NEU20006

Astrocyte Functions

- Brain glycogen energy reserves - Regulation of extracellular ions - Uptake and regulation of neurotransmitters - Regulate glutamate - Promote neural survival - Myelination - Secrete and modify the extracellular matrix - Synaptogenesis and neurogenesis - Immune modulation - Regulation the blood-brain barrier

Divisions of the Nervous System

- Central/peripheral - Somatic/visceral - afferent/efferent - General/special

Forebrain

- Cerebrum - Thalamus - Hypothalamus

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges)

- Dura Mater - Arachnoid Mater - Pia Mater

Parts of the Brain Anatomy

- Gyrus - Sulcus - Fissure

Hindbrain

- Pons - Medulla Oblongata - Cerebellum - Pituitary Gland - Cerebral Cortex

Sensory Inputs

- Sensory Components (afferent) - Sensory ganglia and nerves - Sensory receptors - Internal and External Environment

Special Senses

- Smell and taste (chemical senses) - Vision - Hearing and vestibular balance

General Senses

- Somatic Sensations - Tactile - Thermal - Pain - Proprioception

Neuroglial Cells

- oligendrocytes - microglia - ependymal cells - astrocytes - schwann cells

Parts of the Brain Anatomy - Fissure

A deep groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear

Parts of the Brain Anatomy - Sulcus

A groove or furrow, especially one on the surface of the brain.

Forebrain - Hypothalamus

A region of the forebrain below the thalamus which coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

Parts of the Brain Anatomy - Gyrus

A ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.

Axon Action Potential

Action potential is a momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a neuron or muscle cell. Nerve impulses are action potentials. They either stimulate a change in polarity in another neuron or cause a muscle cell to contract.

Anatomic Terms - Anterior

Anterior refers to what is in front of the subject

Neuroglial Cells - Astrocytes

Astrocytes are stellate shaped cells which are part of the blood-brain barrier.

Axonial Transport

Axonial transport is essential for moving vesicles from the cell body to the synapse.

Dendrite

Branches that extend the surface area of the cell body

Ependymal Cells - Chloroid Plexus

Choroid Plexus is an area within each ventricle of the brain that produces Centro-spinal fluid.

Anatomic Terms - Coronal

Coronal divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.

Forebrain - Thalamus

Either of two masses of grey matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a centre for pain perception.

Neuroglial Cells - Ependymal Cells

Ependymal cells produce the cerebral spinal fluid of the brain. The ependymal cells also line the ventricles (brain) and the central canal (spinal canal).

Afferent/Efferent Division - GVE

General visceral efferent (GVE) neurons innervate the smooth muscle associated with blood vessels and visceral structures, glands, and cardiac muscle.

Oligodendrocytes and Myelination

In the central cell, the oligodendrocytes provide multiple myelin sheath wrapping to multiple axons.

Schwann Cell and Myelination

In the peripheral neuron, one Schwann cell can only provide a single myeline sheath wrapping for one node for one axon.

Anatomic Terms - Inferior

Inferior is used to refer to what is below the subject

Motor Outputs

Motor Components (efferent) - Visceral Motor System - Autonomic ganglia and nerves - Somatic Motor System - Motor nerves Effectors - Smooth Muscles, Cardiac Muscle, and Glands (involuntary control - homeostatic regulation) Skeletal Muscles (somatic - voluntary movements)

Neuroglial Cells - Oligendrocytes

Oligodendroctyes are important in the formation of the myelin sheath around neutrons of the CNS.

Anatomic Terms - Posterior

Posterior refers to what is to the back of the subject

Anatomic Terms - Sagittal

Sagittal divides the body into its left and right halves if the body is facing forward.

Satellite Glial Cells

Satellite glial cells surround the cell bodies of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia and is responsible for the regulation of the neuronal microenvironment.

Anatomic Terms - Superior

Superior is used to refer to what is above something

The Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System

The ANS is responsible for involuntary homeostatic sensory and motor regulation and consists of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. - The ANS controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. - The nerves in the ANS include pressure sensors also known as baroreceptors and chemical sensors which are known as chemoreceptors.

Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and spinal cord and is contained within the skull and vertebral column of the skeleton. - Cerebral cortex (cerebral hemispheres) - Dienecephalon (hypothalamus) - Cerebellum - Brainstem - Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System is made-up of all other remaining neural tissues, which include the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, within the body coming off of the central nervous system allowing for neural communication with the entire body outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Somatic Nervous System

The SNS consists of all the spinal nerve fibres that innervate skin, joints and skeletal muscle and is responsible for voluntary movement. - Includes motor neurons that direct voluntary movement - Includes sensory neurons in skeletal muscles, joints and skin

Afferent/Efferent Division of the NS

The afferent division sends sensory information from the PNS to the CNS whereas the efferent division receives motor commands from the CNS to the PNS. The divisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Hindbrain - Cerebellum

The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity

Hindbrain - Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe and is the location responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language

Forebrain - Cerebrum

The cerebrum is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.

Afferent/Efferent Division - GVA

The general visceral afferent fibres (GVA) conduct sensory impulses from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system.

Hindbrain - Medulla Oblongata

The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.

Neuroglial Cells - Microglia

The microglia the resident macrophage of the CNS (phagocytosis). It is activated by trauma and is responsible for immunological surveillance. The microglia releases cytokines and regulates immunity in the brain.

Midbrain

The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

Nervous System

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral system.

Neuroglia

The neuroglia regulates the internal environment of the central nervous system. The neuroglia contains the blood-brain barrier and immunological serveillance.

Hindbrain - Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain and is responsible for producing the following hormones and releases them into the bloodstream: adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones, principally cortisol. growth hormone, which regulates growth, metabolism and body composition.

Hindbrain - Pons

The pons is part of the brainstem, and connects upper and lower parts of the brain. The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum.

Anatomic Terms - Transverse

Transverse (Horizontal) divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.

Synapse

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) - Arachnoid Mater

a) Subarachnoid space b) CSF flow → arachnoid villus → venous sinus c) Arachnoid trabeculae (strands of connective tissue) attach to pia

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) - Dura Mater

a) Thick collagenous membrane b) Adheres firmly to skull and arachnoid layer c) Mechanical strength d) Separate blood supply (pathology = hematoma) e) Pain sensitive

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) - Pia Mater

a) Tightly adheres to surface of brain

White Matter of the Brain

axon tracts — white due to fatty myelination of axons

Grey Matter of the Brain - Nucleus

cluster of cell bodies deep in the CCtx and brainstem Sometimes associated with common function - E.g. auditory nucleus of brainstem

Grey Matter of the Brain

cluster of cell bodies within the CNS - Cerebral Cortex (CCtx) - Nucleus

Grey Matter of the Brain - Cerebral Cortex

superficial surface of the cerebral cortex