NFS CHAPTER 2

epidemiology

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease patterns among various populations is known as ___________________.

1. scientists summarize the findings 2. scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis 3. scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals

What occurs after the completion of an experiment?

observational studies & experimental (intervention studies)

Which of the following studies involve human subjects?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

nutraceuticals

dietary supplements are also referred to as ....

fish oil echinacea

examples of dietary supplements

registered dietitian

one of the best sources to consult with in order to solve nutrition imbalances is ....

nutrition misinformation

promotes useless medical treatments

reliable information on the internet can be found ....

search sites that are managed by qualified health professionals

pseudoscience

the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

control

A __________ group, which receives NO treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

variable

A _______________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

control

A valid experiment requires both a treatments and a ___________ group.

biased

A website that is authorized or sponsored by ONE person tends to provide _____________ information.

testimonial

A famous football player appears in an advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called a ...

case-control study

researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. the scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects, including their food choices and use of dietary supplements.

RD

the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice

deficient

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient ____________ diseases.

placebo effect

People who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal findings may be examples of the _____________ __________.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

In 1994, Congress passed the ____________, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.

anecdotal

John telling his friend that taking a new weight loss pill helped him effectively lose weight is an example of __________ information.

scientific method

Nutrition researchers rely on the _______ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.

retrospective cohort study

scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including the kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. the dietary practices of the subjects who have arthritis are compared to those of subjects who do not have the condition.

TRUE statements to follow to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions

1. apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims 2. read product labels carefully 3. examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim 4. avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients

a drug is....

1. may be natural or man-made 2. is a substance that alters body functions 3. may have beneficial as well as harmful effects

consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because...

1. nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources 2. promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers 3. the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation

evidence based

Information based on the results of scientific studies is called _________ __________ information

experimental (intervention) study

a large group of people with arthritis are divided into two groups. the members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement and the members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. during the study, members of each group do not know if they are taking the supplement or the placebo.

testimonials

often biased in favor of a product

control

In a study, Jon received a dose of Vitamin C daily while Jane did not. Jane was in which group?

experiments

In order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct _______________.

canNOT

Observational epidemiological studies _____________ establish causation.

1. make observations 2. develop a hypothesis 3. design the study and perform tests 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. share results with peers

Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.

human

Intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of _______________ research.

magazines television advertisements commercial Internet sites

LESS reliable sources of nutrition information

peer review

Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called ___________.

prospective

Cohort studies can be retrospective or ____________.

1. the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation 2. nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources 3. promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because ...

double-blind

An experimental design in which neither the investigator nor the subjects are aware of each participant's group assignment is called _______________.

variables

Correlations are relationships between ______________.

bias-free presentation of the research

Credible nutrition information includes _________________________.

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Random

___________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

prospective cohort study

a research team recruits a group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis.

(RD) registered dietitian (RDN) registered dietitian nutritionist

A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a ....

surveys & physical examinations

Epidemiologists often rely on __________ & _________ of people to obtain health data.

in vivo experiments

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as _________________.