NPB 12

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

Hematoma

bleeding over surface of brain

Epiliepsy

characterized by seizures which are abnormal when neurons discharge synapses simultaneously

subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

Huntington's disease

degeneration of Gabaergic neurons

Channelopathies

diseases and disorders that are the result of ion channel dysfunction

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes

metabtropic receptors

g-coupled proteins

basal ganglia

go, No-go, movement regulation

indirect pathway

inhibits movement through inhibition of the thalamus

motor thalamus

integrates information and sends it to the cerebral cortex

fMRI (functional MRI)

is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. Non-invasive .

cortical visual impairment

loss of vision resulting from brain damage or other conditions

upper motor neurons

motor neurons in the central nervous system that control the lower motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Botox

neurotoxin injected into muscles of the face to prevent the muscles from contracting and causing wrinkles

closed head injury

no skull fracture

first symptom of MS

optic neuritis

electrocorticography (ECoG)

recording electrical activity directly from the brain -used in some situations before brain surgeries in which epileptogenic tissue is to be removed

C6 injury

results in partial paralysis of hands and arms as well as lower body

EEG (electroencephalogram)

shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp

motor seizure

spasm localized to one part of body

tonic-clonic seizure (EPILEPSY)

stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups;

Motor Control

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

saltatory conduction

the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Ketogenic diet helps with Epilepsy ?

true

lower motor neurons

ventral horn motor neurons, innervate skeletal muscles

direct pathway of basal ganglia

(promotes movement) through disinhibition of thalamus

Wilder Penfield

-stimulated brain with electrical probes while patients underwent surgery for epilepsy -created Homunculus

myasthenia crisis

A Myasthenia gravis with respiratory failure; treat as Medical Emergency

multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

ganglion

A cluster of nerve cell bodies, often of similar function, located in the PNS.

red nucleus

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter(neuromodulator) associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Sarin

AChE inhibitor

glutamate antagonist or Agonists

Antagonists

Non-motor (psychic)

Aphasia, Deja-vu

Hemorrahic stroke

Bleeding in and around the brain

hemorrhage

Bleeding into brain tissue

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. (COUP-CONTRECOUP)

Tetradotoxin

Blocks voltage gated Na+ channels in nerve cell membranes. Neurotoxin

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 or C8 Head, arms and Diaphragm

possible treatments for MS

Corticosteroids Disease modifying treatments to modulate immune system

non-motor seizures (sensory)

Focus is sensory cortex

open head TBI

Injury that penetrates the skull into the brain

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 lower back and leg muscles

flaccid paralysis

Lower motor neuron damage

LI injury

Paraplegia , below waist

T6 injury

Paraplegia, results in paralysis below the chest

C-4 injury

Quadriplegic; needs ventilator

disc herniation

Rupture of the soft tissue that separates two vertebral bones into the spinal canal

Sacral

S1-S5 Bladder and sexual function

Epilepticus Status

Seizure does not stop then it becomes Life threatening , come may develop

Focal onset seizures

Seizure occurs on small part of brain

intrecerebral hemorrhage

Skull penetration- E.g., a bullet

stroke

Sudden loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of a blood vessel of the brain.

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 chest

Jacksonian March

The wave-like movement of a seizure from a point of focus to other areas of the brain.

true or false 1. parkinson's-death of DA neuron 2. Huntington's- Death of GABAergic neuron 3. ALS - Death of motor neuron

True

SPinal cord ends at L2?

True, then becomes cauda equina

electron microscope

USed to see chemical synapse

ALS-

Upper and motor neurons responsible for voluntary movement

MAO and COMT

What are the two enzymes that break down Dopamine

C3 injury

Will not have an innervated diaphragm, will need assistance of a ventilator to breathe

Time is brain

Zone of tissue around core of dead neurons that can be saved if blood flow is restored within a few hours. ZONE=?

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

epidural hematoma

a collection of blood in the space between the skull and dura mater

Dystonia

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

spina bifida

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

analgesia

a lessening of pain without loss of consciousness

Parkinson's disease

a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma

absence seizure

a small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds

ischemic stroke

a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage

vagus nerve stimulation

a treatment in which an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve, in turn, stimulates the brain

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain widening ventricles putting pressure on brain

Broca's aphasia

affecting generation of language (Frontal lobe)

Wenicke's aphasia

affects comprehension of language (temporal lobe)

MRI

allows us to see structures within the brain like lesions of M.S