New France
Who invented the idea of Scalping?
British
What is the Quebec Act of 1774?
This was a British policy that reversed the policy of assimilation with the Quebec Act. It was like a Charter of Rights and Freedoms for French Canadians. This would calm the fears of the French, and hopefully avoid a revolt.
What is the seigneurial system?
This was a method of land distribution that was copied from the French feudal system.
What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
This was a policy made by the British to shrink the borders of Quebec.
What did they do?
- Authorities decided to import young women (mostly orphans) who were known as filles du roi (King gave free transportation to New France, and dowry) From the encouragement of Church, filles du roi soon got married.
New France Problems
- shortage of single woman - explorers + fur traders + soldiers were single men, but little to attract single women to new colony (needed to settle)
Gen. Braddock
A close friend of the king who was killed at Ft. Duquesne
Iroquois Confederacy
A powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
boycott
A refusal to buy or use goods and services.
Intolerable ACTS
A series of Taxes or Orders made by the British
Describe how the seigneurial system works.
All land in New France originally belonged to the the King of France, whose representatives divided the land into lots of varying sizes called seigneurs. All the land stretched out to the St. Lawrence River for ease of transportation and irrigation.
Navigation ACT
American goods had to be shipped by British Ships
Who called for the 13 colonies to cooperate against the French?
Benjamin Franklin
What responsibilities did the seigneur have?
The seigneur was responsible for clearing the land, looking after its defines, acting as a judge in disputes, building a house, mill and chapel for the inhabitants.
What happened when Champlain sided with the Huron in a battle against the Iroiquois?
Champlain killed two Iroquois chiefs. From that moment on, the Iroquois sided with the British in their struggles against the French.
Why did Samuel de Champlain decide to side with the Huron people?
Champlain realized that the Huron people could teach the French settlers canoeing, snowshoeing, trapping, dealing with the elements, and how to expand the fur trade.
What did the King of England do after Ge, Braddock was killed?
Declared War on France and sent more troops to America.
What happened to Acadia?
During the mid-1600's, Acadia was raided by both the British and French. There were numerous peace treaties that went from one side to the other.
Why did Jacques Cartier and other explorers try to find a western route to the Far East?
Early explorers were trying to get to the Far East in their quest for gold and silk.
Merchantilism
Economic policy used by the British in which the colonies served as a source of raw materials and a market to sell goods to.
Why did one-third to one-half of the Aboriginal People die?
Europeans brought deadly diseases to the New World, like smallpox and the plague, to which the Aboriginal People had little immunity. This resulted in massive numbers dying.
Lt. Washington fought the french here
Fort Neccesity
Travel to North America from Europe was dangerous and long. Why did men and women come to the New World?
Fortunes could be made as coureurs de bois in the fur trade.
How did the French and British differ?
France and England had different languages, customs, religions and lifestyles. France was a very rural nation, while the British were moving towards an urban lifestyle.
Who were the 4 groups involved in the French & Indian War
French, Indians, British & American Colonists
What was the most important trade good in the new territory?
Furs
Who was the young Lt. who became a hero of the war?
George Washington
Lowe
How my History teacher spells his last name.
What happened to Louisbourg?
In 1745, the British attacked and conquered Louisbourg.
What was the importance of the Treaty of Paris?
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed by France, Britain and Spain to end the Seven Years War. This transferred Quebec from France to Britain, thus giving Britain control over most of North America.
What was the Treaty of Paris?
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed by France, Britain and Spain, ending the Seven Years War. This gave Quebec from France to Britain, giving the British control over most of North America.
What happened to Sainte-Maire Among the Hurons?
It was attacked by Iroquois in 1649, and it was destroyed along with many other Huron settlements.
Who established "les filles du roi" program and what did it do for New France?
Jean Talon established this program to provide incentives for French women willing to travel to the New World. Over a thousand came between 1663 and 1673.
Who commanded Quebec?
Louis-Joseph Montcalm commanded Quebec.
Furs
Most important item that the French and English wanted to trade with the Indians
What territory did the British win in North America?
Ohio Valley, Quebec and Florida from the Spanish
Describe what happened on the Plains of Abraham.
On September 12, 1758, 4500 red coats landed below the cliffs of Quebec and scaled the cliffs at night. At sunrise, they were in battle formation on Abraham Martin's fields. Rather than waiting for reinforcements, General Montcalm decided to attack. Their inexperience was no match for the British and the French surrendered. Both Wolfe and Montcalm died on the battlefield.
What percentage of New France's settlers were farmers or habitants?
Over 80% of New France's settlers were habitants.
When British Soldiers stay at your home
Quartering ACT
Debt from the 7-years war
Reason the British started raising taxes on colonists
No Taxation without....
Representation. A battle Cry of American Colonists
A tax on paper
Stamp ACT
Who were the Acadians?
The Acadians of the early 17th century, were French-speaking colonists who lived where present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island are located.
What happened to the Acadians during the Seven Years War?
The British governor did not trust the Acadians, so their homes and possessions were taken away from them and the people were sent to be resettled in other British colonies. Many of their homes were burned down.
Why was there such a strong struggle between the French and the British for dominance in the New World?
The French and British were struggling to control the rich fur trade in the New World.
Who dominated the fur trade?
The French dominated the fur trade for forty years. The fur trade went as far west as the Great Plains, and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.
What happened at Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons in 1649?
The Iroquois launched an assault on the French/Huron alliance and destroyed the settlement.
What happened in 1667?
The Iroquois signed a peace treaty which produced a peace that lasted 20 years.
Who were the Jesuits and what was their role in New France?
The Jesuits were Roman Catholic missionaries who worked among the Huron and other tribes. They built Sainte - Marie Among the Hurons (near Midland Ontario) under the direction of Jérome Lalemant.
What did King Louis XIV of France do to protect New France in 1663?
The King established a militia(volunteer army) in New France by sending over 1300 troops from France to protect the colonists. He also successfully increased immigration to the colony. Within the century the population grew from 3,000 to 70,000 people.
Few colonists made their living by farming. What did King Louis XIV of France do in 1663 to change this situation?
The King of France encouraged his countrymen to make the journey to North America and by 1759 the French population swelled to over 70,000.
How did King Louis XIV respond to the destruction of Sainte-Maire Among the Hurons?
The King sent 1300 French troops to New France to help defend the colony. In retaliation, the French attacked and destroyed a number of Iroquois villages.
Why did the early explorers think that the New World was a rich land?
The New World had fertile land for growing and many trees for lumber to build.
What happened after the French surrendered?
The boundaries of Quebec shrank as Britain took over the colony's industry, commerce, and even the fur trade.
How much of the land was owned by the Roman Catholic Church?
The church controlled 2/3's of the land. The church was responsible for spiritual and moral guidance and for founding hospitals and schools.
When was the Fortress of Louisbourg constructed and for what reason?
The construction began in 1720 and it was designed to protect the French access to the St. Lawrence River's shipping lanes.
"Set Piece" warfare
The form of fighting preferred by the British
What did Roman Catholic missionaries seek to do with the Aboriginal peoples?
The missionaries sought to convert the Aboriginal peoples to Roman Catholicism.
What happened to the wealthiest French Canadians after the signing of the Treaty of Paris?
The wealthiest abandoned the colony, leaving the leadership positions to be filled by the British merchants and traders.
What role did women have on the seigneuries?
The women would run the home and work the land, especially if the men joined the fur trade or military to earn extra money.
What were the major industries in such towns as Montreal,Quebec and Trois Rivière?
These towns were busy trading centers. Sawmills were a big part of the lumbering industry. Shipbuilding was a big contributor to the French navy. Iron ore deposits were also important to mining.
What were the responsibilities of the habitants?
They had to clear the land, build shelters, grow wheat, corn, oats, barley and tobacco. They also raised livestock, cooked, baked, made furniture, repaired tools and taught their children.
Why were the filles du roi important?
They helped by providing stable families.
Why did the government of New France encourage intermarriage between the fur traders and Aboriginal women?
They hoped that it would increase the population of New France and build friendly relations with the Aboriginal Peoples. As well, they hoped to convert the Aboriginal Peoples to Christianity.
Who were Radisson and Groseilliers?
They were French explorers who opened much of the interior of the North American continent. When they ran into financial difficulties, they went to the British for help. This was the beginning of the Hudson Bay Company.
What happened to Fort Duquesne?
This fort was captured by the British under George Washington. The French counterattacked and defeated Washington's troops. This escalated the war between the two countries with both countries sending more troops to North America.
The French were successful at guerrilla warfare. What is this strategy?
This is a strategy that used surprise ambushes, and hiding behind rocks and trees while shooting.
What is the significance of the Plains of Abraham?
This is the location where, in 1759, the British armies conquered the French and forced them to surrender all of their North American empire.
What was the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713?
This is when Acadia and Newfoundland were finally handed over to Britain. Acadians were allowed to keep their French language and Roman Catholic faith, but Acadia's name was changed to Nova Scotia. Many Acadians decided to move.
In 1749, a group of Virginian businesspeople obtained a 200,000 ha. grant of land in the Ohio Valley from Britain for settlement. Why was this a problem?
This land was already claimed by France. To protect the land, the French built a chain of forts in the area.
What does "couriers de bois" stand for?
This term means "runners of the woods" and was used to refer to those in the fur trade.
What was the importance of Battle of the Plains of Abraham?
This was the most important battle in the Seven Years War between France and Britain that decided the future of the French colony.
Why was the capture of Fort Louisbourg on July 26, 1758 so important?
When the British, under the leadership of James Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst, captured the Fort, it allowed them complete control of the Saint Lawrence River. No French soldiers could get to Quebec and Montreal to protect their cities from the British. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was the end result with the French surrendering.
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes
Where did most of the fighting occur during the war?
Great Lakes and Ohio Valley
Where most of the fighting occurred in the 7 years war
Who is Pittsburgh named After?
William Pitt