NEURAL Test Review

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

11)The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. What is the correct sequence for these events? 1.Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2.Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. 3.Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine. 4.An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 5.The pre-synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline. 6.Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 7.Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.8.Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the pre-synaptic terminal.

4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5

49) What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

49) What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

2) Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

A) anaxonic.

14) The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

A) axons of motor neurons.

19) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region.

A) cervical

32) Identify the structure labeled "7."

A) dura mater

20) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

A) endoneurium.

26) The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

A) hypothalamus.

16)Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

A) loss of sensation in his torso

25)Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

A) loss of sensation in his torso

41) The corpus callosum is composed of

A) the prefrontal cortex.

48) The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

A) vagus nerve.

45)________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read. A)Aphasia B)Ataxia C)Apraxia D)Bell's palsy E)Dysphagia

A)Aphasia

36)The anterior nuclei of the thalamus A)are part of the limbic system. B)secrete pituitary hormones. C)secrete melatonin. D)receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. E)secrete pituitary hormones and melatonin.

A)are part of the limbic system.

43)The highest levels of information processing occur in the A)cerebrum. B)diencephalon. C)cerebellum. D)medulla oblongata. E)corpus callosum.

A)cerebrum.

6)Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes A)depolarization. B)repolarization. C)hyperpolarization. D)increased negative charge inside the membrane. E)inhibition.

A)depolarization.

29)Cerebrospinal fluid A)is secreted by ependymal cells. B)is formed by a passive process. C)is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. D)has almost the same composition as blood plasma. E)contains blood cells and blood plasma.

A)is secreted by ependymal cells.

40)The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A)longitudinal fissure. B)central sulcus. C)transverse fissure. D)parieto-occipital sulcus. E)postcentral sulcus.

A)longitudinal fissure.

20)If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5spinal segments, you would expect that he A)might be unable to breathe on his own. B)could walk without difficulty. C)would have full range of motion in all extremities. D)would be in a coma. E)would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

A)might be unable to breathe on his own.

7)The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________. A)neurotransmitter; receptor B)receptor; neurotransmitter C)substrate; receptor D)hormone; neurotransmitter E)propagation; neurotransmitter

A)neurotransmitter; receptor

42)The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the A)prefrontal cerebral cortex. B)occipital association cortex. C)reticular formation. D)temporal lobe. E)cerebral ganglia.

A)prefrontal cerebral cortex.

47)You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to A)smell his food. B)smile. C)blink his eyes. D)nod his head. E)hear your voice.

A)smell his food.

9)Which area of the graph shows when voltage-gated sodium channels are open? A)2 B)4 C)1 D)5 E)3

A.) 2

2)________ neurons are the most common structural class in the CNS. A)Multipolar B)Anaxonic C)Unipolar D)Bipolar E)Sensory

A.) Multipolar

30) The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillary endothelial cells are the

B) astrocytes.

45) A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

B) electroencephalogram

28) The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the

B) extensiveness of the gyri and sulci.

39) Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

37) The posterior nuclei of the thalamus includes the

B) lateral and medial geniculate nuclei.

12) Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

B) norepinephrine.

46) Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

B) oculomotor

13) When a second EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

B) temporal summation

7) When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,

B) the inside of the membrane will become more negative.

50) Identify the nerve labeled "11."

B) trigeminal

22) What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

B) visceral motor control

18)Which of the following associations is incorrect? A)8 cervical spinal nerves B)11 thoracic spinal nerves C)5 lumbar spinal nerves D)5 sacral spinal nerves E)1 coccygeal spinal nerve

B)11 thoracic spinal nerves

49)Identify the nerve labeled "3." A)facial B)abducens C)trochlear D)trigeminal E)vagus

B)abducens

13)IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) A)are local depolarizations. B)are local hyperpolarizations. C)increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. D)block the efflux of potassium ions. E)block the efflux of calcium ions.

B)are local hyperpolarizations.

14)The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains A)axons of motor neurons. B)axons of sensory neurons. C)cell bodies of motor neurons. D)cell bodies of sensory neurons. E)interneurons.

B)axons of sensory neurons.

5)Functions of astrocytes include all of the followingexcept A)maintaining the blood-brain barrier. B)conducting action potentials. C)guiding neuron development. D)responding to neural tissue damage. E)forming a three-dimensionalframework for the CNS.

B)conducting action potentials.

37)The medial nuclei of the thalamus A)are part of the limbic system. B)connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe. C)produce the hormone oxytocin. D)process visual information. E)process olfactory information.

B)connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe.

48)A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected? A)glossopharyngeal B)hypoglossal C)vagus D)spinal accessory E)trigeminal

B)hypoglossal

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A)visceral B)innate C)acquired D)somatic E)vegetative

B)innate

15)Cerebrospinal fluid flowswithin the A)filum terminale. B)subarachnoid space. C)dura mater. D)pia mater. E)arachnoid mater.

B)subarachnoid space.

32)Identify the structure labeled "9." A)dura mater B)superior sagittal sinus C)lateral ventricle D)subarachnoid space E)arachnoid granulation

B)superior sagittal sinus

22)Identify the structure labeled "6." A)autonomic nerve B)sympathetic ganglion C)dorsal root ganglion D)rami communicantes E)ventral root

B)sympathetic ganglion

3)Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A)why CNS neurons grow such long axons. B)why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue. C)the ability of neurons to generate an actionpotential. D)the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E)the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.

B.) why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

3) On which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur?

B.)1

19)The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A)cervical B)brachial C)lumbar D)sacral E)thoracic

B.)brachial

10) Type ________ fibers have the largest diameter axons.

C) A

23) All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they

C) are found in tendons.

11) The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is

C) calcium.

34) Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

C) cerebellum.

15) The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

C) dura mater.

6) Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

C) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

42) Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to

C) prefrontal cortex

43) Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?

C) prefrontal cortex

21) Identify the structure labeled "8."

C) spinal nerve

24) The subdural space lies between

C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

4)The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels. A)The first statement is true but the second statement is false. B)The first statement is false but the second statement is true. C)Both statements are true. D)Both statements are false.

C)Both statements are true.

31)Identify the structure labeled "3." A)arbor vitae B)corpora quadrigemina C)cerebral aqueduct D)pons E)diencephalon

C)cerebral aqueduct

16)What is the function of the structure labeled "14"? A)control of skeletal muscle B)somatic sensory processing C)control of visceral effectors D)somatic motor control E)visceral sensory processing

C)control of visceral effectors

39)Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A)amygdaloid body B)cingulate gyrus C)globus pallidus D)hippocampus E)fornix

C)globus pallidus

21)Identify the structure labeled "4." A)spinal nerve B)gray ramus C)white ramus D)dorsal ramus E)ventral ramus

C)white ramus

5) At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports

D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

18) Identify the structure labeled "10."

D) anterior gray commissure

38) The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

D) determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area

1) Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

D) direct long-term functions, such as growth

44) Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

D) play the piano.

17) Identify the structure labeled "4."

D) posterior gray horn

29) What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

D) subarachnoid space

36) Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

D) substantia nigra.

27) Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

D) thalamus.

30)Which statement is trueregarding cerebrospinal fluid? A)CSF is identical in composition to blood plasma.B)CSF is made during fetal development and does not change through the lifetime of the person.C)There is about a liter of CSF within the brain and spinal cord.D)If CSF is not properly resorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.E)CSF moves back into the blood supply by the process of osmosis.

D)If CSF is not properly resorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.

8)What is occurring in the area between #2 and #3? A)An excitatory graded potential is occurring. B)Potassium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization. C)Chemically gated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the axon. D)Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization. E)Repolarization of the axon due to sodium ions leaving the axon is occurring

D)Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization.

44)A person with a damaged visual association area may be A)unable to see rows of letters. B)declared legally blind. C)unable to recognize letters but able to identify whole words and their meanings. D)able to see letters but unable to associate them into words. E)unable to understand spoken words.

D)able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.

10)Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A)norepinephrine. B)adrenalin. C)serotonin. D)acetylcholine. E)GABA.

D)acetylcholine.

34)The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the A)pons. B)medulla. C)cerebral cortex. D)cerebellar cortex. E)arbor vitae.

D)cerebellar cortex.

26)Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem? A)medulla oblongata B)pons C)mesencephalon D)diencephalon E)cerebellum

D)diencephalon

12)EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when A)more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. B)more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell. C)chloride ions enter a cell. D)extra sodium ions enter a cell. E)hyperpolarizations occur.

D)extra sodium ions enter a cell.

50)What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"? A)vision B)olfaction C)taste D)hearing and balance E)eye movement

D)hearing and balance

38)Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? A)prefrontal cortex B)postcentral gyrus C)basal nuclei D)hypothalamus E)reticular formation

D)hypothalamus

27)The cerebellum and pons develop from the A)telencephalon. B)diencephalon. C)mesencephalon. D)metencephalon. E)myelencephalon.

D)metencephalon.

41)The visual cortex is located in the A)frontal lobe. B)parietal lobe. C)temporal lobe. D)occipital lobe. E)insula.

D)occipital lobe.

24)Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A)a crossed extensor reflex. B)a stretch reflex. C)a tendon reflex. D)reciprocal inhibition. E)reverberating circuits.

D)reciprocal inhibition.

25)Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A)normal in newborns B)abnormal in adults C)a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D)why you close your eyes when you sneeze E)flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

D)why you close your eyes when you sneeze

9) Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential?

D.) 4

1)The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. A)sympathetic B)parasympathetic C)afferent D)somatic E)autonomic

D.) Somatic

4) ________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

E) Ependymal cells

33) The medulla oblongata regulates

E) blood pressure and respiration.

47) Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

E) glossopharyngeal and vagus

35) The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

E) inferior colliculi

40) The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

E) insula.

31) Identify the structure labeled "6."

E) subarachnoid space

46)Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of A)cranial nerve I.B)cranial nerve II.C)cranial nerve X. D)cranial nerve IV.E)cranial nerve IX.

E)cranial nerve IX.

28)The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. A)cerebellum B)medulla oblongata C)cerebrum D)pons E)hypothalamus

E)hypothalamus

33)Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the

E)pons.

35)The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the

superior and inferior colliculi.