic site that splits ATP during muscle contraction?

myosin

The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:

osteoarthritis

Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:

osteoclasts

Which of the following is not a source of energy for muscle contraction?

oxygen

A person with a severe calcium deficiency:

would have a problem with cross bridge formation.