NRE: Living Systems

Until Recently, people haven't been able to do anything to control inherited characteristics from one generation to the next? True or false?

False. For centuries, farmers have been adjusting the traits of their animals and crops through selective breeding

If cells are especially sensitive to UV radiation, it means any exposure will immediately turn the cells cancerous. True or False?

False. The damage accumulates as the cells divide, so the cells don't become cancerous immediately.

The United States, so far, does not produce many genetically modified crops. True or False?

False. Well over half our corn, cotton, soybeans, and alfalfa are genetically engineered

What is "the genetic code" actually for?

**not DNA** **not RNA**

Mendel carried out monohybrid crosses with his peas. What does that mean?

**not: The peas only had one trait**

Natural selection acts on the individuals of a species

False

Match the nucleotides with their complementary base pair

-Adenine//Thymine -Cytosine//Guanine -Thymine//Adenine -Guanine//Cytosine

Understanding biology can help you make informed decisions about:

-Aging -Legislation -Cancer -Interpreting News -Voting -Serving on Jury -Health Care -Disease -Aging -Legislation -Diseases

What are a few things you can do to lower your risk of cancer?

-Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol use -Eat more meat and vegetables -There is no way to control your cancer risk

Why is it helpful for humans that plants make their own food? Select all that apply.

-Because we can't make our own food -Because other animals that we use as food need food themselves and also can't make it -Because we need a lot of food -Because plants store their extra food and we can harvest and eat that

All living things are composed of four main elements. What are they?

-Carbon -Oxygen -Hydrogen -Nitrogen

Which of these contains the other in it's structure?

-Cell -Molecule -Lipid -DNA

List two examples of evidence for evolution provided in the chapter

-Fossil record -Molecular Studies -Geologic -Fossil -Molecular -Embryo

Two taxonomic classifications included in the scientific name of a species

-Genus Name -Specific Epithet

[A] is the most general (largest) level of the Linnaean classification system, while [B] is the most specific (smallest)

-Kingdom. [A] -Species. [B]

Observation

-More women died in Division 1 than in Division 2 -More women died from childbed fever in the hospital than out

Choose the correct sequence starting with the smallest unit:

-Nucleotide -DNA -Gene -Chromosome

Place the following in order from smallest to largest

-Nucleotides -DNA -Gene -Chromosome

Semmelweis Scientific Method

-Observation & Facts -Hypotheses -Predictions -Hypothesis testing -Evaluation & interpretation of results

What is in fruits and vegetables which may interfere with cancer formation?

-Phytochemicals -Vitamins -Fiber

If you were going to study the effects of a certain fertilizer on plant growth, which list of variables would you most likely want to control (keep constant)?

-Plant Type -Soil Type -Water -Sunlight

What are the three functions of DNA?

-Replicate -Mutate -Protein

"All living organisms can reproduce and also inherit biological information from their parents" Which of the four main features of life is this?

-Reproduction

Match the trait with the dominance rules that they follow for expression of the genes

-Sickle cell trait // Incomplete dominance -Pea flower // Complete dominance

Enzymes have which effect on chemical reactions in a cell?

-Speed up -Slow down

What do cancer cells do wrong compared to normal cells? Select all that apply.

-They can't communicate with other cells. -They don't die. -They don't stop dividing, even when they run into each other.

How many parents are required for sexual reproduction?

2

According to Mendel's Rules, a person who is a carrier of sickle cell disease produces the following gametes during meiosis

50% HbA (normal), 50% HbS. (sickle cell)

If your prediction based on your hypothesis is tested and shown to be correct, does that mean your hypothesis is proven?

A hypothesis cannot be proven conclusively to be true.

How does asexual reproduction work?

A single-celled organism splits into two cells, and an exact copy of the original DNA is generated within each daughter cell.

In the United States, sickle cell disease is seen most often in African Americans. Why is this?

African Americans are more likely to be descendants of people who lived where malaria was prevalent, so the sickle cell mutation gave them an advantage and was passed on more frequently.

How can normal cells become damaged, and can they be repaired?

Aging, wear and tear, and accidents, yes they can sometimes repair themselves

What is the issue with an abnormal protein

All of the above

What are enzymes and what do they do?

An enzyme is a protein found within a cell, produced naturally in the body to create chemical reactitons.

What is the difference between a " theory" as the word is commonly used, and a scientific theory?

An everyday theory is a guess and a scientific theory has been repeatedly tested.

Literary Analysts

Analyze a poem for its aesthetic value

Tumors secrete chemical signals that cause blood vessels from the circulatory system to grow into the tumor, providing nutrients. What is this called?

Angiogenesis

What's different about the offspring's DNA in sexual versus asexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.

Metastasis is when

Cancer cells spread from a tumor throughout the body

What is your best defense against quackery?

Be skeptical and get your information from a reliable source.

Generality

Determined that findings were relevant to all maternity cases, not just those in a specific hospital

In normal cells, cell division is an orderly process controlled by communication between cells. How are cancerous cells different?

Cancerous cells have lost the ability to correctly communicate, so they divide out of control

Equation for photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide, water, light energy in the form of Sunlight.

Which of the following assumptions of science is illustrated by this statement: Bacterial infections became much less of a problem when doctors began routinely practicing good hygiene.

Cause and effect

Malaria is a genetic disease common in Africa.

False

"All living things have evolved into distinct, unique forms that confirm life's evolutionary past" Which of the four main features of life is this?

Diversity

___________ is information that one gets from direct observation, experience, or results of experiments

Empirical Evidence

"All living organisms are related, and all species change over time" Which of the four main features of life is this?

Evolution

Philosopher

Explore what it means to live a good life

Cancer can be genetically based, but it doesn't always require mutated DNA or genes in order to develop. True or False?

False

Genes act in solitary

False

When you change the shape of a protein, you also change its __________

Function

Carriers of sickle cell are resistant to malaria, and carriers of cystic fibrosis are resistant to cholera. Both are the result of single gene mutations. Why is more than a single trait affected?

Genes for one trait can interact with and influence other traits as well

How has genetic engineering helped in the treatment of diabetes in humans?

Genetic engineering has been used to produce a type of insulin

Mendel carried out monohybrid crosses with his peas. What does that mean?

He was only looking at a single trait at a time in each experiment

In what way are Dr. Semmelweis's findings repeated even now?

Hospitals with better procedures for maintaining sterility see fewer infections.

Mendel found that tall pea plants are genetically dominant over short pea plants. This means that

If a plant contains a tall and a short gene, the plant will be tall

Traits are sometimes said to "skip a generation." How does this happen according to Mendel's experiments?

If an allele determining a trait is recessive, dominant alleles from either parent can mask it, like when Mendel's first generation of flowers from a white and purple parent were all purple

Why are scientists interested in genetically engineering crops?

If they can genetically engineer crops they can genetically engineer people.

Why did Dr. Alison think there might be a relationship between sickle cell and malaria?

In areas where sickle cell was common, malaria was uncommon.

Theory

Infectious disease is caused by microorganisms

Linus Pauling figured out that the type of hemoglobin protein in a person was an inherited trait. Why was this important?

It meant that genes, which are inherited, must be what determine protein structure. At the time no one knew what genes were made of or did.

Linus Pauling figured out that the type of hemoglobin protein in a person was an inherited trait. Why was this important?

It meant that genes, which are inherited, must be what determine protein structure. At the time, no one knew what genes were made of or did

What is meant by "pan genesis"?

It's an old explanation of heredity in which the "seeds" of the parents body parts are combined at mating, thus resulting in offspring that have a mixture of the parent's traits

How does poverty increase the risk of dying of cancer?

Lack access to health care and subsequently endure greater pain and illness

"All living organisms take in food and use it in a way that promotes survival and reproduction" Which of the four main features of life is this?

Metabolism

Which of the following claims about French fries are NOT examples of pseudoscience?

Most people who eat French fries also eat ketchup which is a vegetable, so French fries are good for you.

How is evolution by natural selection similar to genetic engineering

Natural selection and genetic engineering both result in organisms that are better suited for their purpose

Theologists

Seek to understand God

Empirical Evidence

Observed that the spread of cadaverous particles was associated with childbed fever

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

One

How did August Weismann's mice disprove the idea of pan genesis?

Parent mice without tails produced offspring with normal tails

What did Dr. Allison discover about the relationship between the sickle cell trait and malaria?

People with the sickle cell trait are resistant to malaria

Why, in genetic engineering, are plant hybridization and horizontal gene transfer in bacteria a potential problem?

Plant hybridization and gene transfer between natural and genetically engineered organisms can release the engineered genes into the environment with potentially risky consequences.

Scientist

Seeks to understand the natural world

When farmers breed plants or animals to try to get offspring with desirable traits, is that a form of genetic engineering?

Selective Cross Breeding

If both parents have brown hair because both carry two alleles for brown hair, their children will also have brown hair, but it might be a different shade of brown than either parent. Why is this? Isn't brown brown?

Several different genes are involved in hair color, and those might differ between the parents and therefore their children.

Creationism is an example of:

Pseudoscience

Copper Bracelets to reduce arthritis pain is an example of:

Quackery

The Food and Drug Administration says a genetically engineered product is safe as long as it is substantially equivalent to the non-engineered product. What does that mean?

Regardless of the actual genes, the engineered product appears, works, or tastes like the natural product, and there are no worse side effects or toxins.

Testability

Tabulated death rate before and after the initial hand washing

Tay Sachs disease is the result of abnormal genes, much like sickle cell, and both can be identified with genetic screening. As a result of screening programs, Tay Sachs is now very rare in North America, but sickle cell is not. What's different between these cases?

The Tay Sachs screening program started with good education and cultural sensitivity toward participants so people are more willing to be tested.

What is different about the cell cycle in a cancer cell?

The normal checkpoints controlling each phase are ignored

Hypothesis

The spread of cadaverous particles causes childbed fever

What is meant by "inheritance' in biology?

The transfer of biological information from parent to offspring.

What might be one reason genetically engineered foods may be viewed as unhealthy by nutritional specialists?

They may cause allergic reactions due to the source DNA not being from the foods original genome.

In a genetic disease like sickle cell, the difference between the normal hemoglobin, HbA, and the sickle cell hemoglobin, HbS, can be as minor as one different amino acid. True or false?

True

Species with a recent common ancestor have similarities in genetics, appearance, and behavior

True

There are more than 100 types of cancer, but they all involve uncontrolled cell growth. True or False?

True