NFS 1110 Chapter 11 Questions

c) 1000-1200

14) The recommended intake of calcium for adults is __________ mgs/day. a) 500-700 b) 800-1000 c) 1000-1200 d) 1300-1500

c) 80

Approximately what percentage of those affected by osteoporosis are women? a) 20 b) 45 c) 80 d) >90

a) the percentage absorbed declines.

As calcium intake increases: a) the percentage absorbed declines. b) active transport becomes more important. c) more vitamin C is required. d) more iron is absorbed.

b) processed foods

Good sources of magnesium include all of the following EXCEPT: a) leafy green vegetables. b) processed foods. c) nuts. d) whole grains.

d. Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

How is calcium in the blood regulated? a. Calcitonin causes calcium to be deposited in the bone. b. Calcitonin decreases intestinal calcium absorption. c. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to secrete calcium. d. Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

a) bones.

Most of the magnesium in the body is in: a) bones. b) extracellular fluid. c) intracellular fluid. d) the blood.

c) early adulthood.

Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in: a) infancy. b) early childhood. c) early adulthood. d) the menopausal period.

a) ATP.

Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of: a) ATP. b) NADH. c) FADH2. d) DNA.

b) estrogen.

Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone: a) aldosterone. b) estrogen. c) progesterone. d) secretin.

c) osteoporosis.

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed: a) osteopenia. b) osteomalacia. c) osteoporosis. d) osteopropensia.

b) Girls 9-17 years

Which group contains the highest proportion of individuals who do not meet their calcium requirement? a) Boys 9-17 years b) Girls 9-17 years c) Adult men d) Adult women

d) All these groups could benefit.

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet? a) Young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass. b) Post-menopausal women. c) Individuals with decreased bone density. d) All these groups could benefit.

a) Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy.

Which is the FALSE statement about absorption of calcium? a) Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy. b) Calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron. c) Lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption. d) Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption.

c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.

After 35 to 45 years of age: a) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown. b) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown. c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. d) the skeleton is typically weak and fractures easily.

b) low body weight.

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT: a) weight bearing exercise. b) low body weight. c) increased muscle mass. d) high body weight and fat.

b) inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by/through: a) their hormone action. b) inhibiting the action of osteoclasts. c) encouraging weight gain. d) providing more energy for exercise.

d) the kidneys

Blood levels of magnesium are regulated primarily by: a) the liver. b) the amount consumed in the diet. c) absorption across the small intestine. d) the kidneys.

a) infancy.

Calcium absorption is highest in: a) infancy. b) young adults. c) older adults. d) after menopause.

d) some amino acids and vitamins.

In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of: a) adipose tissue. b) bones and teeth. c) enzymes. d) some amino acids and vitamins.

a) blood clotting.

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following EXCEPT: a) blood clotting. b) being a cofactor for many enzymes. c) stabilizing ATP. d) maintenance of bones.

d. keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations.

Maintaining bone health involves: a. forming bone that is 100% compact. b. reaching peak bone mass by age 40. c. remodeling using osteoblasts and osteoclasts. d. keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations.

d. ALL answers above are correct

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following : a. excessive use of calcium containing antacids. b. high blood calcium. c. calcification of the kidney. d. ALL answers above are correct

c) increased secretion of PTH.

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a) excessive use of calcium containing antacids. b) high blood calcium. c) increased secretion of PTH. d) calcification of the kidney.

b) 700

The RDA for phosphorus is ______ mg/d for adults. a) 500 b) 700 c) 1000 d) 1200

c) transport proteins.

The absorption of some minerals is regulated by: a) interaction with phospholipids. b) starches. c) transport proteins. d) binding to amino acids.

b) has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.

The consumption of soda: a) provides necessary nutrients. b) has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk. c) has remained constant for the last 20 years. d) is not of nutritional concern.

b) sodium.

The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption EXCEPT: a) calcium. b) sodium. c) copper. d) zinc.

a) African Americans.

The group with the highest bone density is: a) African Americans. b) Asians. c) Hispanics. d) Non-Hispanic whites.

a) cortical

The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __________ bone. a) cortical b) enameled c) extrinsic d) trabecular

d) All of these are correct.

The matrix of bones is: a) a protein framework. b) made up primarily of collagen. c) imbedded with hydroxyapatite. d) All of these are correct.

a) calcium.

The most abundant mineral in the body is: a) calcium. b) sodium. c) potassium. d) magnesium.

b) calcium.

The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is: a) vitamin D. b) calcium. c) vitamin C. d) protein.

d) There is no recommended intake.

The recommended intake of sulfur for adults is _____ mg/d. a) 500 b) 700 c) 1000 d) There is no recommended intake.

a) the amounts needed daily by the body.

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by: a) the amounts needed daily by the body. b) where they are absorbed in the digestive tract. c) how critical they are for metabolic processes. d) where they are found on the periodic table.

a) below the RDA.

The typical magnesium intake in the US is: a) below the RDA. b) at risk of providing toxic levels. c) slightly above the RDA. d) right at the RDA.

c) parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; ________ raises blood calcium and __________ lowers blood calcium levels. a) calcitonin; aldosterone b) calcitonin; parathyroid hormone c) parathyroid hormone; calcitonin d) thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin

b. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption.

What factor might increase mineral bioavailability? a. Proportion of dietary calcium absorbed is higher with increases in age. b. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption. c. A high intake of calcium in a meal promotes iron absorption. d. The presence of phytic acid promotes zinc absorption.

b. Tobacco use

What factor might increases the risk of osteoporosis? a. Weight-bearing exercise b. Tobacco use c. Regular sun exposure d. Adequate calcium intake

a. Calcium is necessary in blood clotting.

What is a function of calcium? a. Calcium is necessary in blood clotting. b. Calcium promotes muscle relaxation. c. Calcium elevates blood pressure. d. Calcium causes nerve cells to fire spontaneously.

d. Magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease.

What is a function of magnesium? a. Magnesium maintains acid-base balance. b. Magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood. c. Magnesium activates vitamin A. d. Magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease.

c. Phosphorus is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA.

What is a function of phosphorus? a. Phosphorus is required for blood clotting. b. Phosphorus promotes sodium retention by the kidneys. c. Phosphorus is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA. d. Phosphorus helps to maintain normal blood pressure.

c. Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance.

What is the role of sulfur in the body? a. Sulfur maintains normal blood pressure. b. Sulfur activates vitamin D in the body. c. Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance. d. Sulfur triggers the excretion of toxic substances.

d. Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

What is true about the peak bone mass? a. Men start to lose bone mass after about age 25. b. During childhood, sex differences in bone mass first appear. c . Women have a higher bone mineral density than men. d. Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

c. Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes.

What role do minerals play in promoting proper nutrition? a. Minerals in today's diet come mainly from plant food sources. b. Minerals are needed in large amounts for maintaining body structure. c. Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes. d. Mineral supplements are required to ensure nutrient adequacy.

a) increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.

When blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a) increasing appetite for calcium containing foods. b) activating vitamin D. c) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. d) stimulating calcium release from bone.

c) more is lost in the urine.

When phosphorus intake is high, the most likely consequence is that: a) blood levels rise drastically. b) less is absorbed across the intestine. c) more is lost in the urine. d) it is stored in additional creatine phosphate.

d) Meat and beans

Which food group provides the largest variety of minerals? a) Vegetables b) Fruits c) Dairy d) Meat and beans

b) Smoking and drinking both increase risk.

Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk? a) Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it. b) Smoking and drinking both increase risk. c) Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it. d) Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

a) Carrots

Which is the least plentiful source of calcium? a) Carrots b) Eggs c) Sardines d) Yogurt

b) Iodine

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on where it is grown? a) Calcium b) Iodine c) Magnesium d) Pyridoxine

a) Ascorbic acid

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption? a) Ascorbic acid b) Oxalates c) Phytates d) Tannins

a) Calcitonin

Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone? a) Calcitonin b) Parathyroid hormone c) Calmodulin d) Insulin

a) Healthy adults

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorus deficiency? a) Healthy adults b) Vegans c) Elderly d) Alcoholics

b) Excessive walking

Which of the following has NOT been associated with loss of bone mass in women? a) Alcohol consumption b) Excessive walking c) High sodium intake d) Smoking

b) Hormone replacement therapy

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss? a) Fluoride treatment b) Hormone replacement therapy c) Supplemental vitamin C d) Aerobic exercise plus multi-vitamins

b) ATP stabilization

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a) Muscle contraction b) ATP stabilization c) Blood pressure regulation d) Neurotransmitter release

d) Regulating blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a major function of phosphorus in the body? a) Contributor to bone and teeth structure b) Constituent of DNA c) pH balance d) Regulating blood pressure

d) The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis? a) Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men. b) Bone breakdown accelerates after menopause. c) Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause. d) The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

b) Problems with cell signaling and regulation

Which of the following is NOT likely to result from prolonged low calcium intake? a) A lower peak bone mass in young adult females b) Problems with cell signaling and regulation c) Fractures in the elderly d) Development of osteomalacia

d) All of these

Which of the following is a good source of phosphorus? a) Dairy b) Whole grains c) Nuts d) All of these

b) Minerals can be structural components.

Which of the following is true about minerals? a) Minerals are organic molecules. b) Minerals can be structural components. c) Minerals are destroyed by heat. d) All of these statements are true.

a) Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? a) Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk. b) Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption. c) Pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus. d) Women who breast feed need more calcium in their diets.

b. Garbanzo beans

Which one of the following foods is a good source of magnesium? a. Beef steak b. Garbanzo beans c. Applesauce d. Canned sardines

a. Hot oatmeal

Which one of the following foods is a good source of phosphorus? a. Hot oatmeal b. Fresh orange c. White bread d. Olive oil

a. Vegetables

Which section of MyPlate provides calcium in the diet, besides dairy? a. Vegetables b. Fruit c. Protein d. Grains

c) Age related bone loss proceeds at ~0.3-0.5% per year.

Which statement about age-related bone loss is true? a) It occurs primarily in females. b) It is not typically associated with any dietary changes. c) Age related bone loss proceeds at ~0.3-0.5% per year. d) It is usually related to over-activation of vitamin D in the kidney.

d) They should always be avoided.

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE? a) They can be toxic. b) Supplements of one mineral can decrease the bioavailability of other minerals. c) Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs. d) They should always be avoided.

d) It is primarily an American disease.

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE? a) It relates to a decrease in bone density. b) It has no early symptoms. c) Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height. d) It is primarily an American disease.

c) Toxicity may cause bone resorption.

Which statement about phosphorus is correct? a) Toxicity is common in the U.S. because of increased use of phosphorus-containing food additives. b) Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. c) Toxicity may cause bone resorption. d) High intake increases the energy available to cells, eventually leading to exhaustion.

d) Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

Which statement about tetany is FALSE? a) It occurs when the extracellular calcium concentration is too low. b) Tetany causes muscles to contract. c) It can cause death. d) Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

b) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc.

Which statement about the processing of foods is true? a) Processing destroys minerals. b) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc. c) Sodium is typically absent in processed foods. d) Potassium is often added during food processing.

a) It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.

Which statement about vitamin D is correct? a) It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine. b) It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. c) Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. d) Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

a) Deficiency is common in the general population.

Which statement concerning magnesium deficiency is FALSE? a) Deficiency is common in the general population. b) Symptoms include changes in heartbeat and blood pressure. c) It can be caused by diuretics. d) All of these statements are false.

b) It is characterized by high blood pressure.

Which statement concerning magnesium toxicity is FALSE? a) It may occur with consumption of Mg-containing laxatives or antacids. b) It is characterized by high blood pressure. c) It is more common in the elderly with impaired kidney function. d) Magnesium toxicity would most likely occur from supplements.

b) If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? a) If dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline. b) If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium. c) If dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium. d) Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.

c) The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase.

Which statement regarding lactose intolerance is true? a) It must be treated with calcium supplements to avoid osteoporosis. b) It means a person can eat no dairy products. c) The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase. d) Lactose intolerance is common in individuals of all ethnic backgrounds.

c) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

_________ are cells that build bone, while _________are cells that break down bone. a) Osteocytes; corticulocytes b) Corticulocytes; osteocytes c) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts d) Osteoclasts; osteoblasts