NREMT: Cardiology and resuscitation

Why would a​ 20-year-old male who has a regular pulse less than 50 have signs of​ hypoperfusion?

His cardiac output is too low.

Which of the following may account for why a​ 62-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest after drowning does not have water in his​ lungs?

Laryngeal spasm prior to cardiac arrest

What causes the discomfort associated with​ angina?

Myocardial tissue hypoxia

A​ 62-year-old female called because she had​ left-sided weakness and slurred speech. When you​ arrive, she no longer has the​ weakness, and her speech is clear. She tells you she is fine and​ doesn't want to go to the hospital. Why should you transport her to the hospital for further​ evaluation?

She is at risk of developing a stroke.

A​ 44-year-old female tells you she feels palpitations and is short of breath. She tells you she is taking medication to treat her atrial fibrillation. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P 106 and​ irregular, R​ 18, BP​ 146/84, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by nasal cannula.

A​ 51-year-old male had a near syncopal episode. He has a history of Marfan syndrome. His skin is pale and diaphoretic. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P 108 and​ irregular, R​ 20, BP​ 92/58, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by nasal cannula.

An​ 86-year-old female is confused and is sitting leaning to the left in a chair. You hear snoring respirations. After you reposition​ her, the snoring​ stops, and you auscultate clear lung sounds. She tries to answer your​ questions, but her speech is garbled. Her vital signs are P​ 94, R​ 18, BP​ 138/82, and SpO2 is​ 91% on room air. Her blood glucose level is 74​ mg/dL. You​ should:

administer oxygen.

A​ 1-year-old male is​ irritable, and his skin is diaphoretic. His mother tells you that he has coarctation of his aorta. His lungs are clear to auscultation with good chest rise. His vital signs are P​ 138, R​ 28, BP​ 116/68, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen.

A​ 27-year-old female complains of palpitations and dizziness. She denies any past medical history. Her vital signs are P​ 188, R​ 18, BP​ 88/ 62, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You should​ first:

administer oxygen.

An unresponsive​ 23-year-old female was rescued from a lake after a waterskiing accident. She is apneic and pulseless. One rescuer is stabilizing her head and opening her airway with a​ jaw-thrust maneuver while another begins CPR. You should​ next:

attach the AED and analyze her rhythm.

An unresponsive​ 63-year-old female is in cardiac arrest after an opioid overdose. You should​ first:

begin chest compressions.

A​ 58-year-old male complains of dizziness and shortness of breath. He tells you he has had​ flu-like symptoms all week. You observe edema in his lower legs that he tells you is new. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P​ 108, R​ 18, BP​ 86/68, and SpO2 is​ 91% on room air. You should​ suspect:

cardiogenic shock.

A​ 65-year-old male complains of generalized weakness. He tells you that he almost passed out earlier today. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P​ 44, R​ 16, BP​ 96/68, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You should​ suspect:

cardiogenic shock.

An unresponsive​ 82-year-old female is apneic and pulseless. You are performing chest compressions while your partner gets the AED. When your partner returns with the​ AED, you​ should:

continue compressions while your partner attaches the AED.

An unresponsive​ 91-year-old male was found outside on a cold night. He was in cardiac​ arrest, so you began chest compressions. His extremities are​ cold, but his abdomen is warm. The AED indicates that shock is advised. You​ should:

defibrillate him and resume chest compressions.

A​ 32-year-old male complains of nearly passing out and nausea. He tells you he feels a fluttering in his chest. He has a 26​ pack-year smoking history. You auscultate scattered rhonchi in the bases of his lungs. His vital signs are P​ 168, R​ 14, BP​ 92/58, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You should​ suspect:

reduced cardiac output.

A​ 61-year-old female has​ tonic-clonic seizure activity that started eight minutes ago. Her husband tells you her only medical history is high blood pressure. You observe less stiffening of the muscles in her left arm and leg. You should​ suspect:

stroke.

An unresponsive​ 33-year-old female is found lying on the ground after a lightning storm. She is​ apneic, and you palpate a weak carotid pulse. You observe a​ fern-like burn pattern on her back. You should suspect she​ was:

struck by lightning.

A​ 54-year-old female complains of dizziness. She denies any past medical history and​ hasn't seen her doctor in years. Her face is slightly​ red, and her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P​ 72, R​ 16, BP​ 162/98, and SpO2 is​ 97% on room air. You​ should:

transport her.

As you​ arrive, an unresponsive​ 22-year-old male who is morbidly obese is being moved to the shallow end of a pool by rescuers. He is apneic and pulseless. You need to wait for additional responders to arrive before you can move him out of the water. While waiting for additional​ help, you​ should:

ventilate him.

An unresponsive​ 31-year-old female is lying next to an open electrical panel. She is not breathing and does not have a pulse. Your partner begins chest​ compressions, and you attach the AED. After the AED analyzes her​ rhythm, it​ announces, "Shock​ advised." You should​ suspect:

ventricular fibrillation.

A​ 6-month-old female is​ non-responsive to stimuli and has central cyanosis. Her father tells you she has had a cold. Her vital signs are P​ 80, R 24 and​ shallow, and her capillary refill is three seconds. What should you suspect is causing her​ bradycardia?

Hypoxia

You are resuscitating an​ 84-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. Why is it important that you allow his chest to fully recoil while performing chest​ compressions?

It helps improve blood flow to the heart.

You are resuscitating an​ 81-year-old female who is in cardiac arrest. Why is it important that you maximize the time you are compressing her​ chest?

It improves resuscitation outcomes.

You are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 59-year-old female when you achieve ROSC. She is still​ unresponsive, has a weak carotid​ pulse, and is apneic. How often should you ventilate​ her?

Once every six seconds

A​ 14-year-old female passed out while running. She is now awake and tells you she feels​ light-headed and like her heart is pounding out of her chest. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P​ 186, R​ 20, BP​ 80/58, and SpO2 is unattainable. What should you suspect caused her to pass​ out?

Reduced atrial filling pressure

A​ 52-year-old male had a syncopal episode when he stood up. He tells you that this has been happening as his doctor adjusts his hypertension medication. He denies any complaint of pain or​ injury, since he fell back onto the couch when he passed out. His vital signs are P​ 72, R​ 16, BP​ 98/64, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by nasal cannula.

A​ 59-year-old male complains of dizziness and palpitations. He denies dyspnea. His vital signs are P​ 178, R​ 16, BP​ 92/56, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by nasal cannula.

A​ 73-year-old female had a syncopal episode. She tells you that she is taking a new medication for her hypertension. Her vital signs are P​ 60, R​ 14, BP​ 94/72, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by nasal cannula.

A​ 68-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing. He tells you that it gets worse when he walks up the stairs. You auscultate fine crackles in the bases of his lungs. His vital signs are P​ 92, R​ 18, BP​ 148/94, and SpO2 is​ 89% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen by​ non-rebreather mask.

An unresponsive​ 84-year-old male was found in bed. His skin is pale and diaphoretic. His lungs are clear to auscultation and have equal expansion. His vital signs are P​ 38, R​ 16, BP​ 82/58, and SpO2 is​ 92% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen.

An​ 85-year-old male tells you that he woke up sweaty and nauseated. He tells you he has a funny feeling in his chest that he cannot specifically describe. He tells you he has a history of diabetes and hypertension. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P 104 and​ irregular, R​ 14, BP​ 102/88, and SpO2 is​ 91% on room air. You should​ first:

administer oxygen.

A​ 52-year-old female complains of waking up​ light-headed. Her skin is pale and diaphoretic. You auscultate clear lung sounds. Her vital signs are P​ 46, R​ 16, BP​ 86/58, and SpO2 is unattainable. You​ should:

administer oxygen.

A​ 7-year-old male passed out while playing soccer. He has a history of asthma. He is alert now and tells you he feels like his heart is beating out of his chest. He is​ dyspneic, and you auscultate clear lung sounds. His pulse is too fast to​ count, and the rest of his vital signs are R​ 32, BP​ 88/58, and SpO2 is​ 92% on room air. You​ should:

administer oxygen.

A​ 94-year-old female complains of increased fatigue for the past day. Her skin is cool and clammy. Her vital signs are P​ 104, R​ 18, BP​ 92/66, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You should​ first:

administer oxygen.

A​ 32-year-old female complains of pain in her chest. She tells you that it started 15 minutes ago while she was​ exercising, but it is gone now. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P​ 92, R​ 16, BP​ 116/76, and SpO2 is​ 97% on room air. You should​ suspect:

angina

An unresponsive​ 75-year-old female was struck by lightning. EMRs tell you she was apneic and​ pulseless, so they began CPR. They tell you they have been resuscitating her for five minutes. You should​ next:

apply the AED while they continue compressions.

A​ 55-year-old female complains of pressure in her upper abdomen. She tells you it started while she was sitting at her desk doing paperwork. She has a history of hypertension and high cholesterol. Her vital signs are P 88 and​ irregular, R​ 16, BP​ 140/86, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ administer:

aspirin

An unresponsive​ 10-month-old male is apneic and pulseless. While you are performing chest​ compressions, you observe that he appears to be breathing. You should​ next:

assess for a pulse.

A​ 45-year-old female has​ left-sided weakness that started 20 minutes ago. She has difficulty finding the right words to answer your questions. Her vital signs are P​ 86, R​ 14, BP​ 142/74, and SpO2 is​ 96% on room air. You should​ next:

assess her blood glucose level.

An unresponsive​ 63-year-old female is in cardiac arrest. You and your partner were performing CPR and shocked her twice with the AED. After five​ minutes, you achieve ROSC. You should​ next:

assess her breathing.

While resuscitating a​ 1-month-old female, you achieve ROSC. She is unresponsive and has a rapid brachial pulse. You should​ next:

assess her breathing.

While resuscitating an unresponsive​ 69-year-old female, you achieve ROSC. Her vital signs are P 58 and R 14. You should​ next:

assess her tidal volume and SpO2 level.

An unresponsive​ 2-year-old male is lying in his bed. His mother tells you that he has been sick for four days. You should​ next:

assess his breathing and pulse.

An unresponsive​ 71-year-old male is lying in his bed. His wife tells you that she last saw him normal last night when he went to bed. You should​ first:

assess his breathing and pulse.

An unresponsive​ 10-month-old female is lying in her crib. You observe cyanosis in her lips and tongue. Her vital signs are P​ 76, R 18 and​ shallow, and her capillary refill is four seconds. You should​ first:

assist her ventilation.

An unresponsive​ 14-year-old female was rescued from the bottom of a pool. Bystanders are performing​ high-quality CPR and tell you they do not know how long she was submerged. You should​ first:

attach the AED.

An unresponsive​ 1-year-old male is lying on the floor with​ full-thickness burns to his left hand and right knee. He is apneic and pulseless. You should have your partner​ first:

begin chest compressions.

An unresponsive​ 20-year-old male is taking​ occasional, gasping breaths. You are unable to palpate a carotid pulse. His skin is​ cyanotic, and his pupils are pinpoint. You should​ first:

begin chest compressions.

You are assessing an unresponsive​ 42-year-old male who was found lying in the snow. You do not observe any breathing or feel a pulse during the normal assessment time frame. You should​ next:

begin chest compressions.

An unresponsive​ 30-year-old female is lying in the snow. You do not observe any breathing or feel a pulse. Her hands are​ exposed, cold and stiff. Her skin is cyanotic. Her abdomen is warm under her clothing. You should​ suspect:

cardiac arrest and begin chest compressions.

An unresponsive​ 78-year-old male was found on the tiled floor of his bathroom. His clothing is​ wet, and you smell urine. You do not observe chest rise or feel a pulse. His skin is cyanotic. His hands and feet are cold to the touch. His core is warm. You should​ suspect:

cardiac arrest and begin chest compressions.

An​ 80-year-old female complains of a sudden irregular heartbeat. She tells you she feels weak and nauseated. Her vital signs are P 128 and​ irregular, R​ 16, BP​ 148/92, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ suspect:

cardiac arrhythmia.

A​ 9-year-old male complains of pain in the middle of his chest. He tells you that the pain increases with deep inspiration. His mother tells you that he has had frequent coughing for the past week. She denies any other medical history and tells you he is​ up-to-date with his vaccinations. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P​ 110, R​ 18, BP​ 110/70, and SpO2 is​ 97% on room air. You should​ suspect:

chest pain of a​ non-cardiac origin.

An​ 88-year-old male was successfully resuscitated after he collapsed. You performed CPR and defibrillated him once. He tells you that he does not remember the event. His vital signs are P​ 96, R​ 12, BP​ 108/86, and SpO2 is​ 95% on oxygen by simple face mask. You should transport him​ and:

continue your treatment.

An unresponsive​ 37-year-old female collapsed after she overdosed. You successfully resuscitated​ her, and her vital signs are P​ 78, R​ 14, BP​ 110/76, and SpO2 is​ 100% on oxygen by​ non-rebreather mask. You​ should:

decrease the amount of oxygen you are administering.

A​ 68-year-old female who has a history of angina tells you she has chest pain. She describes the pain as sharp and rates it 6 of 10. She tells you she took one aspirin prior to your arrival. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P​ 104, R​ 18, BP​ 156/90, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ next:

determine the aspirin dosage and route of administration.

An​ 89-year-old female complains of​ right-sided numbness and loss of bladder control. You observe that she is unable to move her right arm and leg. Her vital signs are P​ 74, R​ 16, BP​ 128/84, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. Her blood glucose level is 72​ mg/dL. You​ should:

determine when she was last known normal.

An unresponsive​ 94-year-old female was found by her family on the floor. She is apneic and pulseless. Your partner is performing chest compressions. The AED has analyzed her rhythm and advised that you shock the patient. After the AED has​ charged, you should​ next:

ensure no one is touching her.

A​ 64-year-old male has exertional dyspnea. He tells you he has had swelling in his lower legs for the last week. You auscultate fine crackles in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P​ 88, R​ 22, BP​ 172/92, and SpO2 is​ 92% on room air. You should​ suspect:

heart failure.

You should assess the blood glucose level in a patient who has​ stroke-like symptoms​ because:

hypoglycemia can mimic signs and symptoms of a stroke.

An unresponsive​ 74-year-old female complained of a severe headache just prior to having a seizure. Her husband tells you she does not have a history of seizures. Her pupils are 4​ mm, and her gaze deviates to the right. You hear snoring respirations every five seconds. You​ should:

insert an oropharyngeal airway.

An unresponsive​ 24-year-old female is lying on the floor below an open electrical panel on the ceiling. Coworkers tell you that she was on a ladder working on the panel when she fell to the ground. She is not touching any source of​ electricity, there are no loose​ wires, and the ground is dry. You do not see any chest wall movement. You​ should:

listen for breathing and palpate a pulse.

An unresponsive​ 25-year-old male was pulled out of a swimming pool by rescuers as you arrive. You should​ first:

look for signs of breathing and check his pulse.

An​ 84-year-old male is lying in bed complaining of​ right-sided weakness and nausea. He has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He tells you he was fine when he went to bed last night. His vital signs are P​ 68, R​ 14, BP​ 142/82, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. His blood glucose level is 168​ mg/dL. You​ should:

notify the receiving hospital of your findings.

A​ 45-year-old male complains of a sudden onset of a severe headache. He tells you it started 15 minutes ago. He is unable to hold his right arm outstretched while you assess him. His vital signs are P​ 68, R​ 14, BP​ 132/76, and SpO2 is​ 97% on room air. His blood glucose level is 71​ mg/dL. You should transport him​ and:

notify the receiving hospital of your findings.

An unresponsive​ 17-year-old female is taking​ occasional, gasping breaths. Her lips and tongue are cyanotic. You are unable to palpate a carotid pulse. You should​ suspect:

opioid agonist use.

A​ 3-year-old female complains of pain in her chest. Her father tells you that she has mitral valve prolapse. Her skin is cyanotic. Her lungs are clear on auscultation. Her vital signs are P 136 and​ irregular, R​ 30, BP​ 94/64, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You should​ administer:

oxygen by nasal cannula.

The husband of a​ 56-year-old female called because she has​ left-sided weakness. When you​ arrive, her speech is​ slurred, and you observe a​ right-sided facial droop. As you transport her to the​ hospital, her speech becomes clear. Her weakness and facial droop also resolve. You should suspect​ a(n):

transient ischemic attack.

An​ 83-year-old female complains of a headache. She tells you that she has felt tired all week. Her face is​ symmetrical, and her speech is clear. Her grips are​ equal, and she does not have arm drift. Her vital signs are P​ 84, R​ 16, BP​ 188/100, and SpO2 is​ 97% on room air. You​ should:

transport her to the hospital.

An​ 11-year-old male passed out while playing soccer. When you​ arrive, he is conscious and tells you he had dizziness and sharp chest pain before he passed out. He points to his​ mid-sternum when you ask him the location of the pain. He denies any pain currently. His vital signs are P​ 66, R​ 18, BP​ 114/72, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You​ should:

transport him in a position of comfort.

A​ 62-year-old male passed out while at the gym. He is awake​ now, and he tells you that he feels dizzy. His vital signs are P​ 98, R​ 16, BP​ 82/58, and SpO2 is​ 91% on room air. His blood glucose level is 82​ mg/dL. After administering​ oxygen, you​ should:

transport him supine.

A​ 39-year-old male complains of severe fatigue. He denies pain or difficulty breathing. He tells you he had myocarditis last​ year, and since then his heart rate has been slow. His skin is pale. His vital signs are P​ 54, R​ 16, BP​ 114/84, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You​ should:

transport him.

A​ 50-year-old male has a new onset of palpitations in his chest. He denies pain or difficulty breathing. He has a history of smoking and hypertension. You auscultate coarse crackles scattered in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P 116 and​ irregular, R​ 14, BP​ 148/92, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You​ should:

transport him.

An unresponsive​ 3-month-old female is in cardiac arrest. While you and your partner are resuscitating​ her, you should compress her​ chest:

using a two thumb — encircling hands technique.

You are the only responder on the scene of a lightning strike where four people were injured. Based on your triage findings​ below, which patient should you treat​ first?

An unresponsive​ 75-year-old female lying supine who is apneic and pulseless

Which of the following can result in the occlusion of a coronary​ artery?

Atherosclerosis of a coronary artery

Which of the following is a possible cause of orthostatic​ hypotension?

Decreased cardiac output

An unresponsive​ 55-year-old male is apneic and pulseless. While you are performing chest​ compressions, you observe him opening his​ eyes, blinking, and looking at you. You should​ suspect:

ROSC.

A​ 3-year-old male was in cardiac arrest. You successfully resuscitated​ him, but he remains unresponsive. His vital signs are P​ 124, R​ 22, BP​ 94/70, and SpO2 is​ 100% on oxygen by​ non-rebreather mask. You​ should:

switch to a nasal cannula.

What is the primary cause of a cardiac arrest for a patient who is struck by​ lightning?

Asystole

You are resuscitating a​ 45-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. Your partners are performing chest compressions and operating the AED. You are ventilating him with a BVM and leading the team. When should you check for a​ pulse?

After you observe he is breathing on his own

Why do you often auscultate fine crackles when a patient has congestive heart​ failure?

Alveoli are inflating as the patient inhales.

In a patient who is having an acute thrombotic​ stroke, what causes paralysis to one side of the​ body?

Decreased oxygenation to an area of the brain

Why would a​ 21-year-old female who has a regular pulse of greater than 160 have signs of cardiogenic​ shock?

Preload is reduced due to decreased atrial filling time.

A​ 28-year-old female complains that she feels like she is going to pass out. She tells you this started suddenly after ingesting several energy drinks. Her vital signs are P​ 172, R​ 18, BP​ 96/76, and SpO2 is​ 98% on room air. What should you suspect is causing her​ complaint?

Tachycardia

You are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 84-year-old female who is in cardiac arrest. Why should you wait until you see signs of life before performing a pulse​ check?

To maximize cardiac output

Why should you administer aspirin to a patient whom you suspect has cardiac​ compromise?

To reduce clotting at the site of a ruptured coronary plaque

After​ ROSC, a patient has a SpO2 of​ 100%. Why should you titrate oxygen administration to an SpO2 between​ 94-99%?

To reduce production of free radicals

An​ 81-year-old male is experiencing chest pain. He has no signs of dyspnea or shock. Why should you target oxygen administration to a SpO2 between​ 94%-99%?

To reduce production of​ free-radicals

You are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 90-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. After the AED analyzes his​ rhythm, it advises you to shock him. What cardiac rhythm should you suspect he is​ in?

Ventricular fibrillation

An​ 84-year-old male complains of pain in the left side of his chest that woke him up. He has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He rates the pain 6 of 10. There is no change in the pain with deep inspiration. You auscultate fine crackles in his lower lung fields. His vital signs are P​ 88, R​ 16, BP​ 148/78, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ suspect:

acute coronary syndrome.

A​ 61-year-old female complains of pain to the right side of her chest. She tells you that it started while she was mowing her lawn. She rates the pain 7 of 10 and tells you it does not change with movement. She has a history of cardiac and lung disease. Her skin is diaphoretic. You auscultate coarse crackles in bases of her lungs. Her vital signs are P​ 96, R​ 16, BP​ 168/110, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ suspect:

acute coronary syndrome.

A​ 93-year-old female complains of a sudden onset of sweating and fatigue. She denies chest pain or difficulty breathing but tells you she feels like she is going to die. Her vital signs are P​ 78, R​ 16, BP​ 142/86, and SpO2 is​ 94% on room air. You should​ suspect:

acute coronary syndrome.

A​ 49-year-old male complains of​ left-sided chest pain. He tells you it started an hour ago and it has been constantly 4 of 10. He denies any past medical history. He has a 38​ pack-year smoking history. You auscultate fine crackles in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P​ 96, R​ 16, BP​ 154/96, and SpO2 is​ 96% on room air. You should​ suspect:

acute myocardial infarction.

An​ 81-year-old male complains of chest pain that he describes as a heaviness. He denies any allergies to medication or active bleeding. He denies taking any medication prior to your arrival. You should​ first:

administer aspirin.

An​ 84-year-old male complains of pain in his chest that started while he was watching TV. He describes the pain as squeezing and rates it 5 of 10. He tells you he has a history of heart disease. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P​ 102, R​ 16, BP​ 118/80, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You​ should:

administer aspirin.

An unresponsive​ 34-year-old male was in cardiac arrest after an opioid overdose. You performed chest compressions while your partner attached the AED and analyzed his rhythm. The AED indicated no​ shock, and after a minute of​ compressions, he began to breathe on his own. His vital signs are P 108 and R 6 and irregular. You should continue to assist his ventilation​ and:

administer naloxone.

A​ 56-year-old male complains of a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. He has a history of heart problems and high blood pressure. You auscultate fine crackles in the bases of his lungs. His vital signs are P​ 98, R​ 18, BP​ 154/88, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ suspect:

pulmonary edema.

A​ 78-year-old female tells you she woke up with difficulty breathing. She is sitting on the edge of her bed with her legs dependent. You auscultate fine crackles in her bases. Her vital signs are P​ 100, R​ 18, BP​ 168/100, and SpO2 is​ 92% on room air. You should​ suspect:

pulmonary edema.

An unresponsive​ 88-year-old female is apneic and pulseless. You are performing chest compressions. Your partner attaches the AED and analyzes her rhythm. The AED​ announces, "No shock​ advised." You should​ suspect:

pulseless electrical activity.

An unresponsive​ 54-year-old female is apneic and pulseless. Your partner begins chest compressions while you attach the AED and analyze the rhythm. The AED​ announces, "Shock​ advised." You should​ suspect:

pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

A​ 66-year-old female complains of a sudden onset of dizziness. She tells you she thinks she has the flu. Her lungs are clear to​ auscultation, and she has good chest expansion. Her skin is​ pale, warm, and dry. Her vital signs are P​ 48, R​ 16, BP​ 88/56, and SpO2 is​ 93% on room air. You should​ suspect:

reduced cardiac output.

An unresponsive​ 57-year-old male is not​ breathing, and you are unable to palpate a carotid pulse. While your partner is performing chest​ compressions, you attach the AED and analyze his rhythm. The AED​ announces, "No shock​ advised." You should​ next:

resume chest compressions.

You are resuscitating a​ 6-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. After you analyze his​ rhythm, the AED​ announces, "No shock​ advised." You should​ immediately:

resume chest compressions.

You are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 19-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. After you defibrillate​ him, you​ should:

resume compressions.

An unresponsive​ 48-year-old male is in cardiac arrest. Your partner is performing chest compressions while you attach the AED. After you press​ analyze, the AED announces.​ "Shock advised." While the AED​ charges, you should ensure your​ partner:

resumes compressions.

During your resuscitation​ efforts, you have defibrillated an unresponsive​ 42-year-old male twice. While your partner is performing chest​ compressions, it appears that the patient is taking breaths. You should​ suspect:

return of a pulse.

EMRs are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 89-year-old female as you arrive with the AED. After you shock her​ once, you see movement of her arms. You should​ suspect:

return of spontaneous circulation.

While you are performing chest compressions on an unresponsive​ 58-year-old male, he begins to cough. You should​ suspect:

return of spontaneous circulation.

An unresponsive​ 8-year-old female was found outside on a cold night. She is​ apneic, pulseless, and her skin is cold. You begin chest​ compressions, attach the​ AED, and analyze her rhythm. The AED​ announces, "Shock​ advised." You​ should:

shock her and resume compressions.

You are resuscitating an unresponsive​ 74-year-old female who is in cardiac arrest. While you are performing chest​ compressions, you see her take several breaths. You​ should:

stop compressions and check for a pulse.

A​ 52-year-old male is not able to speak or follow your directions. His wife tells you he had no complaints when he went to bed. When he woke up 30 minutes​ ago, he complained of a severe stiff neck and headache. His eyes are open and deviated to the left. His vital signs are P​ 62, R 12 and​ irregular, BP​ 168/74, and SpO2 is​ 96% on room air. You should​ suspect:

stroke

A​ 72-year-old male has sagging of his eyelid and mouth on the right side of his face. His daughter called because he is confused and not acting himself. He appears to understand your​ questions, but he is unable to answer. You should​ suspect:

stroke

A​ 37-year-old male complains of a sudden onset of severe headache and blurred vision in his left eye. When he​ speaks, he uses the wrong words to describe his complaint. His pupils are equal and reactive to light. His vital signs are P​ 84, R​ 16, BP​ 148/90, and SpO2 is​ 95% on room air. You should​ suspect:

stroke.