neuroanatomy lab 1

Caudate

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Lateral Column

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Olfactory bulb- sense of smell

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Optic Nerve- transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses. The optic nerve is made of ganglionic cells or nerve cells. It consists of over one million nerve fibers.

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Postcentral Gyrus-the somatosensory cortex; sense of touch.

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Precentral gyrus

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Third Ventricle-one of the four ventricles in the brain that communicate with one another. As with the other ventricles of the brain, it is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which helps to protect the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste. The third ventricle is a narrow cavity that is located between the two halves of the brain. The third ventricle sends messages to and receives messages from the lateral ventricles, which are located in front of the third ventricle, and the aqueduct of the midbrain, which is located directly behind the third ventricle.

Name A

basal ganglia-The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) comprise multiple subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates, which are situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas.

Name A

parietal Lobe- functions in processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.

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Precentral Gyrus- primary motor cortex

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Putamen

Name B

Temporal Lobe- contains auditory cortex

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Trigeminal Nerve-(the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. ... Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system.

Name B

Ventral Horn

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choroid plexus-produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. However, the CP may have additional functions in the CNS beyond these traditional roles.

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pineal gland

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Abducens Nerve-(the sixth cranial nerve, also called the sixth nerve or simply CNVI) is a somatic efferent nerve that, in humans, controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

Name C

Central Sulcus-separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe; primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

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Globus Pallidus

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Medulla-the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

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Ventral Column-The anterior grey column (also called the anterior cornu, anterior horn of spinal cord or ventral horn) is the front column of grey matter in the spinal cord. It is one of the three grey columns. ... The anterior grey column is the column where the cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are located.

Name C

hippocampus-is a small organ located within the brain's medial temporal lobe and forms an important part of the limbic system, the region that regulates emotions. The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. The organ also plays an important role in spatial navigation.

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occipital lobe-the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.

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superior colliculus

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Cerebellum- receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

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Facial Nerve-motor control of all of the muscles of facial expression. It also innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, the stylohyoid muscle, and the stapedius muscle of the middle ear.

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Longitudinal Fissure- the deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain.

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Spinal Pia Mater-the innermost membrane covering the central nervous system, protects delicate nerve tissue, supplies blood to the brain, and produces and circulates spinal fluid. It also connects different parts of the central nervous system to one another and provides support to the spinal cord.

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inferior colliculus-refers to the rostral (front) bump on the lateral (side) part of the midbrain. It is, in fact, a pair of two colliculi, superior and inferior, on either side of the midbrain that together constitute the tectum. The superior colliculus is a layered, multi-sensory structure.

Name D

Fourth Ventricle- contains cerebrospinal fluid. It has a diamond shape and is located in the upper portion of the medulla. ... The main function of this ventricle is to protect the human brain from trauma (via a cushioning effect) and to help form the central canal, which runs the length of the spinal cord.

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Subarachnoid Space-the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. It is occupied by delicate connective tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating channels containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cavity is small in the normal brain.

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Thalamus

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve-is responsible for both hearing and balance and brings information from the inner ear to the brain. A human's sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve. Two special organs help the nerve function properly: the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus.

Name E

basal ganglia

Name E

Corpus Callosum

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Hypoglossal Nerve- provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. These represent all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus muscle. The hypoglossal nerve is of a general somatic efferent (GSE) type.

Name F

Medulla-helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Sensory and motor neurons (nerve cells) from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla.

Name F

Spinal Arachnoid- is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is a derivative of the Neural crest mesectoderm in the embryo.

Name F

Glossopharyngeal Nerve- It receives general somatic sensory fibers (ventral trigeminothalamic tract) from the tonsils, the pharynx, the middle ear and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. It receives special visceral sensory fibers (taste) from the posterior one-third of the tongue.

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Lateral Ventricle

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Pons- pons is a major structure in the upper part of your brainstem. It is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance.

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Spinal Dura Mater- is a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater. It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses (also called dural venous sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) and carries blood from the brain toward the heart. ... When it covers the spinal cord it is known as the dural sac or thecal sac.

Name G

Pituitary Gland- a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers. It is part of the endocrine system and produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that control various bodily functions.

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Third Ventricle

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Vagus Nerve-Also known as cranial nerve X, the vagus forms part of the involuntary nervous system and commands unconscious body procedures, such as keeping the heart rate constant and controlling food digestion.

Name H

Ventral

Name H (Anatomical Direction)

Accessory Nerve-It is divided into spinal and cranial divisions, but its cranial part is often disregarded. The spinal accessory nerve provides motor function to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which extends the neck and the trapezius, as well as the upper back and shoulder.

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Insula

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Insula- portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes). Contains Heschels Gyrus

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Optic Chiasm- an X-shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves in the brain. The optic nerve connects the brain to the eye. At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from half of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

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Ventral Root Fillaments

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Corpus Callosum- consists of about 200 millon axons that interconnect the two hemispheres. The primary function of the corpus callosum is to integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side.

Name J

Ventral Root- an efferent root, meaning it carries neural signals away from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and toward the limbs and organs. The dorsal root is an afferent root, meaning it carries neural signals from the limbs and organs back to the spinal cord and brain.

Name J

Central Sulcus- a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

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Spinal Nerve- sidered part of the peripheral nervous system, generally refer to mixed spinal nerves, which carry motor, sensory, and autonomic information between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. ... The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves combine to form the lumbosacral plexus.

Name K

Dorsal Root Ganglion- is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in a posterior root of a spinal nerve. The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons (afferent).

Name L

Fornix-s the hippocampus and mammillary bodies, structures in the base of the brain that are involved in memory formation and recall. It is part of the limbic system. ... The fornix is C-shaped and is the main structure of the hippocampal formation.

Name L

Cerebral Aqueduct-connects the third and fourth ventricles providing a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow inside the brain. This aqueduct is located in the midbrain and forms part of the CSF ventricular system, prompting About.com to describe the structure as a canal between the ventricles.

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Dorsal Root- is a main bundle of nerve fibers that branches off the spinal cord and goes to other areas of the body. Dorsal nerve roots are responsible for carrying signals of sensation (such as feelings of pain and temperature) from the body to the brain.

Name M

Dorsal Root Filaments- The spinal cord gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that distribute segmentally to the body. Motor fibers of these spinal nerves innervate skeletal muscle, and sensory fibers convey information back to the central nervous system from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

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mammillary Body-important for recollective memory

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Hypothalamus-a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

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Lateral Horn- The gray matter forms three pairs of horns throughout most of the spinal cord: (1) the dorsal horns, composed of sensory neurons, (2) the lateral horns, well defined in thoracic segments and composed of visceral neurons, and (3) the ventral horns, composed of motor neurons

Name O

interventricular foramen- The lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle by the interventricular foramina. In the brain, the interventricular foramina (or foramina of Monro) are channels that connect the paired lateral ventricles with the third ventricle at the midline of the brain.

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Dorsal

Name P (Anatomical Direction)

Cingulate gyrus- the cingulate gyrus lies on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere. It forms a major part of the limbic system which has functions in emotion and behaviour. The frontal portion is termed the anterior cingulate gyrus (or cortex)

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Spinal Canal- is the space in the vertebral column formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae.

Name Q

Dorsal Columns- medial lemniscus pathway DCML) is a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys localized sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position sense) from the skin and joints.

Name R

thalamus-a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement.

Name R

Dorsal Horn- The posterior grey column (posterior cornu, dorsal horn, spinal dorsal horn posterior horn) of the spinal cord is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration.

Name S

parieto-occipital sulcus-or parietooccipital fissure is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface.

Name S

central sulcus

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dorsal view of brainstem

What is this a view of?

lateral ventricle- The right and left lateral ventricles are structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, watery fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste

name A

thalamus

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Frontal Lobe-The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.

name B

hypothalamus

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midbrain- a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

name B

hindbrain- composed of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. The medulla lies next to the spinal cord and controls functions outside conscious control, such as breathing and blood flow. In other words, the medulla controls essential functions.

name C

optic chiasm

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postcentral gyrus

name C

lateral fissure

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mammillary body

name D

temporal lobe

name D

cerebellum

name E

pons

name E

medulla

name F

parietal lobe

name F

occipital lobe

name G

pineal gland-Located deep in the center of the brain, the pineal gland was once known as the "third eye." The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.

name G

frontal lobe

name H

tegmentumIt forms the floor of the midbrain

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tectum- forms the ceiling of the midbrain

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temporal lobe

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massa intermedia

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choroid plexus

name K

forebrain-region of the developing vertebrate brain; it includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and, under these, the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The forebrain plays a central role in the processing of information related to complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities. It represents one of the three major developmental divisions of the brain; the other two are the midbrain and hindbrain.

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