NFSC 131 Final**

The risk of having a baby born with Down syndrome is most closely associated with:

maternal age at time of conception

Which is a term used to describe a system that endeavors to maintain natural resources such as soil and water while producing food products? a. food self-sufficiency b. ecological conservation c. sustainable agriculture d. restorative farming

sustainable agriculture

Over the last 25 years, children's intake of __________ has increased.

sweetened beverages

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by:

the amounts needed daily by the body

The term, cardiorespiratory endurance, refers to:

the efficiency of oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells for activity and waste removal

It is recommended that athletes consume diets with the following approximate proportions:

15 - 20% protein, 20 - 25% fat, 60% carbohydrate

To meet protein requirements during pregnancy, an additional _______ grams of protein should be consumed during the second and third trimester.

25

The recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normal weight woman is _______ pounds.

25 - 35

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that children spend ______ minutes per day performing an age-appropriate exercise.

60

Approximately what percentage of the human body is water?

60%

Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of:

ATP

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can: a. All of these are correct b. affect brain development c. increase risk of preterm delivery d. reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus

All of these are correct

Which statement about body weight and composition in older adults is FALSE? a. Body fat tends to decrease as people age b. Weight loss in the elderly should emphasize the prevention of muscle and bone mass loss c. Obesity rates have increased in the elderly over the past two decades d. Low BMI is associated with a higher risk of mortality

Body fat tends to decrease as people age

Which of following is a TRUE statement? a. Sugar is a common food allergen b. All of these are true statements c. High sugar diet contributes to dental caries d. Sugar consumption is the most common cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

High sugar diet contributes to dental caries

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? a. If dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline. b. Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone. c. If dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium. d. If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.

If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.

Which of the following statements is false? a. Flexibility determines range of motion. b. Flexibility reduces injury. c. Increased flexibility enhances muscle mass. d. Flexibility can enhance posture and balance.

Increased flexibility enhances muscle mass.

Which is the least plentiful source of calcium?

carrots

Pesticide residue in foods may be more of a concern for young children because:

children are smaller; therefore the amount of residue tends to be greater per unit of body weight

All of the following are ways to reduce sodium intake in your diet EXCEPT:

choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables

Many B vitamins function as ______, which bind to enzymes to promote their activity.

coenzymes

The Emergency Food Assistance Program distributes ______ for home and institutional use.

commodity foods, such as peanut butter and pasta

The nutrient needs of the elderly remain essentially the same although their energy needs decrease. Because of this, the best advice for them is to:

consume a more nutrient dense diet

Water is involved in all of the following except:

converting lipids to amino acids

Which of these is NOT a principle of HACCP? a. establish correction action b. maintain a record keeping procedure c. create a menu of food products d. conduct a hazard analysis

create a menu of food products

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause _____ in the offspring.

cretinism

Wiping a soiled counter with a cloth, then wiping a cutting board with the same cloth is an example of:

cross-contamination

Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in:

early adulthood

Which of the following dietary changes would one NOT expect to see as the average income of a developing country increases? a. eating less processed foods b. consumption of more animal products c. consumption of more foods high in vitamin A and iron d. consumption of a wider variety of foods

eating less processed foods

Positively and negatively charged ions in water are called:

electrolytes

Sodium, chloride, and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of:

electrolytes

Hormone that increases the amount of calcium in the blood is calcitonin. a. true b. false

false

During the first 6 months, the macronutrient that contributes the most energy to an infants' diet is:

fat

Which is the most sensitive indicator of iron stores in the body?

ferritin

Most body water comes from:

fluids we drink

Too little of this mineral can cause an increase in dental cavities.

fluoride

____________ describes a condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs.

food insecurity

The capacity of a region to produce enough food to feed its population is termed:

food self-sufficiency

The LEAST significant factor contributing to the rate of aging is: a. genetics (i.e., family history) b. gender c. lifestyle choices d. environment

gender

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to differences in the way people react to food-borne pathogens? a. gender b. age c. health and nutritional status d. body size

gender

Excess weight gain during pregnancy can increase the mother's risk for:

gestational diabetes

Lactic acid is produced from _____ in muscles when ______ is not available.

glucose; oxygen

Energy requirements per unit of body weight in newborn infants are ________ those of an adult.

greater than

Compared to formula-fed babies, babies receiving breast milk:

have fewer allergies, ear infections, and respiratory illness

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorus deficiency?

healthy adults

Iron is a component of the protein ______ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.

hemoglobin

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT:

high body weight and fat

________ should not be served to children less than a year old because it/they may contain spores of clostridium botulinum?

honey

Diets high in sodium have been linked to _____________ in some people.

hypertension

Lifting heavy weights stresses muscles over time causing an adaptation called:

hypertrophy

Which of the following is an example of a food intolerance?

inability to digest lactose causing diarrhea and cramping

Heat related illness is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. decreased blood volume b. reduced sweat production c. rise in core body temperature d. increased blood pressure

increased blood pressure

Which of the following is associated with preeclampsia? a. severe diarrhea b. low fasting blood glucose levels c. increased blood pressure d. elevated blood glucose levels

increased blood pressure

Aging contributes to all of the following EXCEPT: a. periodontal disease or dental problems b. changes in immune system c. changes in the abilities to taste and smell d. increased migraine headaches

increased migraine headaches

The loss of body fluids in ways not obvious to us is called:

insensible losses

Supplements of __________ can be of benefit to many female athletes.

iron

The requirement for _________ decreases in women older than 50.

iron

Which food is most appropriate for a 5-month old infant?

iron-fortified infant rice cereal

Colostrum:

is the first fluid that is produced by the breast after delivery

Which statement about menopause is FALSE? a. it slows the rate of bone breakdown b. menopause causes skin changes c. menopause decreases the risk of breast cancer d. it increases the risk of heart disease

it slows the rate of bone breakdown

Which organ is responsible for regulating sodium and chloride concentrations in the body?

kidneys

Getting enough vitamin D may be a problem for oder adults due to:

limited exposure to sunlight

The HACCP system places responsibility for food safety on:

manufacturers

Neural tube defects can arise in the fetus early in gestational development based on:

maternal folate status

A major goal of pre-competition meals is to:

maximize liver glycogen stores

Which food group provides the largest variety of minerals?

meat and beans

Which of the following is the poorest source of iodine?

milk

A 1-year-old child requires _______ protein per kilogram of body weight that a 5-year-old child.

more

Water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract by:

osmosis

______ are cells that build bone, while ______ are cells that break down bone.

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed:

osteoporosis

One function of the _______ is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels.

placenta

The single greatest cause of food insecurity is:

poverty

Infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as:

premature

Iron deficiency in athletes is LEAST likely to be caused by:

resistance exercise

Which of the following is an excellent source of selenium?

salmon

What is NOT a plentiful source of zinc?

saltine crackers

The maternal energy requirement in the first trimester is:

unchanged

For exercise lasting less than one hour, the preferred drink is:

water

Meals and snacks for the elderly should include plenty of _____ to prevent dehydration.

water

Which of the following is NOT age-appropriate for a 9-month-old infant?

whole cow's milk

From a nutritional perspective, as the typical American child gets older, the quality of the diet:

worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk

When the intake of _____ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited.

zinc

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a. The rate of growth in the second year of infant life is greater that the rate of growth during the first year of life. b. Clinicians use growth charts to compare an infant's growth to standard growth patterns. c. Growth charts are used to determine an infant's energy requirements. d. Growth charts are used to predict ultimate adult weight and height of infants.

Clinicians use growth charts to compare an infant's growth to standard growth patterns

Which particularly lethal microorganism has been found in honey and home canned foods?

Clostridium botulinum

Which legislative action prohibits the use of any food additive that has been shown to produce cancer in animals at any dose?

Delaney Clause

The GRAS list was part of the 1958 Food Additives Amendment. GRAS stands for:

Generally Recognized as Safe

HACCP stands for:

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

Which statement about vitamin D is correct? a. It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the large intestine. b. Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. c. Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 25%. d. It promotes active transport of calcium across the small intestine.

It promotes active transport of calcium across the small intestine.

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of famine? a. A collapse in the food marketing system occurs b. It is caused by a disaster c. It typically affects only a small number of people d. it includes a collapse in the food production system

It typically affects only a small number of people

Which statement about nutrition is FALSE? a. Malnutrition is only a serious problem for people who are undernourished b. Malnutrition causes high levels of sickness and disability c. Overweight individuals suffer from malnutrition d. Malnutrition shortens life expectancy

Malnutrition is only a serious problem for people who are undernourished

Which of the following statements regarding iron in young children is FALSE? a. Iron deficiency can cause learning deficits and lower resistance to infection b. Milk is an excellent source of iron c. Children between 4 and 8-years-of-age need more iron than adult men d. Iron supplements may be prescribed for anemia

Milk is an excellent source of iron

Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body? a. Sodium and potassium are primarily intracellular. b. Sodium and potassium are primarily extracellular. c. Sodium is primarily intracellular; potassium is primarily extracellular. d. Sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

Sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

Which statement about chromium supplementation is the most accurate? a. It may improve athletic performance. b. Chromium supplementation increases lean body mass. c. It leads to weight loss. d. Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements? a. Taking it with a calcium supplement. b. Consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef. c. Taking the supplement with a meal containing fish. d. Consuming it with orange juice.

Taking it with a calcium supplement.

Which statement about type 2 diabetes is FALSE? a. Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40 b. The risk of type 2 diabetes is reduced by keeping weight in the normal range and maintaining an active lifestyle c. Type 2 diabetes progresses in severity the longer an individual has it d. Little is known about type 2 diabetes in children

Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40.

Which statement is NOT true? a. Deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin is less likely than of a typical water-soluble vitamin. b. Vitamins are necessary in many biochemical reactions in the body. c. Vitamin deficiencies are rare in the United States. d. Vitamins provide energy.

Vitamins provide energy.

Which federal program targets pregnant and lactating women, and infants and children for nutritional food assistance and education?

Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in:

a goiter

The let-down reflex refers to:

a hormonal reflex that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts and flow to the nipple

Gestational diabetes increases the risk for having:

a large-for-gestational-age infant

A food jag is:

a period when a child will eat only one food and nothing else

Which food presents the greatest risk of food-borne illness? a. hot dogs left in the refrigerator for four days b. milk two days past the "sell by" date c. a turkey thawed at room temperature d. a bruised banana

a turkey thawed at room temperature

Which group is LEAST likely to suffer serious complications if food-borne illness is contracted? a. pregnant women b. people undergoing treatment for cancer c. adult men d. children

adult men

The cycle of malnutrition:

affects both the health and productivity of a population

During hot weather, athletes should consume fluids ___________ exercise. A. before B. during C. after D. all listed are equally important.

all listed are equally important

Malnutrition may occur in which individuals even when the rest of the household is adequately fed? a. infants b. pregnant women c. children d. all of these

all of these

The amount of energy needed for ________ decreases as adults age. a. digesting and absorbing food b. basal metabolism c. all of these d. physical activity

all of these

Which of the following will help prevent food-borne illnesses? a. preventing cross-contamination b. storing food properly c. thoroughly cooking hamburger, chicken, and eggs d. all of these

all of these

Which statement utilizes the factors of FAT TOM? a. Hot foods should be held at a temperature of at least 135 degrees F while on the serving line b. all of these statements do c. Preservation methods such as drying or the use of high concentration of salt or sugar can prevent bacteria from growing. d. Food should not be left in the temperature danger zone for more that two hours

all of these statements do

The _______ is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the unborn baby and provides protection.

amniotic sac

Pica is defined as:

an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances

The nutrition transition is accompanied by:

an increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes

There is a strong correlation between length of gestation and:

an infant's birth weight

The symptoms of zinc deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT:

anemia

Diets high in ______ may slow or prevent development of macular degeneration and cataracts.

antioxidants

The cycle of malnutrition can be broken by: a. arranging for better nutrition and healthcare for women during pregnancy b. providing better health care for children c. any of these d. increasing availability of nutritious foods for adults

any of these

A diet with adequate fiber can help prevent and manage all of the following EXCEPT: a. cardiovascular disease b. arthritis c. obesity d. diabetes

arthritis

The primary roll of iodine in the body is:

as a component of thyroid hormones

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption?

ascorbic acid

Stunting increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a. low-birth weight babies in the next generation b. being a larger adult c. reduced work capacity d. abdominal obesity

being a larger adult

Which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body?

bioavailability

Which is NOT a common symptom of food-borne illness? a. diarrhea b. vomiting c. nausea d. blindness

blindness

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following except:

blood clotting

Which is NOT a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption?

blood glucose levels

After 35 to 45 years of age:

bone breakdown exceeds bone formation

The most abundant mineral in the body is:

calcium

Food allergies:

can result when incompletely digested proteins are absorbed through the intestine and enters the lymph and/or bloodstream

As children grow, their energy and protein requirements per unit of body weight:

decrease

The health benefits of exercise include all of the following EXCEPT: a. decreased blood pressure. b. increased HDL cholesterol. c. reduced risk of osteoporosis. d. decreased insulin sensitivity.

decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues.

Which disease or debilitating condition occurring in the elderly is LEAST likely to be related to nutrition? a. diabetes b. heart disease c. osteoporosis d. dementia

dementia

Most of the fluoride in the U.S. comes from:

drinking water and toothpaste

Which statement about hyponatremia is FALSE? a. it is the reduction of the sodium concentration in the blood b. it occurs when water is used to replace large sweat losses c. the early symptoms may be similar to dehydration d. severe occurrences lead to alterations in blood potassium levels eventually resulting in impaired liver function

severe occurrences lead to alterations in blood potassium levels eventually resulting in impaired liver function

The ________ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body.

small intestine

Good sources of potassium include all of the following EXCEPT:

snack crackers

Nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend on which minerals?

sodium & potassium

Which of the following is NOT a good source of heme iron?

spinach

Factors contributing to a better quality of life and better nutrition for the elderly include all of the following EXCEPT: a. a support system consisting of family and caregivers b. staying at home more due to decreased mobility c. intact dentures of teeth d. adequate income

staying at home more due to decreased mobility

The HACCP system uses critical control points, which are:

steps in the food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented

Decreased growth in height in children is referred to as:

stunting

"Failure to thrive" refers to:

the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves

Whether an activity is preferentially fueled by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism primarily depends on:

the intensity and duration

Young infants are at increased risk of developing allergies as compared to older children because:

the lining of the intestines is more permeable to large molecules

"Infant mortality rate" refers to:

the number of deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births

The RDA for protein in older adults is ________, as compared to younger adults.

the same