Neonates & Infants

Erickson's stage of trust vs. mistrust

0-2 years

Eyes

A newborn's eye muscles are weak at birth; you may notice your newborns eyes look cross-eyed. Over the new few weeks, eye muscle strength will improve and the baby can better focus on objects

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

Acts intentionally to produce results begins to solve problems imitates others looks for and finds hidden objects (object permanence), explores and experiments begins imaginative thinking

Average birth weight

Average birth weight of a full term healthy baby is 7-8 pounds and 20 inches in length. After birth, babies usually experience a slight weight loss.

MyPlate Guidelines

Begin teaching and modeling healthy eating habits and adequate food nutrition by following these

Introducing solids

Being about six months of age; see American Pediatric Association for current guidelines on acceptable foods and foods to avoid,

Shaken baby syndrome

Caused by jostling an infant's head and neck back and forth with enough force that the brain tissue moves inside the skull and becomes damaged. Usually to make the child stop crying.

8-10 months

Children begin self-feeding at this age

Ways to build trust

Consistency and a predictable routine Bonding with the baby Showing love and affection Getting to know the child Meeting the baby's needs in all areas of development

Motor skills

Coordinated movements of body parts.

Reducing risk of SIDS

Having the child sleep on its back, not sleeping with soft bedding, pillows, or stuffed animals and avoiding smoking and second-hand smoke both during and after pregnancy. While you cannot prevent SIDS, you can reduce the risk.

How growth proceeds

Head to foot, near to far, and simple to complex

Hearing at birth

Hearing develops in the womb and the fetus responds to sound. After birth, the baby will turn its head to a familiar voice, especially mom and dad's voices.

First year weight gain

Infants triple their birth weight

Gross motor skills

Large muscle development, like legs and arms

Newborn Muscle Control

Little physical control. They can't hold their heads up on their own, their neck and head must be supported.

Sight at birth

Newborns see best 8 to 12 inches from their face

Purpose of play

Play facilitates all aspects of development. Children learn through play.

Allergies to solids

Reason to introduce one new food at a time to be able to identify easily

SBS effects

Shaking a child under 2 years old can cause permanent brain damage and possibly death. If a child is shaken and lives, the child's quality of life may be compromised as many children with Shaken Baby Syndrome suffer long term disabilities.

Newborn head support

Since the neck muscle is weak, place one hand under their neck to support their head and neck

Fine motor skills

Small muscle development, like hands and fingers

Lanugo

Soft downy hair that may cover baby's face and body

Fontanels

Soft spots on baby's skill that allow for expansion as the child's brain can triple in size during the first two years of life.

Newborn Behavior

Spends a lot of time sleeping or eating. Crying is a response to an unpleasant stimulation. A baby needs to be calmed and held.

Umbilical Cord Stump

The cord stump will dry out and fall off

Headsize at birth

The head is 1/4th of the baby's total size. The baby's head may appear too large for its body.

Apgar test

The medical team is observing the neonates (newborns) heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, response to stimulation and skin color. Done at one minute and then again five minutes after delivery. Tests for the newborn's ability to adapt to and thrive in life outside of the uterus.

First 3 years of life

The time when children grow the most rapidly

The human face

What newborns prefer to look at and interact with

Creeping

baby pushes himself around on his stomach

Smell at birth

baby's best developed sense

Jaundice

causes the baby's skin and eyes to look slightly yellow due to the livers inability to remove the bilirubin

Abuse formula

child + caregiver + stress = abuse

Language development progression

crying cooing babbling single words putting a few words together, etc.

Purpose of baby mobile

develops the infant's eye muscles

Feeding neonates

fed on demand through breast-feeding or bottle-feeding; both have their pros and cons to identify and consider

4 basic cries

hunger (the most demanding cry), pain, bored (grows louder and more intense if ignored), and anger

First year height gain

increases by one-half

Purpose of tummy-time

key to all areas of a child's development

Object permanence

knowing that an object still exists even when it is out of sight

Physical development sequence

lift head, roll over, creep, crawl (which some children skip), cruise, and then walk

Solitary play

playing alone or engaged in activities that only need one person

Milia

plugged oil glands over the baby's forehead, nose and cheeks ("whiteheads") that will go away in several weeks

Separation anxiety

results from separation from a parent/caregiver or sentimental item

On-looker play

sitting back and watching other's playing as if observing them or waiting for your turn to participate in the activity i.e. Duck, Duck, goose

Guidelines for self-feeding safely

small pieces, easy to break apart, nothing that must be chewed, small amounts at a time, and watch them continuously

Moro Reflex

stimulated when there is loud noise or sudden movement such as when the arms are held and then suddenly released. It causes the baby to throw their legs and arms out with clenched fists

Reflex

survival skills for the newborn and a way for the physician to check the functioning of the baby's neurological system

Head after birth

the baby's head may be elongated or misshapen as a result of his journey through the birth canal

When does emotional development begin?

the day the child is born

Circumcision

the removal of the foreskin on the penis

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the sudden, unexplained death of an apparently healthy child in their sleep (often under 1 years old)

Cruising

to walk while holding onto objects for support

Vernix

waxy covering that helps to protect the baby's skin while in the womb

Grasping Reflex

when an item is placed in the palm of the hand, the baby's fingers will grab around it

Stranger anxiety

when someone comes to visit and the child cries or appears to be afraid of them

Rooting Reflex

when the baby's cheek is stroked, the baby will turn towards the side of his/her face that was stroked.

Babinski Reflex

when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to front the toes will fan out