Nervous System: Senses

olfactory glands

"Bowman glands" produce mucous to moisten olfactory epithelium and dissolve odiferous chemicals

tactile corpuseles

"Meissner corpuseles"; large, encapsulated oval receptors. They are formed from highly intertwined dendrites enclosed b modified neurolemmocytes, which are then covered with sense irregular connective tissue.

tactile cells

"Merkel cells"; which are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

tactile discs

"Merkel's discs"; are flattened nerve endings that extent to specialized tactile cells

vallate papillae

"circumvallate papillae", 10-12 large cylindrical papillae arranged in a V-shape at the rear of the tongue. Each is surrounded by a deep circular trench. Each has about 250 taste buds on the papillae wall facing the trench.

eyelids

"palpebrae"; Consist of voluntary muscle and skin with tarsal plate. Lines with conjunctiva, a mucous membrane.

lacrimal puncta

(tear ducts) tears drain through these from the lacrimal gland. Each eye has 2.

olfaction

-Sense of Smell whereby volatile molecules (Oderants) must be dissolved in the mucus in our nasal cavity to be detecte

Order that tears travel

1. Lacrimal carnucle, 2. Lacrimal puncta, 3. Lacrimal canaliculus, 4. Lacrimal sac, 5. Nasolacrimal duct

nasolacrimal duct

A duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity

lamina propria

A layer of loose connective tissue in mucous membranes just deep to the basement membrane

adaptation

A reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus

encapsulated tactile receptors

Are either wrapped by connective tissue or covered by glial cells. Tactile receptors include end bulbs, lamellated corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, and tactile corpuscles.

visceral sensory receptors

Are located in the walls of the viscera; they respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch, and pain.

Through which cranial nerves does gustatory information travel

CNIX, CN VIII

receptors initiate sensory input to the

CNS

ciliary body

Contracts or relaxes to make the suspensory ligaments either taut or slack and the lens either thinner or fatter.

orbital far

Cushions the posterior and lateral sides of the eye, providing support, protection, and facilitating oxygen and nutrient delivery by the blood.

unencapsulated tactile receptors

Dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective coat

tarsal plate

Dense, plate-like frame work with in the middle layer of each eyelid that gives the eyelids their firmness and shape. (also called tarsus)

phasic receptors

Detect a new stimulus or a change in a stimulus that has already been applied but over time their sensitivity decreases

lacrimal gland

Has superior or orbital part and an inferior part. Each eye has one; located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye; almond size; involves tears; secretes tears; lateral and superior to eye; 12 ducts go from the lacrimal gland to the surface of the conjunctive; blinking washes tears over the surface of the eyeball which then collect in the medial canthus area and drain into lacrimal canals

somatic sensory receptors

Housed within the skin for monitoring tactile sensations (e.g. pressure, vibration, and pain) and within joints, muscles, and tendons for dection of stretch and pressure relative to position and movement of the skeleton and skeletal muscles.

umami stimuli

Japanese for "delicious flavor" it is a taste related to amino acids, such as glutamate and aspartate, to produce meaty flavor

olfactory epitherlium

Lines and supports the superior region of the nasal cavity, including both the superior nasal conchae and the inferior surface of the cribruform

proprioceptors

Located in muscles, tendons, joints. They dectect body and limb movements, skeletal muscles contraction and stretch, and changes in join capsule structure.

special senses

Located only within the head and are specialized, complex organs. (gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

ciliary muscles

Multiunit smooth muscles of the ciliary body that adjust the shape of the eye's lens.

fungiform papillae

Mushroom-like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue. Contains a few taste buds.

end bulbs

Or terminal bulbs, look like tiny bubbles located at the extreme ends of the axon's branches. Each end bulb is like a miniature container that stores chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are used to communicate with neighboring cells

nociceptors

Pain receptors. Nociceptors are found everywhere in the body except for the brain.

tonic receptors

Response continuously to stimuli at a constant rate

eyebrows

Short, course hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins of the skull. Help shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration trickling down the forehead from reaching the eyes.

free nerve nedings

Terminal branches of dendrites. They are the least complex of the tactile receptors ad reside closest to the surfact of the skin, usually papillary layer of the dermis.

olfactory bulbs

Terminal ends of the tracts located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

palpebral fissure

The almond shaped opening between the upper and lower eyelids

choroid

The most extensive and posterior region of the vascular tunic. Highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera in the uveal tract. Provides nourishment to the retina. FIlled iwth pigment from melanocytes.

tarsal glands

The_______are embedded in the tarsal plates, and their ducts open at the eyelid edge just posterior to the eyelashes. These modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eyelid and the eye and prevents the eyelids from sticking together.

conjuctiva

This is the thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and the interior surfaces of the eyelids. Vascular

True of False: Unlike other sensory information olfactory pathways do not project to the thalamus.

True

conjuctival fornix

Where the lacrimal duct opens into the eye. The junction of the palpebral and ocular conjunctiva.

classification of receptors

Where the receptors originates

Cavities of the eye superficial to most deep

anterior chamber, posterior chamber, posterior cavity

Which of the following are semicircular canals?

anterior, posterior, lateral

gustatory cells

cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva are epithelial cells; they are surrounded by supporting cells in taste bud. 7-10 day life span

supporting cells

cells that sandwich the olfactory neurons and sustain the receptors

Transducers

change one form of energy into a different form

modality of stimulus

classifies what stimulus perceives: chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, nociceptors, visceral nociceptors; the stimulating agent

olfactory organs

contain olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptors (neurons sensitive to chemicals dissolved in the overlying mucus), supporting cells, and basal (stem) cells. Their surfaces are coated with the secretions of the olfactory glands.

sphincter pupillae muscle

contraction mediated by parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, CN III, and constricts pupil

The limbus is the junction between the sclera and:

cornea

palpebral conjunctiva

covers the interior of the eyelid

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of:

dendrities

visceral nociceptors

detect internal body damage w/in the viscera due to excessive stretching of smooth muscle, oxygen deprivation of the tissue, or chemicals released from damaged tissue.

interoceptors

detect internal orans

extereceptors

detect stimuli from the external environment

What type of receptors is found in the mucous membranes

exteroceptors

The three principals layers from the wall of the eye:

fibrous tunic (external layer), the vascular tunic (middle layer), and the retina (inner layer)

filiform papillae

filament-shaped, most numerous, no taste buds, typically gives brain info on textures, used for detecting and manipulating food.

basal cells

functioning as neural stem cells to continually replace olfactory receptor cells

bulbous corpuscles

heavy continuous touch or pressure: joint movements

lacrimal caruncle

houses ciliary glands

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, which of the different regions of the brain are stimulated?

hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala

receptive field

is the entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cell are distributed

What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration?

lamellated corpuscles

foliate papillae

leaf-shaped; In folds on side of tongue; Contain most sensitve taste buds; Decrease in number with age

olfactory hairs

long cilia that protrude from the nasal epithelium and are continuously bathed by a layer of mucus secreted by underlying glands

medial palpebral

muscle fibers attach on the medial side of the orbit to this area, which in turn is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla,

olfactory receptors

nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell

Gustatory cells within the taste buds are a specialized type of epithelial cell called _____ cells.

neuroepithelial

referred pain

occurs when sensory nerve signals from certain viscera are precieved as originating not from the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin.

root hair plexus

of sensory nerves surrounds the base of each hair follicle and detects the movement of the shaft.

olfactory basal cells replace:

olfactory cells

papillae

on the dorsal surface of the tongue are epithelial and connective tissue elevations

olfactory hairs house receptor proteins for detecting ______ specific odorant molecule(e).

one

Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors?

oral cavity, skin

ocular conjunctiva

outer surface of eye

general senses

receptors are distributed through the bod and are located in the skin and internal organs

somatic nociceptors

receptors that respond primarily to chemical signals for pain, often released from damaged cells

Eye structures from superficial to deep

sclera. choroid, pigmented layer or retina, neural layer of retina

Somatic receptors

sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons; body wall

receptors for general senses are usually _____.

simple in structure

localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a _____ field

small

odorant-binding proteins

solubilize the odorants and assist them to receptors. OBP bind to odorants via receptors and then scavange the odrant to prevent further activation. 2 states: One for binding odorants and receptor interaction, second for scavenging

tactile receptors

specialized for the type of sensory stimulation received such as touch, pain and temperature.

lacrimal sac

structure that collects tears before emptying into the nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal canaliculus

structure that drains tears from the lacrimal puncta

sour

tastes are produced by metal acids in the ingested material such as hydrogen ions (H+) in vinegar

sweet

tastes are produced by organic compounds such as sugar other molecules

bitter

tastes are produced primarily by alkaloids suchs as quinine, unsweetened choclate, nicotine, and caffine

salt

tates are produced by metal ions such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)

lateral palpebral

the horizontal line that is form from the interlaced ends of fiber bundles from the upper and lower lids at the lateral palpebral ligament.

taste pore

the opening of the taste bud

gustation

the sense of taste

Which of the following are true of the olfactory hairs?

they are immobile, they are unmyelinated

Sensory neurons housed within the vestibular ganglia monitor changes in the activities of hair cells within the ________ and the _________ _________.

vestibule; semicircular canal

Trachoma

A serious eye infection, and probably the greatest single cause of blindness by an infectious disease; Caused by certain serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis but not the same ones that cause genital infections.

lacrimal apparatus

A structure of the eye that produce tears and the ducts that drain excess fluid from the front of the eyes into the nose. Including:tear film, lacrimal gland, upper and lower punctum, upper and lower canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct

lamellated corpuseles

"Pacinian corpuscles" composed of several dendritic endings ensheathed with an inner core of neurolemmocytes and out concentric layers of connective tissue.

levator palpebrae superioris

Narrow, tendinous muscles located deep in the eye sockets at the small wings of the sphenoid bone. They end in a wide aponeurosis. They raise the upper eyelid. The levator palpebrae superioris creates the following wrinkles: superior palpebral sulcus and linear sulci, short palpebration furrows, which fan from opposite corners of the eyelids toward each other.