Neuromechanical Kinesiology

Roles of the skeletal system (Bones)

1. *protection of heart/lung/brain* -from trauma 2. *support to maintain posture*- rigid framework, bears the weight of tissues 3. *movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers*- provide sites for muscles to attach 4. *mineral storage:* calcium (conduction of impulses in nervous system, contraction of muscles, clotting of blood) and phosphorus. 5. *hemopoiesis-* process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow.

Types of parallel muscles

1. Flat muscle: thin, broad, sheetlike. Can spread force over a broad area.*ex* rectus abdominus & external oblique 2. Fusiform Muscle: spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end. focus power onto small, bony targets. *Ex:* brachialis, biceps brachii 3. strap: uniform in diameter, fibers run long parallel. focus power on small, bony target *ex* sartorius 4. Radiate Muscle: triangular, fan shaped. originate on broad aponeuroses and converge onto a tendon *ex* pectoralis major, trapezius 5. circular: endless strap muscles, surround openings and function to close them upon contraction *ex* orbicularis oris

Bone growth

1. Longitudinal growth-- occurs at epiphyseal plate until end of adolescence. growth in diameter continues for a lifetime.

LCS symptoms

1. joint dysfunction, problems at L4-L5 & L5-S1 disk segments. 2. poor hip joint mechanics, 3. anterior pelvic tilt, 4. lateral lubar shift/leg rotation 5. knee hyper extension.

roles of muscles

1. produce movement 2. maintain posture and positions 3. stabilize joints 4. protects visceral organs 5. alter and control pressures with the different cavities in the body 6. maintenance of body temperature 7. control entrance and exits to the body through voluntary control 8. produces major portion of total body heat

cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrodial) types

1. symphysis- in form of a disk, unites two bones (spine) 2. synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage between rib and sternum

types of fibrous joint (synarthrodial)

1. syndesmosis: aponeurotic membrane unites the bones of a joint *ex:* between radius and ulna 2. suture joint: found in skull, fibrous tissue unites two bones of joint 3. gomphosis: like a peg in a hole *ex* between teeth and mandible

lower crossed syndrome

1. tightness of thoracolumbar extensors (dorsal side) crosses with tightness of iliopsoas and rectus femoris 2. weakness of deep abdominal muscles (ventrally) as they cross with weakness of gluteus maximus/medius 3. involved with piriformis muscle which are penetrated with sciatic nerve (causes pain/pressure)

Anterior oblique subsystem

1. transverse plane stabilization and force transmission 2. activities involving trunk and extremities 3. rotation and flexion of the trunk 4. dynamic stabilization of lumbo-pelvic-hip complex

synovial joints (diarthodial) types

1. uniaxial- motion around 1 axis (hinge joint) 2. biaxial joint: motion around 2 axes (conyloid joint and saddle joint) 3. triaxial joint- moves around 3 aces (ball and socket joint) 4. nonaxial joint: motion occurs within a plane but not an axis (gliding)

Types of pennate muscle

1. unipennate: fibers run horizontally from a tendon on one side only *Ex* biceps femori, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior (strong contraction) 2. Bipennate Muscle: fiber run horizontally on both sides from a central tendon *ex:* rectus femoris, flexor hallicus longus (strong contraction) 3. Multipennate Muscles: several tendons with fiber running diagonally between them *Ex:* deltoids, gluteus maximus

What is the bone comprised of?

60-70%- calcium carobonate and calcium phosphate 25-30% water outer bone-- cortical inner bone--cancellous (spongy) diaphysis- long shaft of bone epiphysis- extended end of long bone, red marrow and articular cartilage periosteum-- surrounds entire part of bone, for tendon attachment medular cavity-- tube like cavity located in diaphysis of long bone medullary cavity-- tube like cavity located within the diaphysis of the long bone endosteum-- thin membrane lines the inner surface of the bone in medullary cavity

2. Level changes

Changes in person's center of mass. Level changes characterized by movements of of the trunk/lower extremities that raises the center of mass. can perform nonlocomotive tasks (picking up objects, getting into low positions). with lower body, can perform tasks such as (squatting, *stepping up/on objects by flexing the ankle knee hip) *primary movement pattern: 3x extension of ankle, knee, hip.* Combo of trunk and lower extremities (getting up after a fall, low volley in tennis). gravity is responsible for level changes--no flexor, extensor chain of musculature.

1. locomotion

Primary Motor Skill. 2 major characteristics: single leg stability and rotation *(cancels out rotational forced between upper and lower body* and maintains body alignment for efficient movement). Occurs one leg at a time from the ground to rest of the body. incorporates all 4 pillars.

balance

The ability to control equilibrium a person has balance when... 1. COG falls within the base of support 2. a person has balance in direct proportion to the size of the base. Larger the base, greater the blance 3. balance depends on weight, greater the weight, greater the balance. 4. depends on their height of COG, the higher the center of gravity, the more balance.

center of gravity

The point at which all the body's mass and weight is equally distributed in all directions

law of acceleration

a change in acceleration in the body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. The change in acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. greater force needed to accelerate 230 lb man than 100 lb man.

eccentric force

a force applied at a distance away from an axis of rotation, therefore a force causing a rotational moment (torque). Applies to all muscle actions at joints, whether the muscle itself is acting eccentrically or concentrically.

radial flexion (thumb)

abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand towards forearm

ulnar flexion (pinky)

adduction movement at wrist of hand toward forearm

Imbalance theories (2)

affect how we move as a group or unit 1. Upper crossed syndrome (UCS) 2. Lower crossed syndrome (LCS)

upper crossed syndrome

affects those who sit for long times (posture tendencies, muscles constantly stay shortened. *tight shoulders-*upper trapezius, sub occipical, deep neck extensors, levator scapula. *weak base skull musculature*- rhomboids, middle/lower trapezius, deep neck flexors

4. rotation

allows us to move, run, adjust, accommodate. allows us to change direction (to get out of the way, need out ankles/knees/hips to get up out of chair.) allows us to generate force to move out bones in a "lever type" system.

law of inertia

an object stays in rest/ motion, unless an external force acts directly on it changing its state. Greater the mass, the greater the inertia, greater the force needed to change state. *Positive acceleration-* to get an object moving *negative acceleration-* to stop an object from moving. irregularly paced activity will be very costly to energy reserves *ex* basketball more tiring than jogging

synergist

assists in action of agonists, not necessary for prime movers action, provides refined movement and eliminates undesired motions

first class levers

axis in between force and resistance advantage: balance examples: seesaw, head tipping forwards.

retraction

backward movement of shoulder girdle towards the spine

flexion

bending movement, decreasing angle between joint

Bones (parts and properties)

bone is like a connective tissue. living tissue that has a balance of osteoblasic/clastic activity when bone is growing, healing, and calciium being withdrawn/deposited into bone to maintain proper blood levels of calcium

osteoblast

build up bone tissue by secreting matrix tissue of the bone

fixator muscle (same as stabilizer)

can stop an unwanted action. "fixes" one attachment in place so that it does not move.

Agonist Muscle

causes joint motion through a specified plane. known as primary movers, the muscle most involved. work in group with *prime agonist*

circumduction

circular movement of limb. combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

neutralizers

counteract/ neutralizes action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitution. Contracts to resist specific actions of other muscles. muscle needs to only stop one unwanted or not-needed motion

opposition

diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with hand and finger

frontal plane

divides body front/back includes abduction/adduction and spinal lateral rotation (jumping jacks)

sagittal plane

divides body into right/left flexion/ extension movement. sit-up/ biceps curls/flexion and extension

horizontal plane

divides body top/bottom internal rotation and external rotation movements. spinal rotation/ foreaem pronation/supination

Deep longitudinal subsystem: muscles involved

erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, acrotuberous ligament, biceps femoris

pronation of ankle

eversion

plantar flexion

extension movement of ankle that results in food moving away from body

dorsal flexion

extension movement of wrist in the saggital plane with posterior side of hand moving towards posterior side of forearm

supination of radioulnar joint

externally rotation radius where in lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm up position of forearm

parallel muscle

fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle. fiber force is in the same direction as the muscle fibers which results in greater range of shortening and yields greater movement velocity

pennate muscles

fibers run diagonal with respect to central tendon running the length of the muscle. feather like shape. force generated by fiber is in that different direction than the muscle force.

palmar flexion

flexion movement of wrist with anterior side of hand moving towards anterior side of forearm

dorsiflexion

flexion movement that results in top of foot moving towards anterior tibia bone

law of reaction

for every reaction, there is an opposite and equal reaction placing force on a surface, the surface will exert the same amount of force back up on the object.

third class levers

force between axis and resistance. Sacrifice speed and range of motion at the expense of force. Ex: lifting an object. elbow joint acts as an axis, lifting the objects as force and the object itself as resistance

tissues deformation

forces we interact with absorbed through the tissues in our bodies. Tissue work to resist change is shape, but when they are unable to overcome/ handle the pressure, changes result in tissue deformation. Stronger and healthier tissues are more likely to withstand excessive mechanical loading and the resultant excessive tissue deformation.

protraction

forward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine

diarthrodial joints

freely moveable *synovial joints*- bones connected by joint capsule. has a joint cavity. components include joint capsule, synovial membrane (contains fluid) , articular cartilage (caps on both end).contains *ligaments* (limits motion at a joint) and *muscles* (specialized to contract)

Lateral Subsystem functions

frontal plane/pelvo femoral plane stability. for movements (gait, lunges, stair climbing) ipsilateral GM, tensor fascia latae and adductors combine with quadratus lumborum to control the pelvis and femur in the frontal plane. dysfunction evident: increased pronation of knee/hip/feet during walking, squats, lunges, climbing stares.

role of pulleys in the body

functions to change effective direction of force application. Pulleys can be formed to form compound pulleys. each additional pulley icnreases mechanical advantage by 1. Ex: Lateral malleolus acting as a pulley around which tendon of peroneus longus runs. force is transmitted to plantar aspect of foot, resulting in ecersion/plantarflexion

posterior oblique system: muscles involved

gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia

lateral subsystem

gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor complex, quadratus lumborum

Static Equilibrium

if the body is at rest or completely motionless

depression

inferior movement of shoulder girdle

anterior oblique subsystem

internal oblique &abductor complex, external oblique and hip external rotators.

pronation of radioulnar joint

internally rotating radius where is lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm

supination of ankle

inversion

3. pushing and pulling

involves upper body. *Push*- elbow/hand move outwards. *Pull*-brings things slower to us, hand/elbow closer to us. part of reflexes and biomechanical systems.

antagonist muscles

located on opposite side of joint from agonist. has the opposire concentric action. known as contralateral muscles, work in cooperation with agonist muscle by relaxing and allowing movement. perform opposite joint motion of agonist. work in group with *prime antagonist*

ampharthrodial (cartilaginous joint)

moderate, but limited movement *cartilaginous joints*- held together by either fibrocartilage of hyaline cartilage. No joint cavity.

angular motion

motion around some point so that different region of the same body segment or object do not move the same distance in a given amount of time. Ex: when swinging around a bar, feet traver the farthest out of any body part

linear motion

movement along a straight or curved pathway in which all points on the body or an object move the same distance in the same amount of time. Ex; trajectory of a baseball

abduction

movement away from the midline of trunk

diagonal abduction

movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body

diagonal adduction

movement by a limb through a diagonal plane towards/ across midline of body

adduction

movement medially towards midline of trunk

horizontal adduction

movement of humerus in horizontal plane towards midline of the body

horizontal abduction

movement of humerus in the horizontal plane away from midline of the body

lateral flexion

movement of trunk and head laterally away from midline

reduction

movement of trunk and head towards spinal column

Four Pillars of Human movement

movement patterns that organizes the basic movements all of us perform in everyday of life

diagonal oblique plane

movements which include the combination of the three planes

concentric contraction

muscle develops tension as it shorten, muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance. movement against gravity. + contraction

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens under tension. weight/resistance overcome muscle contraction but not to the point that muscle cannot control descending movement. movement with gravity. - contraction

extensibility

muscles ability to lengthen/ stretch beyond the resting length. extensibility determined by CT surrounding and within the muscle.

osteocyte

once the osteoblasts are fully surrounded by the bone matrix, they lye within in the small chambers of the matrix

Deep longitudinal subsystem: Function

provides means of reciprocal force transmission longitudinally from the trunk to ground. activation of biceps femoris increases tension in the sacrotuberous ligament, which transmits force acorss the sacrus stabilizing the sacroiliac join (SIJ), and allows force transference up through the erector spinae to the upper body

properties of skeletal muscles

resilient, can be streched/shortened at high speed without damage

second class levers

resistance in between axis and force advantage: lever has the advantage of magnifying the effects of the effort so that it takes less force to move the resistance Ex: dorsiflexion of ankle toes act as force, articulation of foot with ankle is axis and calcaneus as the resistance.

external rotation

rotational movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body

internal rotation

rotational movement around longitudinal axis of bone towards the midline of body

UCS Symptoms

rounded shoulders, forward head posture.

equilibrium

state of zero acceleration--no change in speed or direction of the body. must be able to control our stability (resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium)

extension

straightening movement, results in increase of angle at a joint

Joints in the body and characteristics

structure determines function. help absorb shock and are weight bearing

elevation

superior movement of shoulder girdle (shrugging the shoulder)

stabilizer

surrounds joint or body part, contracts to fixate/stabilize the area (base) to enable another limb (distal) to exert force and move

What is apart of the muscular subsystem? (4)

system for extremities 1. deep longitudinal subsystems 2. posterior oblique system 3. Anterior oblique system 4. Lateral subsystem

isometric contraction

tension is developed within muscle but joint angle remiains constant. static contraction. used to prevent a body segment from being moved by external forces;.

contractibility

the ability of a muscle to generate tension and shorten when recieves sufficient stimulation.

elasticity

the ability of the muscle fiber to return to its resting length after the stretch is removed. determined by the CT in the muscle.

irritability

the ability to respond to a stimulation. motor neuron releases a chemical neurotransmitter

fixed axis

the point about at which it turns

osteoclast

they break down bone tissue by breaking down the matrix of the bone

inversion

turning sole of foot inward/medially

eversion

turning sole of foot laterally

Role of wheels in body

used to enhacne range of motion and speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system. If the radius of wheel is greater than the radius of axle, it has a mechanical advantage.

levers (definition + examples)

used to gain mechanical advantage. class of lever will balance when the product of the resistance and the resistance are equal levers rotate about an axis as a result of force (effort) being applied to cause its movement against a resistance or weight. three different arrangments. bones represent the bar joints are the axes muscles contract to apply the force

how machines function within the human body

used to inncrease mechanical advantage (small force overcoming great resistance) 4 functions 1. balance multiple forces 2. enhance force in an attempt to reduce total force needed to overcome a resistance 3. enhance ROM and speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than applied force 4. alter the direction of the applied force 3 types of machines (levers, wheel-axels, pulleys)

synarthrodial/ fibrous

very little, no movement *Fibrous.* bones held together by dense, fibrous CT. No joint cavity

Dynamic Equilibrium

when all applied/ internal forces acting on the moving body are in balance resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction

posterior oblique system: function

works synergistically with DLS. Muscle fiber arrangement runs perpendicular to sacroiliac joint and provides transverse plane stabilization to sacroiliac join. GM and contralateral latissimus dorsi are eccentrically loaded just prior to heel strike. At heel strike, each muscle concentrically accelerates their respective limb and creates tension in the thoracolumbar fascia. The POS distributes forces creates through rotational activity