Neuroanatomy

Describe the location and function of Broca's area

Broca's area is the motor speech region and its main functions include speech production and planning. It is now recognized that Broca's area may also play a role in speech comprehension and semantic processing. It is found in the dominant, usually left, hemisphere on the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. (MINE) Broca's area is in the inferior frontal lobe of the dominant (usually left) hemisphere, specifically in the pars opercularis and pars triangularis. It is primarily involved in motor planning for speech, but has recently also been associated with comprehension activities (although Wernicke's is more strongly associated with comprehension) (HERS)

Which of the following are functions of microglia? Choose all that apply.

Consume harmful substances

The receptors for touch are:

Mechanoreceptors

The _________ is the body's homeostatic regulatory system

Hypothalamus

Which of the following are structures of the diencephalon

Hypothalamus Thalamus

List the cranial nerves (name and number) that could be implicated when a patient reports diplopia?

III oculomotor; IV trochlear; VI abducens

The superior and inferior parietal lobules are divided by the

Intraparietal sulcus

A_________ is an involuntary response to some type of stimulus. Minimally, it must include a ________ and a __________ neuron.

Reflex Sensory Motor

The most basic function of the spinal cord is_________

Reflexive activity

What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?

Smell

Which of the following general principles do not apply to the trigeminal pathways?

Spans the entire longitudinal axis of the CNS

List to mechanisms by which an axon reaches firing threshold

Spatial summation Temporal summation

The ventral surface of the spinal cord is :

anterior

Describe Acetylcholine

principal excitatory neurotransmitter found in motor neurons and muscles

Describe GABA

principal inhibitory neurotransmitter

Describe Dopamine

produces in the substantia nigra, modulates motor activity; associated with Parkinson's disease

Describe serotonin

regulates attention, mood, emotion states and more

Define allodynia

"Heightened sensitivity to pain in already injured tissue" It is when tissue is damaged which causes a metabolic response leading to a heightened pain sensitivity in that area. For example, when you get a sunburn; the sunburned area is more sensitive and you feel more pain when it is touched.

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for tongue movement?

Hypoglossal XII

Action potentials are initiated in the ____________.

Axon hillock

In which portion of a neuron does integration of input occur?

Axon hillock

List the three layers of meninges from outermost to innermost

Dura mater Arachnoid layer Pia mater

What is the voltage of the resting potential? ___________. What is the voltage of an action potential? ________

-70 mV +50 mV

List the 5 basal ganglia. Indicate which are located in the cerebral hemispheres, which in the diencephalon, and which in the midbrain

-Caudate nucleus: cerebral hemispheres -Putamen: cerebral hemispheres -Globus pallidus: cerebral hemispheres -Subthalamic nucleus: diencephalon -Substantia nigra: midbrain

Define the terms visual space, visual field, and binocular visual field

.Visual space is the external world that can be transduced by both retinas. It is everything we can see when we have both eyes open and fixes on a certain point ahead of us. Visual field is the portion of visual space that can be seen by each individual retin Binocular visual field is the ventral portion of the visual field that is created by. overlapping the left and right monocular fields.

Which ventricle is located in the brainstem?

4th

The space seen on the posterior surface of the pons in the____________

4th ventricle

True or false? Receptor cells for the auditory mechanism are mechanoreceptors while those for the vestibular system are chemoreceptors.

???

Different portions of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. This is called ______

A tonotopic arrangement

Which of the following cranial nerves play a role in movement of the eyeball? Choose all that apply?

Abducens VI Trochlear IV Oculomotor III

List by name and number the three cranial nerves responsible for moving the eyeballs

Abducens VI, trochlear IV, oculomotor III

Lis the four lobes of the brain that are seen on the lateral surfaces

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

The neurotransmitter involved in the synapse between a LMN and neuromuscular junction is?

Acetylcholine

When membrane potential goes from -70 mV to +50 mV, what has occurred?

Action potential

A rapid change in membrane potential at a specific location on the axon that is then propagated down the axon is an _______. It is initiated in the ______________.

Action potential Axon hillock

Fibers that transmit information toward the CNS are ___________ fibers.

Afferent

Which of the following are functions of the thalamus?

Alll: Learning complex actions Selecting appropriate responses to meet motor goals Regulating signals related to emotion, memory, and autonomic control

List the three semicircular canals and the type of movement detected by each

Anterior: rolling of the head/rotation about the x-axis/tilting head side to side Posterior : pitching of the head/rotation about the y-axis/nodding head up and down Lateral: yaw of the head/rotation about the z-axis/rotating your head as if saying "no"

Which of the following is NOT one of the basal ganglia

Amygdala

When membrane potential goes from -70 mV to +50mV, what has occured?

An action potential

Explain the all or none principle with regard to action potentials

An action potential will either fully fire, or there will be no response. It doesn't matter how close to the threshold it reaches, it has to be all or nothing. (MINE) An action potential will either fire to full strength or not at all. In addition, hyperpolarization ensures that it will only fire in one direction. (HERS)

The pathway that is responsible for transmitting pain and temperature is the:

Anterolateral pathway

Which communication artery or arteries connects the right carotid system to the left carotid system?

Anterior communicating artery

Which vein is NOT part of the circle of Willis?

Anterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral arteries Anterior cerebral arteries Middle cerebral arteries Vertebral arteries(NOT) Posterior communicating arteries

For each of the structures/areas listed below, indicate whether the fibers are sensory, motor or both Ascending fibers of the spinal cord: Descending fibers of the spinal cord: Spinal nerves: Ventral roots of spinal nerve : Dorsal roots of spinal nerve:

Ascending fibers of the spinal cord: sensory Descending fibers of the spinal cord: motor Spinal nerves: both Ventral roots of spinal nerve : motor Dorsal roots of spinal nerve: sensory

Match the types of white matter fibers to their definitions:

Association fibers: connect 2 areas within the same hemisphere Commissural fibers: connect the two hemispheres Projection fibers: connect higher to lower areas of the CNS

Match the type of white matter to its definition Association, projection and commissural fibers.

Association fibers: connects two parts of the same hemisphere Projection fibers: connects higher to lower areas of the CNS Commissural: connects one hemisphere to the other

Which type of glial cell contributes to the blood brain barrier?

Astrocyte

Which glial cells have a role in the blood brain barrier

Astrocytes

Match the sensory function to the type of receptor with which it is associated Auditory: Somatosensation from the skin: Vision : Pain : Temperature:

Auditory: mechanoreceptors Somatosensation from the skin: mechanoreceptor Vision : photoreceptor Pain : nociceptor Temperature : thermoceptor

The portion of the neuron that transmits the action potential is the

Axon

The portion of the neuron that transmits the action potential is the _______

Axon

Action potentials are initiated in the

Axon hillock

Which of the following are most involved in selecting the specific movement for reaching and intended goal?

Basal ganglia

Which of the following determines whether to interrupt one action with another?

Basal ganglia

Which of the following is considered the movement selector?

Basal ganglia

Which of the following regulates duration of a movement

Basal ganglia

Which of the following are the structures of the indirect motor control system?

Basal ganglia Cerebellum

Most cranial nerve nuclei are located in the

Brainstem

A lesion to the optic chiasm would result in

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Which of the following are part of the CNS

Brainstem Cerebrum Spinal cord

Describe association fibers

Connects areas in the same hemisphere

Describe projection fibers

Connects higher and lower areas of the CNS

List the 3 protective mechanisms of the CNS

Bone Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid

The two major structures of the CNS are the __________ and __________

Brain Spinal cord

What are names of bundles of axons in the PNS, and bundles of axons in the CNS?

Bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves, bundles of axons in the CNS can be called tract, fiber, pathway, peduncle, fasciculus, lemniscus, capsule, and commissure

Which of the following are parts of the CNS through which the corticobulbar tract travels?

Cerebral peduncles Midbrain Internal capsule Corona radiata

The primary visual cortex is located along the edges of the _________ and the _________ lobe

Calcarine fissure Occipital

During a synapse, an influx of ___________ in the terminal bouton, causes _____ to move and bind to the cell membrane, releasing _______ into the synaptic cleft

Calcium Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitters

List the two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain:

Carotid Vertebrobasilar

List two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain

Carotid Vertebrobasilar

The two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain are the

Carotid Vertebrobasilar

Which major arterial systems supply blood to the brain?

Carotid and vertebrobasilar

List the structures of the basal ganglia

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra

The striatum consists of the ________ and ___________

Caudate nucleus and putamen

The locations at which a neuron typically receive input are from either its ________ or ______

Cell bodies or dendrites

List the three major parts of a neuron

Cell body Axon Dendrite

The neuron receives input through the ______ or _______. The signal is transmitted along the ________

Cell body or dendrite Axon

The boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes in the _________. The boundary between the frontal and temporal lobes in the _______________.

Central sulcus Lateral fissure

All input and output of the cerebellum goes through three _______

Cerebellar peduncles

The ________ is the indirect structure that is involved in motor learning and motor coordination

Cerebellum

What structure is dorsal to the brainstem?

Cerebellum

Which of the following is most responsible for motor learning and motor coordination?

Cerebellum

Explain the similarities / differences between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles.

Cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles are rope-like structures that connect structures together. The Cerebral peduncles connect the anterior midbrain to the thalami. The Cerebellar peduncles connect the brainstem to the cerebellum. These structures allow communication to happen. (MINE ¾ points) Peduncles are stalks of fibers (axons) that connect structures to the brainstem. The two cerebral peduncles connect the cerebral hemispheres to the midbrain. Cerebellar peduncles (there are 3 pairs) connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. (HERS)

Which of the areas of the cerebellum is involved in planning, timing, and initiation of movement?

Cerebrocerebellum

Indicate whether each of the structures list is part of the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) : Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Spinal Nerve, Brainstem, Spinal cord, and Cranial Nerve

Cerebrum : CNS Cerebellum : CNS Spinal nerve : PNS Brainstem : CNS Spinal cord : CNS Cranial nerve: PNS

Where is cerebrospinal fluid manufactured?

Choroid plexus of the ventricles

During speech planning, which structure is responsible for mapping the emotional content of the utterance?

Cingulate gyrus

Describe commissural fibers

Connects the two hemispheres together

The driving force that causes an ion to move in order to achieve uniform distribution is a _______. The driving force that causes an ion to move because of its positive or negative charge is an_________.

Concentration gradient Electrical gradient

Which type of photoreceptor is predominately in the central retina, is sensitive to colors and is essential for sharp acuity?

Cones

A section that divides the structure into front and back parts is a ____________ section

Coronal

The ____________ is the largest set of commissural fibers

Corpus callosum

What is the white matter tract that connects one hemisphere to the other

Corpus callosum

What is the white matter tract that connects one hemisphere to the other?

Corpus callosum

Sheets of cell bodies combine to form ___________. Groups of cell bodies in the CNS are called_____________. Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called _____________. All of these are ____________________ (The final answer should be one of the following gray matter, white matter, or both.)

Cortex nuclei ganglia gray matter

List the two direct upper motor neuron tracts

Corticospinal Corticobulba

The two upper motor neuron tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to the LMNs are the _______ and ________.

Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract

_______________are nerves that can be sensory, motor, or both, and that supply the head/neck.

Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves: The trigeminal V nerve is most responsible for sensation to the face and oral cavity. The vagus X nerve is most responsible for velopharyngeal movement. The facial VII is most responsible for moving the muscles of facial expression. The trigeminal V nerve is most responsible for moving the mandible (jaw). The vagus X nerve is most responsible for moving the vocal folds for producing voice. The hypoglossal XII nerve is most responsible for movements of the tongue. The vestibulocochlear VIII nerve is most responsible for hearing. The optic II nerve is most responsible for vision. The oculomotor III nerve innervates most of the muscles of the eyeball, including the one responsible for pupillary constriction.

Cranial nerves: The trigeminal V nerve is most responsible for sensation to the face and oral cavity. The vagus X nerve is most responsible for velopharyngeal movement. The facial VII is most responsible for moving the muscles of facial expression. The trigeminal V nerve is most responsible for moving the mandible (jaw). The vagus X nerve is most responsible for moving the vocal folds for producing voice. The hypoglossal XII nerve is most responsible for movements of the tongue. The vestibulocochlear VIII nerve is most responsible for hearing. The optic II nerve is most responsible for vision. The oculomotor III nerve innervates most of the muscles of the eyeball, including the one responsible for pupillary constriction.

The neuron receives input through the ______ or ______. The signal is transmitted along the _______.

Dendrite Cell body Axon

The part of a neuron that is the typical input site is the _________. The part of the neuron that is the output site is the _________

Dendrite : input Axon : output

Neurons receive input through the __________ and/or _______. The signal is transmitted along the __________.

Dendrites Cell body Axon

The 3rd ventricle is located in the

Diencephalon

The 3rd ventricle is located in the _________

Diencephalon

List three ways in which a synaptic transmission is ended:

Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Re-uptake

List the meninges from the outermost to innermost layers

Dura mater Arachnoid layer Pia mater

The neurotransmitter ___________ is produced by the substantia nigra

Dopamine

Auditory fibers synapse in the _________ and _______ cochlear nuclei of the _______ brainstem. (The final blank should be either "ipsilateral" or "contralateral".)

Dorsal and Ventral. Ipsilateral.

The somatosensory pathways that transmit tactile and proprioceptive information from the body is the ______________. The somatosensory pathways that transmit pain and temperature information from the body is the _________.

Dorsal colum - medial lemniscus Anterolateral

Which of the somatosensory pathways are located in the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus? Choose all that apply:

Dorsal column - medial lemniscus

Match the somatosensory pathways to their functions Dorsal column - medial lemniscus Anterolateral pathways : Trigeminothalamic pathway : Trigeminolemniscal pathway :

Dorsal column - medial lemniscus : touch and proprioception from body Anterolateral pathways : pain and temperature from the body Trigeminothalamic pathway : pain and temperature for head Trigeminolemniscal pathway : touch and proprioception for head

The somatosensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch and proprioception is the:

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

Which somatosensory pathway transmits touch and proprioceptive information? Which transmits pain and temperature information?

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus Anterolateral system

Match the following fibers to the types of functions (motor, sensory or both) Dorsal roots Dorsal rami Ventral roots Ventral rami Spinal nerve

Dorsal roots - sensory Dorsal rami - both Ventral roots - motor Ventral rami - both Spinal nerve - both

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are separated by the

Dorsointermediate sulcus

List the meninges from the outermost to innermost layers

Dura mater, arachnoid layer, Pia mater

During a synapse, what is released into the synaptic cleft?

During a synapse, what is released into the synaptic cleft?

Which is the fold of dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure called?

Falx cerebri

Fibers that transmit information away from the CNS are the _________ fibers

Efferent

What is the final form of energy that occurs in the auditory system?

Electrical

What are the two categories of functions of the limbic system?

Emotion Memory

Which nerve is primarily responsible for moving the muscles of the face?

Facial VII

Neurotransmitters generate postsynaptic potentials that are either _______ or _________

Excitatory Inhibitory

Which nerve is primary responsible for moving the muscles of the face

Facial VII

What are the 3 sources of sensory information that are used to maintain equilibrium

Eye Proprioceptive Vestibular apparatus of inner ear

Receptor cells for the auditory mechanism are mechanoreceptors while those for the vestibular system are chemoreceptors

False

True or False : Spinal nerves are lower motor neurons while cranial nerves are upper motor neurons

False

True or False : Trigeminal pathways transmit tactile, pain and temperature information, but not proprioceptive information

False

True or False: The primary function of the circle of Willis is to prevent harmful substances from entering the brain

False

Spinal nerves are lower motor neurons, while cranial nerves are upper motor neurons. True or False

False, Both cranial nerves and spinal nerves are lower motor neurons. The fibers that bring signals from the brain and synapse with cranial and spinal nerves are upper motor neurons

The fasciculus gracilis is seen only in the lower portion of the spinal cord while the fasciculus cuneatus is seen only in the upper portion of the spinal cord. Is this statement true or false? If you said it is false, explain why it is false.

False, the gracilis fasciculus is present throughout the length of the spinal cord. (MINE full points) False. The fasciculus gracilis begins in the lower spinal cord and ascends to the brain, so it is also seen in the upper spinal cord. The fasciculus cuneatus begins in the upper spinal cord and ascends to the brain so it is only in the upper spinal cord and not in the lower spinal cord.(HERS)

Which of the following form the dorsal columns of the spinal cord?

Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

Damage to the right primary auditory cortex will result in deafness in the right ear. This statement is FALSe. Explain why.

Flase. Because both right and left primary auditory cortexes receive auditory information from both ipsilateral and contralateral pathways.

Describe the role of the vagus nerve in the gag and cough reflexes

For the gag reflex, the vagus is responsible for the motor response: the movement of the velum and pharyngeal walls (pharyngeal branch of vagus) For the cough, the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus transmits sensory information from the laryngeal vestibule. The recurrent branch of the vagus transmits the motor response to the muscles of the vocal folds. Response feedback ": recurrent laryngeal branch closes vocal folds. pharyngeal branch innervates velum and pharynx

The two fasciculi of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord are the fasciculus ______ and fasciculus __________.

Gracilis Cuneatus

Broca's area is located in which lobe?

Frontal

Broca's are is located in the _________ lobe. . Wernicke's area is located in the _________ lobe.

Frontal Temporal

Broca's area is located in the

Frontal lobe.

Match the loves to the function with which they are most strongly associated: Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe: Temporal lobe: Occipital lobe:

Frontal lobe: motor functions Parietal lobe: somatosensory functions Temporal lobe: hearing Occipital lobe: vision

There are two types of cells found in the organ of Corti. Which type operates as the principal auditory receptors?

Hair cells

A section that divides the structure into upper and lower portions is a__________________ section

Horizontal

Which of the following statements is/are true?

In the anterolateral pathways, first order neurons synapse with second order neurons in the spinal cord In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathways, 2nd order neurons decussate I third order neurons originate in the thalamus for both the ALS and DCML pathways In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathways, first order neurons synapse with second order neuron in the brainstem

The _______ is a wedge-shaped bundle of projection fibers that pass between the basal ganglia and the thalamus

Internal capsule

The ________ is a wedge-shaped bundle of projection fibers that pass between the basal ganglia and the thalamus

Internal capsule

The _________ is comprised of projection fibers that squeeze between the basal ganglia and thalamus

Internal capsule

The v-shaped bundle of white matter fibers that travel between the basal ganglia en route from the cortex to the brainstem is called the

Internal capsule

When the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers squeeze between the basal ganglia and thalamus on their way to the brainstem they form the ______

Internal capsule

An action potential results from movement of ions across the cell membrane. Depolarization occurs because of the ____________ flow of _______. REpolarization occurs because of the ________ flow of ___________.

Inward Na+ Outward K+

An action potential results from movement of ions across the cell membrane. Depolarization occurs because of the _______ flow of _________. Repolarization occurs because of the _________ flow of ________

Inward flow of sodium : depolarization Outward flow of potassium : repolarization

What is the location of the primary auditory cortex?

It is located along the transverse gyri of Heschl along the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus.

What is meant by the term "arborization" as it relates to dendrites?

It is the branching of the dendrites, it increases or decreases the amount of signal inputs that can be provided to the neuron

Which of the following is true of the internal capsule? Choose all that are true

It is white matter It is located between the thalamus and basal ganglia in each hemisphere It is made up of projection fibers

A lesion to the left optic nerve would result in

Left monocular blindness

A lesion to the left optic nerve will result in

Left monocular blindness I HAD PUT RIGHT HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA????

Right HOMONYMOUS hemianopsia results from a lesion to the

Left optic trac

Bitemporal hemianopsia results from a lesion to the

Left optic tract

Explain the repolarization and hyperpolarization stages of an action potential (including how K+ channels operate and the driving forces on K+). How does the axon get back to resting potential?

K+ channels open slowly but stay open as long as the axon is depolarized. Concentration gradients drive K+ out, and now the electrical gradients do as well, because the inside of the cell has become positive. The outflowing of K+ causes the charge to begin moving back toward negative, which is repolarization. Because K+ channels close slowly, the axon becomes more polarized than its resting potential, which is hyperpolarization. The charge will go to about -90mV . Once the K+ channels close, the sodium-potassium pumps will put things back where they belong and the axon will return to resting. (HERS)

Optic tract fibers transmit information to which nuclei of the thalamus?

Lateral geniculate nuclei

The ascending auditory pathway in the brainstem is the

Lateral lemniscus

Which of the following are the functions of the thalamus?

Learning complex actions Selection appropriate responses to meet motor goals Regulation signals related to emotion, memory and autonomic control

Which major artery is most responsible for supplying the area of the hemisphere responsible for speech/language?

Left middle cerebral artery

Which artery is most important for speech and language functioning?

Left middle cerebral artery (broca's is on the left hemisphere)

List three characteristics of an axon that affects the speed at which it conducts impulse transmission

Length Diameter Myelin

The structure responsible for focusing the light rays on the retina is the

Lens

The part of the brain most associated with emotion is the ________

Limbic system

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______. They are connected by the ________

Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are contained in sensory epithelium called ____.

Macula

Match the cranial nerves Smelling : Vision : Movements of facial expression : Vocal fold movement : Movement of soft palate and pharynx (velopharyngeal closure) : Tactile information from the face : Taste from anterior ⅔ of tongue : Tongue movement : Shrugging shoulders : Moving the mandible : Taste from posterior ⅓ of tongue : Pupillary reflex (in eyeball) :

Match the cranial nerves Smelling : olfactory I Vision : Optic II Movements of facial expression : Facial VII Vocal fold movement : Vagus X Movement of soft palate and pharynx (velopharyngeal closure) : Vagus X Tactile information from the face : trigeminal V Taste from anterior ⅔ of tongue : facial VII Tongue movement : hypoglossal XII Shrugging shoulders : accessory XI Moving the mandible : trigeminal V Taste from posterior ⅓ of tongue : glossopharyngeal IX Pupillary reflex (in eyeball) : oculomotor III

During a synapse, what is release into the synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitters

Which thalamic nuclei are part of the auditory pathway?

Medial geniculate body

What are the three structures of the brainstem?

Medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons

Positive and negative ions on each side of the cell membrane creates the [_______________] because the two sides of the membrane are [_______________]. The inside of the axon is approximately [_______] mV compared to the outside. This is the axon's [______________]

Membrane potential. polarized -70mV resting membrane potential

Most axons are covered with _________ which is what makes the white matter look white

Most axons are covered with _________ which is what makes the white matter look white

Match the glial cell to its function Microglia: Astrocyte: Oligodendroglia: Schwann cell :

Microglia: consume harmful substances Astrocyte: helps form the blood-brain barrier Oligodendroglia: forms myelin in CNS Schwann cell : forms myelin in the PNS

Which portion of the brainstem is LEAST visible in this view? A later view of the hemisphere and brainstem.

Midbrain

List the three structures of the brainstem from uppermost to lowermost

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

The uppermost structure of the brainstem is the _________________. The middle structure of the brainstem is the _________. The lowermost structure of the brainstem is the ______________

Midbrain pons medulla oblongata

The left _____________ artery is the most important artery for speech and language function

Middle cerebral

The majority of the lateral surface of each hemisphere is supplied by the _________ artery

Middle cerebral

Which of the following is most responsible for blood supply to the speech/language areas in the hemispheres?

Middle cerebral artery

List the 4 attributes of stimuli:

Modality, location, intensity, duration

Most cranial nerve nuclei are located in the __________

Most cranial nerve nuclei are located in the __________

What are the two key sources of input to the cerebellum?

Motor cortex Sensory systems

Motor fibers of both cranial and spinal nerves are lower motor neurons. True or False?

Motor fibers of both cranial and spinal nerves are lower motor neurons. True or False?

A lower motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates is called a _______

Motor unit

A lower motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a ________

Motor unit

Match the function to the cranial nerve most responsible Movement of the tongue: Movement of the mandible: Movement of the velum and pharynx : Movement of the lips and forehead : Hearing: Sensation in upper pharynx : Movement of the vocal folds : Sensation from lips and forehead : Turning the head : Vision:

Movement of the tongue: hypoglossal XII Movement of the mandible: trigeminal V Movement of the velum and pharynx : Vagus X Movement of the lips and forehead : facial VII Hearing: vestibulocochlear VIII Sensation in upper pharynx : glossopharyngeal IX Movement of the vocal folds : Vagus X Sensation from lips and forehead : trigeminal V Turning the head : accessory XI Vision: trigeminal V ???

Most axons are covered with _______, which is what makes white matter look white/

Myelin

What are the functions of myelin?

Myelin is a protective covering that surrounds the axons. It helps to keep the nerve impulse traveling down the axon it started on and also speed up the conduction of the action potential Insulates the axon so that the electrical charge only travels down the axon; speed the conduction of impulse transmission

White matter is white because of the presence of

Myelin sheath

White matter consists of

Myelinated axons

During a synapse, what is released into the synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitters

The two types of cells of the nervous system are the _______ and _________. The one that is made for signaling and communication is the _______

Neuron and glia Neuron

There are two categories of cells in the nervous system. The cell that is considered the function unit is the ______. The other type are called_______.

Neuron. Glial Cells.

True The two major types of cells found in the nervous system are the ______ and _______

Neurons Glia

The two types of cells of the nervous system are in the ____________ and ____________. The one that is made for signaling and communication is the ____________.

Neurons Glial cells Neurons

List two cranial nerves (name and number ) that are the lower motor neurons for the vestibulo-ocular response. _______ and _________

Oculomotor III and Abducens VI

List by name and number the three cranial nerves responsible for moving the eyeballs

Oculomotor III, trochlear IV, abducens VI

Match the cranial nerves to the types(s) of functions that perform (sensory, motor or both)

Olfactory : sensory Optic : sensory Oculomotor : motor Trochlear : motor Trigeminal : mixed Abducens : motor Facial : mixed Auditory-vestibular : sensory Glossopharyngeal : mixed Vagus : mixed Accessory : motor Hypoglossal : motor

___________ produce myelin in the CNS. ___________ produce myelin in the PNS.

Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells

Sensory input for the pupillary reflex is transmitted by the ____________ nerve. The motor response is transmitted by the _________ nerve

Optic II Oculomotor III

The cranial nerve that transmits visual information is the _____ nerve. The cranial nerve that transmits auditory and vestibular information is the _____ nerve.

Optic II Vestibulocochlear VIII

Some of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate in teh______

Optic chiasm

The point of decussation of some optic nerve fibers is the _______. The fibers emerged from the nasal half of the retina, so transmit images from the ________

Optic chiasm Temporal

Monocular blindness indicated a lesion of the

Optic nerve II

State the somatosensory pathway that transmits it Pain information from the body : Temperature information from the body: Pain information from the head: Proprioceptive information from the body: Tactile information from the body: Tactile information from the head:

Pain information from the body : anterolateral pathway Temperature information from the body: anterolateral pathway Pain information from the head: trigeminothalamic tract Proprioceptive information from the body: dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract Tactile information from the body:dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract Tactile information from the head: trigeminal lemniscus

List the four lobes of the brain that are seen on the lateral surface

Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal

The portion of the brainstem characterized by horizontal stripes in the ___________

Pons

Which communication artery or arteries connects the carotid system to the vertebrobasilar system?

Posterior communicating artery

Match the description to the term: Either Dorsal, ventral, caudal or rostral Posterior spinal cord : Inferior cerebrum : Anterior spinal cord : Superior cerebrum : Posterior cerebrum : Superior spinal cord : Anterior cerebrum : Interior spinal cord :

Posterior spinal cord : dorsal Inferior cerebrum : ventral Anterior spinal cord : ventral Superior cerebrum : dorsal Posterior cerebrum : caudal Superior spinal cord : rostral Anterior cerebrum : rostral Interior spinal cord : caudal

Tell whether the item listed is dorsal, ventral, caudal or rostral Posterior spinal cord Inferior cerebrum Anterior spinal cord Superior cerebrum Posterior cerebrum Superior spinal cord Anterior cerebrum Inferior spinal cord

Posterior spinal cord: dorsal Inferior cerebrum: ventral Anterior spinal cord: ventral Superior cerebrum: dorsal Posterior cerebrum: caudal Superior spinal cord: rostral Anterior cerebrum: rostral Inferior spinal cord: caudal

The primary cortex is located in the _________gyrus of the __________lobe.

Precentral Frontal

Motor planning occurs in the

Premotor cortex

Which area is most responsible for motor planning?

Premotor cortex

Which of the following is located on the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri?

Premotor cortex

Match the primary cortices to the lobe in which they are located Primary motor cortex: Primary somatosensory cortex: Primary visual cortex: Primary visual cortex:

Primary motor cortex: frontal lobe Primary somatosensory cortex: parietal lobe Primary visual cortex: temporal lobe Primary visual cortex: occipital lobe

Corticospinal fibers travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Based on this description, we know they are

Projection fibers

Which type of somatosensory information is transmitted by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?

Proprioception

A _______ is an involuntary motor response to some type of sensory stimulus

Reflex

The primary function of the superior olivary nuclei is

Sound localization

When an axon goes from -70 mV to +50 mV, it has gones from _________ potential to and _________ potential

Resting Action

The central core of the brainstem that contains fibers for regulation heart, respiration, digestion, motivation and attention, is the _____________

Reticular formation

The optic nerve is made of axons from the ______ layer

Retinal ganglion

A lesion to the left optic tract would result in

Right homonymous hemianopsia

Blindness of the right eye results from a lesion to the

Right optic nerve

The layers of the retina that are relevant to our study are

Rods and cones Bipolar layer And retinal ganglion layer

What is the function of superior oligarchs nuclei?

Sound localization

A section or view that divides a structure into right and left portions is a ______________ section

Sagittal

Which chamber of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti? ____________. The organ of Corti sits on the _______ membrane?

Scala media. Basilar membrane

The first order neuron of the dorsal column -medial lemniscus pathway is the ____

Sensory portion of a spinal nerve

Which of the following best describes decussation in the somatosensory pathways?

Second order neurons decussate in both pathways. Decussation occurs in the brainstem for DCML fibers and in the spinal cord for ALS fibers.

Which ion rushes into the axon resulting in an action potential?

Sodium

When sufficient information is received at the axon hillock, what happens to ionic concentrations?

Sodium (Na+) channels open quickly causing rapid depolarization in the axon

List three major parts of a neuron

Soma Axon Dendrite

The lower motor neurons supplied by the corticospinal tract are the _______ nerves. Lower motor neurons supplied by the corticobulbar tract and _______ nerves.

Spinal Cranial

Reflexive activity is the most basic function of the ___________

Spinal cord

What are the sources of input to the central vestibular pathway? Choose all that apply.

Spinal cord Brainstem Cerebellum

Which of the following statements is true

Spinal nerves and cranial nerve are both lower motor neurons

Which of the following statements is true?

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves are both lower motor neurons

Spinal nerves are _______________. The _________________ for the DCML originate in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus. The trigeminal nerves are the ______________ for the somatosensory pathway of the head. In the DCML, ______________________ decussate in the brainstem. In the ALS, ______________ in the spinal cord. In the somatosensory pathways for the head, _______________decussate in the brainstem. For all somatosensory pathways, ______________ originate in the thalamus.

Spinal nerves are first order neurons. The second order neurons for the DCML originate in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus. The trigeminal nerves are the first order neurons for the somatosensory pathway of the head. In the DCML, second order neurons decussate in the brainstem. In the ALS, second order neurons decussate in the spinal cord. In the somatosensory pathways for the head, second order neurons decussate in the brainstem. For all somatosensory pathways, third order neurons originate in the thalamus.

Which types of muscles are used by mammals to accomplish voluntary movement?

Striated muscle

Explain how the depolarization stage of an action potential occurs and provides the change in electrical charge during depolarization.

Stimulus causes Na+ channels to open. They open quickly and remain open a very short time. During that time, Na+ rushes in due to both concentration and electrical gradients (Na+ is pulled into the axon because of the low concentration of sodium within the axon and because the inside is negative and sodium is positive). The rushing in of Na+ causes depolarization with the charge inside going from about -70mV to about +50 mV. (HERS

Which of the following is responsible for the production of dopamine?

Substantia nigra

Dopamine is produced in the _____. Its function is _________. _________is the primary transmitter of the PNS, occuring in synapses with muscle tissue.

Substantia nigra Modulatory Acetylcholine

Dopamine is produced in the _______. Its function is ____________. ________is the primary neurotransmitter of the PNS, occurring is synapses with muscle tissue.

Substantia nigra Modulatory Acetylcholine

Which of the following structures are basal ganglia?

Subthalamic nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Caudate nucleus Substantia nigra

Dorsal refers to the

Superior aspect of the cerebrum and posterior aspect of the spinal cord

The point of communication between two neurons is a____________

Synapse

A synapse occurs when _______ in the terminal bouton move to the cell wall and release ______ into the synaptic cleft

Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitters

Wernicke's area is located in the ________ lobe. Broca's area is located in the ____________ lobe. But both are located in the _______ hemisphere.

Temporal Frontal Left

List two major structures of the diencephalon

Thalamus Hypothalamus

The two major structures of the diencephalon are the _____ and _________

Thalamus and hypothalamus

The 3rd ventricle is located in the ____________ The 4th ventricle is located in the ________and ________________

The 3rd ventricle is located in the Diencephalon. The 4th ventricle is located in the pons and medulla oblongata

The cerebral aqueduct connects _______________

The 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

Which of the following is true of the arrangement of the primary motor cortex? Choose all that apply?

The areas representing the hands and oral structures are disproportionately large The upper body is represented in the lower part of the precentral gyrus, near the lateral fissure

The central nervous system is comprised of which two areas?

The brain and the spinal cord

The 4th ventricle is located where?

The brainstem

The fovea is

The central point of focus and is located on the macula An area of the retina that contains mostly cones

Explain what and where the cerebral cortex is:

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It is completely covered in grey matter, which is made up of cell bodies and dendrites. The cerebral cortex has gyri and sulci, also known as hills and valleys. It serves as the information processing hub and center of all integrative operations of the cerebrum. This tissue is the most superficial part of the brain, located next to the meninges that cover the brain. The cortex is divided up into four major lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres Sheet of gray matter Characterized by sulci and gyri

Where is cerebrospinal fluid manufactured?

The choroid plexus of the ventricles

The covering of the eyeball is the ________. The transparent covering on the front of the eyeball is the ____________ The ___________ is the opening into the eyeball; it is surrounded by a ring of muscles called the _________.

The covering of the eyeball is the Sclera. The transparent covering on the front of the eyeball is the cornea. The pupil is the opening into the eyeball; it is surrounded by a ring of muscles called the iris.

Cranial nerves The cranial nerve most responsible for phonation is the : The cranial most responsible for moving the mandible to chew is the : The cranial most responsible for rounding the lips to say oooh is the : The cranial most responsible for moving the soft palate is the : The cranial most responsible for tongue movement is the :

The cranial nerve most responsible for phonation is the : Vagus X The cranial most responsible for moving the mandible to chew is the : Trigeminal V The cranial most responsible for rounding the lips to say oooh is the : Facial VII The cranial most responsible for moving the soft palate is the : Vagus X The cranial most responsible for tongue movement is the : Hypoglossal XIII

WHich of the following statements are true? Choose all the apply?

The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are in the posterior aspect of the spinal cord. The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are comprised of sensory fibers

Describe the fibers of the various fasciculi of the spinal cord. (Include information such as whether they are ascending/descending; gray matter/white matter, etc.)

The fasciculi of the spinal cord are white matter tracts surrounding the central gray matter. In the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, the fasciculi are ascending (sensory) fibers. These are the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus. The lateral aspects of the spinal cord contain both ascending, sensory tracts, and descending motor tracts. The most notable descending tract is the lateral corticospinal tract. The ventral aspects of the spinal cord also contain both ascending and descending tracts.

Provide one reason why the hands and face are represented in a disproportionately large area of the primary somatosensory cortex.

The hands and face are given a large area along the somatosensory cortex because receiving sensory information to those areas is highly important and we use those body parts very frequently. Answers could include: importance of sensory input to the area, frequency of use, degree of skilled movement.

True or False : Second order neurons decussate in both the DCML and ALS pathways, but in different locations.

True

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of the spinal cord?

The internal portion is gray matter surrounded by white matter

Which artery is most important for speech and language functioning?

The left middle cerebral artery

Describe the location of the limbic system

The limbic lobe is the area that surrounds the corpus callosum on the medial sides of the hemispheres. The limbic system is comprised of several functional brain units. These units include the amygdala, hippocampus, singulate, hypothalamus, and others (MINE) Medial surface. Surrounding the corpus callosum (HERS)

The lobe rostral to the central sulcus is the ____________. The lobe caudal to the central sulcus is the _________ lobe. The lobe that is ventral to the lateral fissure is the ____________ lobe.

The lobe rostral to the central sulcus is the frontal. The lobe caudal to the central sulcus is the parietal lobe. The lobe that is ventral to the lateral fissure is the temporal lobe.

Match each area to the artery that supplies it The majority of the lateral surface of the hemispheres: The occipital lobe: Anterior and dorsal edges of the frontal lobe: The zone of language (the area surrounding the lateral fissure) : The medial surface of the frontal lobe:

The majority of the lateral surface of the hemispheres: middle cerebral artery The occipital lobe: posterior cerebral artery Anterior and dorsal edges of the frontal lobe: anterior cerebral arteries The zone of language (the area surrounding the lateral fissure) : middle cerebral artery The medial surface of the frontal lobe: anterior cerebral arteries

Executive functions are primarily located in:

The prefrontal cortex

The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe houses which cortex?

The primary motor cortex

Describe the somatotopic arrangement of the motor and somatosensory cortices.

The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are organized somatotopically along the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus. The upper part of the body is located lower on the gyri, and the lower part of the body is located higher up on the gyri with the legs and feet located near the central sulcus. Each area is also apportioned based on the skill level needed for that body part i.e. the tongue or hand portions take up the same amount of space as the entire trunk of the body, because these areas require higher and more rapid skills

The primary motor cortex is on the ______________ gyrus of the ______________lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the _____________gyrus of the _________________ lobe. The primary auditory cortex is on the _____________________ of the _____________ lobe. The primary visual cortex is on the__________________ in the _____________ lobe

The primary motor cortex is on the Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. The primary auditory cortex is on the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl of the temporal lobe. The primary visual cortex is on the walls of the Calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe houses which cortex?

The primary somatosensory cortex

Name the cranial nerve associated with the function The principal sensory nerve of the face and oral cavity is the : The nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression is the : The nerve that is most responsible for vocal fold vibration and and velopharyngeal closure is the : The nerve responsible for maintaining eye faze when the head turns and for equilibrium is the : The nerve responsible for turning the head : The nerve that transmits taste information from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue is the : The nerve that transmits taste information for the posterior ⅓ of the tongue is the : The nerve that is responsible for the motor aspect of the pupillary reflex is the : The nerve that transmits somatosensory information from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue and moves the mandible is the : The nerve that innervates most of the muscles of the tongue is the : The nerve responsible for hearing is the:

The principal sensory nerve of the face and oral cavity is the : trigeminal V The nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression is the : Facial VII The nerve that is most responsible for vocal fold vibration and and velopharyngeal closure is the : Vagus X The nerve responsible for maintaining eye faze when the head turns and for equilibrium is the : vestibulocochlear VIII The nerve responsible for turning the head : accessory XI The nerve that transmits taste information from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue is the : Facial VII The nerve that transmits taste information for the posterior ⅓ of the tongue is the : glossopharyngeal IX The nerve that is responsible for the motor aspect of the pupillary reflex is the : Oculomotor III The nerve that transmits somatosensory information from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue and moves the mandible is the : trigeminal V The nerve that innervates most of the muscles of the tongue is the : hypoglossal XII The nerve responsible for hearing is the Vestibulocochlear VIII

The Edinger-Westphal nuclei contribute to normal function of the

The pupillary reflex and squinting reflex or lens accommodation reflex

What and where is the pyramidal decussation? Be specific.

The pyramidal decussation is where 85-90% of the fibers cross-over. It is located near where the medulla oblongata meets the spinal cord. (MINE ¾ points) The pyramidal decussation refers to the where the fibers of the corticospinal tract decussate. It is located in the caudal medulla. Response feedback: which fibers?

Describe the arrangement of the somatosensory cortex

The somatosensory cortex is arranged somatotopically, meaning that different regions of the body are mapped along the cortex. The vocal tract is very low along the lateral fissure, followed by the lower face, upperface, hands, arms, shoulders, and trunk traveling upward to the medial edge of the longitudinal fissure. The lower legs and feet are mapped along that medial edge. Body regions are mapped disproportionately along the cortex, giving larger areas to body parts that require a higher skill level and how important sensory information is to that area. This includes areas like the fingers, hands and tongue because they are involved in skilled movement.

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

The spinal cord has a somewhat H-shaped area of gray matter surrounded by white matter

True or False : The first order neuron for somatosensory information from the head is the trigeminal V nerve?

True

The interventricular foramen connects __________

The two lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

What is the vestibulo-ocular response?

The vestibulo-ocular response is the ability to sense head rotation and motion and perform compensatory responses of the eyes to maintain gaze in the correct orientation and position. It helps you to maintain a visual target even while moving your head.

True or False : The internal carotid artery bifurcates into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

True

Explain the driving forces that act on potassium (K+)

There are more K+ ions inside the axon than outside. Concentration gradients pull these ions outside the cell. The inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside, however, so electrical gradients pull K+ inside.

Explain the driving forces that act on sodium (NA+)

There are more Na+ ions outside the axon than inside. Concentration gradients pull these ions into the cell. The inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside, so electrical gradients also pull the positive sodium ions inward.

Which of the following best describes the lateral ventricles?

There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere

True or False :The optic tract transmits images from the left visual field of both eyes

True

How are the basal ganglia involved in speech programming?

They regulate duration They decide whether another action is important enough to interrupt They decide when to terminate an action

True or False. Broca's area is located in the inferior frontal lobe and is part of the premotor cortex, which participates in motor planning

True

True or False: A lesion to the left primary auditory cortex will not result in deafness in either ear

True

True or False: The optic nerve transmits image only from the ipsilateral eye

True

When different parts of a membrane vibrate at different frequencies, it is said to have a ___________

Tonotopic arrangement

Match the following cranial nerves to their functions Transmits sensation from the head and oral cavity: Moves the vocal folds: Moves the tongue : Puckers the lips: Move the velum :

Transmits sensation from the head and oral cavity: trigeminal V Moves the vocal folds: Vagus X Moves the tongue : hypoglossal XII Puckers the lips: facial VII Move the velum : Vagus X

What is the name and number or the cranial nerve that transmits somatosensory information from the head?

Trigeminal V

True or False : The auditory nerve fibers synapse with both ipsilateral and contralateral cochlear nuclei

True or False : The auditory nerve fibers synapse with both ipsilateral and contralateral cochlear nuclei

True or False. The somatosensory pathways fo the body have a relay through the thalamus while the somatosensory pathways from the head go directly to the primary somatosensory cortex

True or False. The somatosensory pathways fo the body have a relay through the thalamus while the somatosensory pathways from the head go directly to the primary somatosensory cortex

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are the only upper motor neuron tracts that synapse directly with lower motor neurons. True or False

True

Second order neurons decussate in both the DCML and ALS pathways, but in different locations. True or False

True

True or False : A lesion to the left primary auditory cortex will not result in deafness in either ear

True

Match the functions to the cranial nerve that is primarily responsible. You may use choices more than once. You do not have to use every choice. Turning the head : Production of voice (phonation) : Hearing : Smiling : Sensory information from forehead : Velopharyngeal closure : Equilibrium : Biting : Elevation the tip of the tongue : Frowning :

Turning the head : accessory XI Production of voice (phonation) : vagus X Hearing : auditory-vestibular VIII Smiling : facial VII Sensory information from forehead : trigeminal V Velopharyngeal closure : vagus X Equilibrium : auditory-vestibular VIII Biting : trigeminal V Elevation the tip of the tongue : hypoglossal XII Frowning : Facial VII

The uppermost structure of the brainstem is the _____. The middle structure of the brainstem is the ________. The lowermost structure of the brainstem is the _____.

Uppermost : midbrain Middle: pons Lowermost: medulla oblongata

The two otolith organs found in the vestibule are the _______, which detect anterior-posterior movement, and the _______, which detect superior-inferior movement

Utricle Saccule

Which nerve is primarily responsible for vocal fold and velopharyngeal movement?

Vagus X

Which nerve is primary responsible for vocal fold and velopharyngeal movement?\

Vagus X

If you take a brain out of the skull and flip it over so that you can see the inferior surface, what other term can be used to describe this surface?

Ventral

The midline structure of the cerebellum is the _________

Vermis

The basilar artery is formed by the merging of the two _______ arteries. It then bifurcates to form the two ____________ arteries

Vertebral Posterior cerebral

Which artery listed is NOT part of the circle of Willis?

Vertebral arteries

The ___________ response it the mechanism responsible for sensing head road action and performing compensatory eyeball movement to maintain gaze

Vestibulo-ocular

Auditory information is transmitted from the inner ear to the CNS through fibers of the ___________ (this is referring to a cranial nerve; give the name and number)

Vestibulocochlear VIII

What are the sources of information required to maintain equilibrium?

Visual, proprioceptive and vestibular

Describe the location and function of Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area is the center of language reception and comprehension. It is located on the dominant, typically left, hemisphere on the temporal lobe. It encompasses most of the lateral and posterior surface of the superior temporal gyrus.(MINE) Located in the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere. Primary function is language comprehension. (HERS)

Describe the decussate on of the corticospinal tract, including location(S) and proportions of fibers

When the coritcospinal tract reaches the lower medulla they reach the pyramidal decussation. This is were the two different bundles of fibers are created (the lateral and the anterior). At the pyramidal decussation 90% of the original fibers will decussate creating the lateral corticospinal tract, and the remaining 10% of fibers will stay ipsilateral creating the anterior coricospinal tract. The lateral corticospinal tract, after decussation, will descend down in the lateral part of the white matter of the spinal tract. When they reach their destination, they are going to veer off from the bundle of fibers to synapse with an interneuron or the lower motor neurons. Thiese fibers are involved in highly skilled and fine movement. They chiefly innervate lower motor neurons of the distal hand muscles that participate in behaviors such as writing and precision grip. The anterior corticospinal tract is made up of the 10% of the fibers that did not decussate. They descend down the spinal tract until they get to the level where they are ready to synapse with LMNs. Around 8% of the anterior corticospinal tract fibers will now decussate and synapse. 2% will remain ipsilateral. The anterior corticospinal tract fibers are involved in innervating muscles that are involved in posture, balance, and gait. They primarily go to the torso and limb muscles. 90% of the fibers decussate in the lower medulla; the remaining 10% decussate in the spinal cord

compare/contrast the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract

When the corticospinal tract reaches the lower medulla they reach the pyramidal decussation. This is were the two different bundles of fibers are created (the lateral and the anterior). At the pyramidal decussation 90% of the original fibers will decussate creating the lateral corticospinal tract, and the remaining 10% of fibers will stay ipsilateral creating the anterior corticospinal tract. The lateral corticospinal tract, after decussation, will descend down in the lateral part of the white matter of the spinal tract. When they reach their destination, they are going to veer off from the bundle of fibers to synapse with an interneuron or the lower motor neurons. These fibers are involved in highly skilled and fine movement. They chiefly innervate lower motor neurons of the distal hand muscles that participate in behaviors such as writing and precision grip. The anterior corticospinal tract is made up of the 10% of the fibers that did not decussate. They descend down the spinal tract until they get to the level where they are ready to synapse with LMNs. Around 8% of the anterior corticospinal tract fibers will now decussate and synapse. 2% will remain ipsilateral. The anterior corticospinal tract fibers are involved in innervating muscles that are involved in posture, balance, and gait. They primarily go to the torso and limb muscles.

Which ion rushes into the axon resulting in an action potential

Which ion rushes into the axon resulting in an action potential

The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is:

acetylcholine

The portion of the neuron that transmits a signal is the ____________

axon

The portion of the neuron in which information is integrated is the __________

axon hillock

List the three structural types of neurons found in vertebrates. What is the basic difference among the types.

bipolar- These have two projections usually stemming from opposite sides of the cell body. These can be found within the retina. pseudounipolar- This is a mix between the unipolar and bipolar cell shapes, having one projection stemming from the cell body that bifurcates into two. These cells can be found in spinal and trigeminal nerves. multipolar- These are the most common cell structure having one major projection (the axon), and many smaller projections (dendrites). These are typically motor neurons (MINE) The types are: multipolar, pseudounipolar, and bipolar. The difference is in the number of branches or processes that extend from the cell body.(HERS)

The nuclei for most cranial nerves (all but I and II) are found in the __________

brainstem

Depolarization in the axon terminals opens ____________ channels. This causes _______________ to move and bind to the cell membrane, releasing _______________ into the synaptic cleft. This describes the ______________phase of the synapse.

calcium synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters transmission

The substantia nigra produces _____

dopamine

Which of the following general principles do apply to the trigeminal pathways?

have a 3 neuron arrangement, contain 3 synapses, and decussation.

The ventral surface of the cerebrum is :

inferior

List the two types of cells of the nervous system, and put an asterisk by the type that transmits signals

neurons* Glial cells

The primary somatosensory cortex is located on the :

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

The dorsal surface of the spinal cord is :

posterior

During the reception phase of a synapse, neurotransmitters generate _________________ in the postsynaptic membrane. These may be __________or ____________________.

postsynaptic potentials excitatory inhibatory

The dorsal surface of the cerebrum is

superior

What are the structures of the diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

Somatosensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the __________________ Taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the ____________ Somatosensory information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the__________________ Taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the _____________________ Innervation of tongue musculature is accomplished by the ___________________

trigeminal V facial VII. glossopharyngeal IX. glossopharyngeal IX. hypoglossal XII.