Neuro week 8 info

encephalitis lethargica

-Inflammation and damage to midbrain, basal ganglia and substantia nigra. -Display parkinsonian features. -Difficulty initiating/controlling volitional movement, inhibiting nonvolitional movement. statue like appearance no 24 hour rhythms

if you have 2 copies of e4 gene, how at risk are you for alz

16x

what caused encephalitis lethargica

1918 spanish flu (virus) Got in through olfactory nerve, made connections to substantia nigra and migrated to other brain areas

if you have 1 copy of e4 gene, how at risk are you for alz

2.5x

how long do you have to have sleep difficulties to be diagnosed with insomnia

3 times a week for at least 3 months

what was the back to sleep campaign

A campaign in 1994 to make sure parents made their infants sleep on their backs. It substantially reduced but did not eliminate crib death.

wisconsin card sorting test

A neuropsychological test that evaluates a patient's ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules. measures executive function (attention, learning, memory, problem solving, set shifting)

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. happens at least 3 times a week

iowa gambling task

A task in which participants must learn to avoid risky choices (generating a net loss) in favor of less risky (and more rewarding) choices tests the executive function by risk testing Task involves getting play money ($2000). After selecting a deck, participant may win or lose $. They must figure out the most optimal strategy of selecting decks with moderate payoff (advantageous decks). Disadvantageous decks have big payoffs but also big loss. Big gamblers do worse on this than others that are good with long term gratification (like med students)

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

A test that is used to measure cognitive ability, especially in late adulthood. where are we? count backwards by 7 from 100 copy a drawing remember 3 words

what is the leading cause of dementia

Alzheimer's disease

amyloid beta peptide

Breakdown product of beta amyloid precursor protein that builds up in the brain

As a function of age, the total number of hours spent sleeping decreases. why?

Could be from physiological functions or comorbidible reasons that interfere with sleep

in a healthy brain, what happens to beta amyloid? what happens during alz?

In a healthy brain, these protein fragments are broken down and eliminated. In Alzheimer's disease, the fragments accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques.

inion

Most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

If our sleep is disturbed, would it be worse to have it happen at the beginning of the night or the last 3rd of the night?

Waking up during rem or at the latter end of the night is much more disruptive to our functioning of the next day relative to a same disruption to the earlier part of the night due to rem being responsible for restorative functions

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety

fatal familial insomnia

a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia Person will have difficulty sleeping, then hallucinations, then cognitive decline (like alz disease), and then a quick death after liek a year a half of symptoms insomnia --> hallucination --> dementia --> death

beta amyloid

a protein fragment snipped from an amyloid precursor protein (APP)

wada test

a test in which a short-lasting anesthetic is delivered into one carotid artery to determine which cerebral hemisphere principally mediates language

what nt is important for sleep

adenosine

advantage and disadvantge of eegs

adv: high temporal resolution (ms) dis: poor spatial resolution (Cm) as its limited to the number of electrodes on head

when fearful eyes are subliminally presented to subjects, mri scans revealed higher levels of activity in what region

amygdala

what area is important for anxiety and also aggression?

amygdala hippocampus is also involved (and for motivated behavior)

the connection between pathophysiology and behavioral levels in still being studied for alz, but what do we think is NOT involved?

amyloid beta

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of

amyloid plaques between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.

causes of early alz

amyloid precursor protein (APP) presenilin 1 and 2

how much time do we spend in rem sleep throughout our lives?

babies spent alot of time and premature babies spend even more of time askeep in rem adults do 20% each night in rem

do the brain changes from alz happen before or after functional impairments?

before

what does benadryl and antihistamines do to tuberomammillary nucleus

blocks the histaminergic receptors and increases sleep if used for short times spans but decreases sleep if used long term

nasion

bridge of nose

what area is affected when you can understand but not produce language (expressive aphasia)

brocas

Most common psychoactive drug in the world is

caffeine

main structures of sleep

cerebral cortex thalamus brainstem

when are we the coldest? the warmest?

coldest at 3-4 am warmer later in the evening

suprachiasmiatic nucleus controls what

controls sleep and wake rhythms

damage to the wernickes area causes what deficits

deficits in language comprehension and production

EEGs (electroencephalograms)

depict via freauency and ampltidues cortical electrical activity as non-invasively recorded from electrodes on the scalp expresses alpha and beta rhythms

septum

divides a cavity or structure into smaller one

what area of the brain can be injured and cause perseveration errors

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

highest risk genes of alz in order

e3,e2,e4

narcolepsy occurs from the presence of at least one of three things

episodes of cataplexy (loss of muscle tone) hypocretin deficiency a polysomnography showing REM in people that fall asleep in 15 minutes or less

the hippocampus is important for what type of memory? what is it NOT important for?

explicit memory (events) and spatial memory NOT procedural (motor)

what aphasia does brocas cause

expressive aphasia

what is tau a component of

forms part of microtubules

beta activity

frontal 14-69 hz (low low amplitude) person is awake and attentive

amyloid

general term for protein fragments that the body produces normally.

what chemical is responsible for the eeg signal

glutamate

prevalence of alz

higher chance as you age global prevalance is 24 million predicted to double every 20 years until 2040

10/20 system of electrode placement

i. An objective system for placing electrodes on the human scalp ii. Think of the 10-20 system as an operational definition of electrode placement

where is the tuberomammillary nucleus

in hypothalamus

Neurofibrillary tangles

insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brain's cells.

what did dr saxx give to patients with encephalitis lethargica

l dopa to increase dopamine and patients responded well but only for a short period of time

There can be pronounced tissue loss in alz. As a result, the sulci and ventricles get larger/smaller

larger

lefties usually have the language area of the brain in which hemisphere?

left hemisphere

Where is Wernicke's area located?

left temporal lobe

lefties/righties are more prone to atypical language organization

lefties

diagnostic of insomnia

less quality and quantity of sleep trouble falling and staying asleep early morning awakening sleep disturbance causes significant distress

serotonin levels in sudden infant death syndrome cases

levels are diminished in raphe nucleus in sids kids 1a receptors diminished reducting in the RL enzyme for synthesis of 5ht

Hippocampus is believed to be a key are in the transfer of information from working memory to _________ memory.

long-term

an increase in serotonin in rostral medulla neurons points to what physiology in sids

may be due to crosstalk between ach and 5ht system since ach plays a big role in kid development

SCN controls 24 hour rhythms in what 3 things

melatonin other hormones (testosterone) temperature

possible cause of insomnia

melatonin rhythm amplitude and duration of signal is decreased

usual timeline of alz symptoms

memory impairment progressing to language and visuospatial deficits followed by executive dysfunction

what is the only known dsm disorder discussed with a known biochemical abnormality

naroclepsy one of only 2 in the dsm

symptoms and pathology of dementia

neuronal loss plaques (beta amyloid) tangles (tau)

did the alzheimer's vaccine work well?

no

do sleep stages get affected if you transect at the lower medulla

no only affects when you transect at upper brain stem and thalamus (between pons and midbrain) - makes us believe the upper medulla is an important component of sleep stages and consciousness

alpha rhythm

occipital 8-13 hz / low amplitude awake but eyes closed and relaxed

how common is early onset of alz

only 5% of cases (seen in 50s)

iowa gambling task tests what cortex

orbital frontal cortex

hypocretin is aka

orexin

orexin binds to

ox 1 and ox 2

oxB binds most

ox2 receptors

when can you actually diagnosis true alz?

post mortem, cant do it while alive and its just considered presumptive alz

early onset of alz is considered to be what age

pre age 60

anatomical changes precede/proceed functional changes in alz

precede

schizophrenics have underactivity in which cortex

prefrontal cortex

predation aggression

quiet attack

what aphasia does wernickes cause

receptive aphasia

perservation

state of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose

anatomical changes during alz

sulci and ventricles get bigger as tissue is lost csf areas get larger ventricles get bigger loss of tissue (Atropy) in hippocampus and temporal cortex

what do neurofibrillary tangles consist of

tau

stroop test of attention

tests neurocognitive functions say the color of the font, not the text use MRI to see ACC light up

what causes fatal familial insomnia

thalamic underactivity

amyloid plaque

the clusters of beta amyoid

The microtubule helps transport nutrients and other important substances from one part of the nerve cell to another. In Alzheimer's disease, however, the tau protein is abnormal and what happens to the microtubule structure.

the microtubule structures collapse

what is a brain region affected early in alz? why is this problematic

the nucleas basilis involves somas for the ach system which projects to important areas of coognitiion like hpp, prefrontal cortex, and frontal cortex

sudden infant death syndrome

the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby #1 cause of death during 1 month-1 year of life

defensive aggression

threatening hissing

what nucleus is the sole source of histamine pathways in the brain and promotes wakefulness

tuberomammillary nucleus

causes of late alz

unknown

cause of sudden infant death syndrome

unknown but seems to be a trifecta of age and vulnurabilty to neurochemical abnormalities, genetic risks, and environmental factors (sleeping on belly)

where is the brocas area

usually inferior frontal cortex (left)

nucleus accumbens recieves dopaminergic axons from what area

ventral tegmental area (Tva)

orexin promotes wakefulness/sleepiness

wakefulness