NRES 103 Final Exam
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels a. $55 million b. $100 million c. $600 million d. $200 million
c. $600 million
Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to a. 5% b. 2% c. 12% d. 25%
c. 12%
The last glacier withdrew from North America about a. 4,000 years ago b. 12,000 years ago c. 1 million B.C. d. 60,000 years ago
b. 12,000 years ago
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes? a. 15% b. 20% c. 10% d. 25%
b. 20%
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that a. Are subject to heavy commercial harvest b. have a low reproductive rate c. tend to forage in near-shore waters d. very small species
b. have a low reproductive rate
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly a. eating their larvae b. inhibiting their ability to open their shells c. taking up all available substrate d. all the above
b. inhibiting their ability to open their shells
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships? a. Non-linear b. Plant-animal c. Trophic d. Lotic
c. Trophic
The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because a. they would have starved in the ocean b. mussels can't walk c. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth d. they would have fallen prey to many oceanic mussel-devouring fish
c. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
The drought in California is a national problem because a. It is such a vacation destination b. the entertainment industry is located there c. they grow 90% of the nation's produce d. they produce so much of the country's wheat and corn
c. they grow 90% of the nation's produce
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is a. easy in systems that have suffered a lot of environmental impacts b. easy if you know a lot about them c. an exact science d. very difficult to do
d. very difficult to do
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon a. were actually just bigger coho salmon b. could talk c. were not much fun for anglers to catch d. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
d. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost a. $200 million b. $100 million c. $600 million d. $55 million
a. $200 million
Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port? a. 99% b. 50% c. 73% d. 30%
a. 99%
The Sanitary and Ship Canal was a. All the above b. An early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes c. Another example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs d. Essentially a back door to the Great Lakes
a. All the above
Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to a. Be greater b. Be less predictable c. Be compressed d. Be more pronounced in the more southern Lakes
a. Be greater b. Be less predictable
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint a. Decided to build its own water pipeline b. Tried to entice the Ford Motor Company to open a plant c. Initiated the state's first lottery d. Decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
a. Decided to build its own water pipeline d. Decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has a. Decreased b. Increased c. Not been counted d. Stayed about the same
a. Decreased
According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include a. Evaporation from the lakes b. Precipitation directly on the lakes c. Water withdrawals by the lake communities d. Runoff into the lakes
a. Evaporation from the lakes b. Precipitation directly on the lakes d. Runoff into the lakes
In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species? (not all of the above) a. Global connectivity b. Climate change c. The pet trade d. All of the above
a. Global connectivity
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also a. Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout b. boosted the immune response of trout against the lampreys c. was reduced in number by lampreys became more valuable to recreational fishermen
a. Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by a. High water b. Algal blooms c. Low water d. Higher water temperatures
a. High water c. Low water
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes? a. Human ignorance b. Human ignorance c. Human ignorance d. Human ignorance
a. Human ignorance b. Human ignorance c. Human ignorance d. Human ignorance
Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was a. Lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others b. Divided into tribes with fixed territorial boundaries c. Centuries d. Quite primitive
a. Lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by a. Microcystis b. Blue-green algae c. Cyanobacteria d. Diatomic algae
a. Microcystis b. Blue-green algae c. Cyanobacteria
Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system? a. The Detroit b. The St. Clair c. The St. Mary's d. The Niagara
a. The Detroit
The deadliest fire in U.S. history was a. The Peshtigo Fire b. The Great Chicago Fire c. The Camp Fire d. The Woolsey Fire
a. The Peshtigo Fire
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because a. They had no teeth b. They were too small c. They were exceedingly slow d. All the above
a. They had no teeth
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it? a. They're actually one lake b. Michigan was supposed to be named Mishigami but early map-makers misspelled it c. The western-most lake was supposed to be Huron d. Georgian Bay is actually a separate lake
a. They're actually one lake
Successful invasive species tend to a. be very good dispersers b. produce a lot of offspring c. be larger than native species d. are dietary specialists
a. be very good dispersers b. produce a lot of offspring
Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after a. being ingested by invasive mussels b. gobies ate toxic mussels c. birds consumed toxic gobies d. the Eurasian ruffe consumed spiny water fleas
a. being ingested by invasive mussels b. gobies ate toxic mussels c. birds consumed toxic gobies
The effects of lead poisoning a. can last for decades b. are difficult to detect c. are especially pronounced in children d. can occur even though the water is clear
a. can last for decades c. are especially pronounced in children
The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently a. could be carried by two freight trains per day b. reflects high traffic of ocean-going ships c. equals about 50% of Great Lakes d. is beyond what was imagined in 1959
a. could be carried by two freight trains per day
In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to (not sure) a. could result in runoff during storm events that could carry off domestic livestock b. increase runoff during storm events c. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure d. increase in area
a. could result in runoff during storm events that could carry off domestic livestock b. increase runoff during storm events d. increase in area
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former (not sure) a. don't need a hard surface to adhere to b. have an even higher rate of reproduction c. can tolerate much deeper water d. can eat the latter
a. don't need a hard surface to adhere to c. can tolerate much deeper water
Problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks include a. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species b. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there c. tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the Lakes d. all the above
a. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species b. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
The Clean Water Act a. focused on nonpoint pollution b. focused on point-source pollution c. ignored nonpoint pollution d. all the above
a. focused on nonpoint pollution c. ignored nonpoint pollution
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie a. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico b. was the primary cause in the 1960s c. has resulted in dead zones around the world d. is also affecting Lake Superior in a major way
a. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico c. has resulted in dead zones around the world
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby a. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas b. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair c. can all be found in deep waters d. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter
a. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas b. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair d. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter
Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change? a. increase in water temperature b. increase in winter ice cover c. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events d. decrease in the growing season
a. increase in water temperature c. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events
A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that a. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences b. invasives become established outside their historical range c. exotic species are introduced accidentally invasives are intentionally introduced
a. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences
DNA barcoding a. is meant to identify species b. uses the same technology as scanning in supermarkets c. is another term for DNA fingerprinting d. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
a. is meant to identify species d. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
Phosphorus a. is required by every living organism b. does not exist naturally in the environment c. was present in Lake Erie before settlement all the above
a. is required by every living organism b. does not exist naturally in the environment
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish a. let some of them go b. gave the fish back to the fish farmer c. destroyed all the fish d. got funding from another source
a. let some of them go
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that a. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm b. people should obey elected officials c. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them d. justice is blind
a. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm c. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them
The St. Lawrence divide a. runs through the western part of Chicago b. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin c. is generally more of a hill than a mountain d. runs through southern Canada
a. runs through the western part of Chicago c. is generally more of a hill than a mountain d. runs through southern Canada
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed a. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard b. it couldn't be built c. the U.S. would have to pay more than Canada d. that the Canadians should not be trusted
a. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard
A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was a. the 9-month shipping season b. that the locks and channels were too small c. international freighters were unwilling to pay the high fees to use it all the above
a. the 9-month shipping season b. that the locks and channels were too small
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because a. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was b. there was no way reverse the situation could be changed c. Oliver Wendell Holmes was actually from Chicago d. Missouri was not yet a state
a. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found a. the soils were incredibly rich b. they had the most productive land in the country c. the soils were of poor quality d. they could only harvest crops for a year or two before the soils were played out
a. the soils were incredibly rich b. they had the most productive land in the country
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include a. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age b. the ability of females to produce so many eggs c. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes d. their high filtration rate
a. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age b. the ability of females to produce so many eggs d. their high filtration rate
In reality, Wetlands serve many useful purposes. For example, a. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl b. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out c. they filter the water d. they are full of valuable game fish
a. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl b. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out c. they filter the water
The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed a. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes b. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR c. to circumvent Niagara Falls d. all the above
a. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes b. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR
The diet of the round goby includes a. young zebra and quagga mussels b. eggs of other fish c. zooplankton d. young of larger fish
a. young zebra and quagga mussels b. eggs of other fish c. zooplankton
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle a. 50 million tons b. 80 million tons c. 60 million tons d. 100 million tons
b. 80 million tons
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? a. Huron b. Erie c. Michigan d. Ontario
b. Erie
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters a. True b. False
b. False
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening. a. True b. False
b. False
Eutrophication a. is caused by humans b. Is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion c. is part of Lake Erie's natural history d. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients
b. Is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion d. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients
The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because a. Of climate change b. Of so much environmental degradation c. Of politics d. Of economics
b. Of so much environmental degradation
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by: a. Aquifers b. Outflow c. Evaporation d. Precipitation
b. Outflow
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a a. Gale b. Seiche c. Tsunami d. Suisse
b. Seiche
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to the Atlantic Ocean and connections among the lakes were modified by human activity. A key reason that the consequences were so profound is that (not fish community in the Lakes lacked top predators) a. The lakes are relatively shallow b. The lakes are relatively young c. The fish community in the Lakes lacked top predators d. All of the above
b. The lakes are relatively young
According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not a. The deepest b. The stormiest c. The coldest d. The clearest
b. The stormiest
It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario a. Through the Fox River b. Through the Erie Canal c. Through the Niagara river d. Through the Welland canal
b. Through the Erie Canal
There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is a. Higher in elevation b. Warmer c. Populated by more species of other fish d. Shallower
b. Warmer d. Shallower
The food chain is Lake Powell a. Was complex and thys resilient to the invasive mussels b. Was very simple c. Was predicted to collapse in less than a decade d. consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores
b. Was very simple c. Was predicted to collapse in less than a decade
Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to a. it incredible mobility b. an extremely high reproductive rate c. all the above d. a lack of native predators
b. an extremely high reproductive rate
The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act a. because President Nixon threatened to veto the Act if they did not b. because doing so would reduce administrative costs c. because they thought it was relatively harmless d. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so
b. because doing so would reduce administrative costs c. because they thought it was relatively harmless d. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so
Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution a. is easy to pinpoint b. is harder to track c. is more difficult to regulate d. all the above
b. is harder to track c. is more difficult to regulate
Ballast serves a key function on freighters because a. it gives the crew members a place to swim b. it provides stability to an empty ship c. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free d. it provides a way to store food on long voyages
b. it provides stability to an empty ship c. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
Cities tended to be constructed a. to look like the European cities immigrants came from b. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl c. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths d. where timber resources were
b. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl c. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because a. they are often used for bait b. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents c. their eggs can survive in the guts of predatory fish d. they are such a popular item in the aquaria trade
b. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents
The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by a. virtue of their large size b. preying on their young c. acting as a parasite d. outcompeting them for food
b. preying on their young d. outcompeting them for food
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody a. met with environmentalists and barge operators b. refused to close the locks c. agreed to close the locks temporarily d. fire Dr. Lodge from the project
b. refused to close the locks
The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by a. the Wisconsin Glacier b. rising land surface after the glacier's retreat c. the creation of a huge freshwater sea larger than all the lakes combined d. a steep drop in temperature at northern latitudes
b. rising land surface after the glacier's retreat
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that a. they were both a public resource b. they both seemed limitless c. they were mostly eliminated in a couple of decades all the above
b. they both seemed limitless
In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was a. to widen and deepen it b. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships c. to extend the shipping season d. to unload the cargo in Halifax instead
b. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
Most invasive species are introduced a. By ocean currents b. By climate shifts c. By storms d. By humans
c. By humans
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with a. Theories b. Univariate statistics c. Data d. Computer simulations
c. Data
Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? a. Currents b. Upwelling c. Downdrafts d. Waves
c. Downdrafts
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in a. Their surface area b. Water use c. Elevation d. Atmospheric pressure
c. Elevation
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be a. Habitat specialists b. Voracious predators c. Habitat generalists d. Not very attractive
c. Habitat generalists
Who eats who in the Great Lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because: a. It is related to dinosaurs b. Will eat other sturgeons c. It's quite large yet eats small prey items d. Lives in the deep water and eats fish much larger than itself
c. It's quite large yet eats small prey items
Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada? a. 10 b. More than 40 c. Less than 2 d. 20
c. Less than 2
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the commercial shipping industry is most affected by a. More frequent storms b. Algal blooms c. Low water d. High water
c. Low water
Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct result will be a. A drop in tourism b. An increase in invasive species c. More runoff from agricultural fields d. More water in the Chicago canal
c. More runoff from agricultural fields
In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech a. Filed a class action lawsuit b. Agreed c. Provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive d. Held a press conference with the mayor
c. Provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive
A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with a. Methodology b. Labor c. Target conditions d. Environmental justice
c. Target conditions
On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage a. Than all of the world's container ships combined b. Than Erie Canal throughout its entire history c. Than the Panama and Suez Canals combined d. All of the above
c. Than the Panama and Suez Canals combined
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to a. The salt marshes of the Gulf of Mexico b. The bayous of Louisiana c. The Atlantic Ocean d. The Ohio River Basin
c. The Atlantic Ocean
In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in a. The Detroit River b. The St. Lawrence River c. The Cuyahoga River d. The St. Clair River
c. The Cuyahoga River
Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of a. The Clean Water Act b. The Mann Act c. The Safe Water Drinking Act d. The Freedom of Information Act
c. The Safe Water Drinking Act
Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region? a. The Hurons b. The Iroquois c. The Souix d. The Winnebagoes
c. The Souix
If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is a. Zero b. 50:50 c. Very high d. Very low
c. Very high
The scientific method is initiated a. With a good question b. In college c. With observations d. With funding
c. With observations
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by a. being sucked up in the ballast of freighters b. riding currents as veligers c. being able to live on a boat outside water for days d. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water
c. being able to live on a boat outside water for days d. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because a. the region is already saturated with invasives b. it would be relatively easy to separate the Mississippi and Great Lakes basins c. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock d. all the above
c. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan a. it was clear that carp were likely breeding in Lake Michigan b. Peabody worked more closely with Dr. Lodge to find a solution c. five states took USACE and Illinois to court d. General Peabody agreed to close the locks
c. five states took USACE and Illinois to court
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that a. it has experienced so many invasive b. it is more heavily populated c. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters d. all the above
c. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters
In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because a. she wants what's best for the Lake's fish populations b. she doesn't want her clients to lose money c. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix d. all the above
c. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because a. they developed molars that could crush the shells b. they were able to suck the meat out from between the shells c. their stomach muscles began to enlarge d. all the above
c. their stomach muscles began to enlarge
Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is a. 10 b. 20 c. 8 d. 2
d. 2
In nature, ecosystems are a. Dynamic b. Unpredictable c. Difficult for humans to control d. All of the above
d. All of the above
The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because a. It was relatively shallow b. It was relatively warm c. It lacked suitable spawning streams d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because a. The residents were mostly poor and African American b. The residents were not viewed as credible c. The complaints of the residents were not taken seriously d. All the above
d. All the above
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include a. Making fertilizer from them b. Making pet food from them c. Making fish cakes from them d. All the above
d. All the above
Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative? a. Removal of toxins b. Invasive species control c. Nonpoint source pollution control d. All the above
d. All the above
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain? a. Zoogenesis b. Toxic multiplication c. Magnification d. Bioaccumulation
d. Bioaccumulation
Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has a. Increased b. Held more or less steady c. Gone up, but not a lot d. Declined
d. Declined
The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because his party: (not river became too narrow) a. Ran out of provisions b. They encountered fierce resistance from the Iroquois c. The river became to narrow d. Encountered impassable rapids
d. Encountered impassable rapids
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes? a. The saltwater thermocline b. A thermobar c. The falls of St. Mary d. Niagara Falls
d. Niagara Falls
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include a. Lawn fertilizer b. Leaky septic fields c. Inputs from the Detroit River d. None of the above
d. None of the above
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by a. The Maumee Ditch Mauler b. The Lake Erie Ditch Witch c. The Toledo Back Hoe d. The Buckeye Traction Ditcher
d. The Buckeye Traction Ditcher
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was a. The Welland Canal b. The Sanitary and Ship Canal c. The Chicago Canal d. The Illinois and Michigan Canal
d. The Illinois and Michigan Canal
Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on a. The Welland Canal b. The lamprey's strategy for attaching to fish c. The formation of their circular mouths d. The creeks where lampreys nest
d. The creeks where lampreys nest
All energy is derived from a. The soil b. Hydroelectric power c. Plants and animals d. The sun
d. The sun
The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was a. To establish trading posts b. Establish new colonies there c. To defeat the Spanish d. To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
d. To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
A key commercial use of the Great Lakes ever since the days of La Salle involves a. Freshwater sales b. Timber harvesting c. Tourism d. Transportation
d. Transportation
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining: a. Predictable currents b. Upwelling c. The epilimnion d. Water quality
d. Water quality
On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration of a. Prairies b. Oak savannah c. Boreal forests d. Wetlands
d. Wetlands
In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but a. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply b. such systems aren't required until 2021 c. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes? a. they are geographically concentrated b. connectivity c. the location d. all of the above e. A and B
d. all of the above
Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including a. lack of predators b. extremely high reproduction rate c. good dispersers d. all the above
d. all the above
Eventually, the round goby a. became the dominant forage fish b. helped to keep mussel populations in check c. depressed populations of sculpins and darters d. all the above
d. all the above
For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense a. it must be favorable to an organism's survival b. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce c. it must be heritable d. all the above
d. all the above
Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron a. a number of native fish species began to increase in number b. fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue c. the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species d. all the above
d. all the above
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that a. they spawn up to three times per summer b. they are voracious egg eaters c. they drive other fish from their spawning beds d. all the above
d. all the above
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines a. have increased flows in the river b. have made the river more turbid c. have increased nutrient inputs to the river d. all the above
d. all the above
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal a. was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time b. helped to sanitize Chicago's water c. reversed the flow of the Chicago River d. all the above
d. all the above
The second set of barriers funded by Congress a. included three clusters of electrodes b. was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo c. were more powerful than the original d. all the above
d. all the above
In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to reduce the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first a. drink only bottled water b. force farmers to stop using phosphorus c. address climate change d. focus on water treatment plants
d. focus on water treatment plants
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because a. it describes flows of energy among species b. it's a more recent concept c. it's describes linkages among species d. it focuses on trophic relationships as a network
d. it focuses on trophic relationships as a network
For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is a. Low b. Moderate c. Low to moderate d. moderate to high
d. moderate to high
The problem of water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because a. other states outside the region would ship their garbage and contaminants to the Lakes for disposal b. it all sank to the bottom and was thus out of sight c. the ships on the Lakes were so large and generated so much garbage d. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
d. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time? a. Michigan (the state and the lake) was once covered by the Wisconsin Glacier b. Sleeping Bear Dune is moving inland at the rate of 2 feet per year c. Paleo-indians once hunted mastadons in Michigan d. the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 year
d. the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because a. there were so many arriving from the Midwest b. they were taken up in the ballast of large boats on the lake c. the zebra mussel is able to attach to boat hulls d. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
d. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is a. to combine a chlorine treatment with a saltwater flush of ballast tanks b. a request to flush ballast tanks with saltwater, but it's optional c. to flush only tanks that actually carry ballast water d. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean
d. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean
