NRSG 305 Practice Questions Exam 2
A nurse is caring for a client with an average heart rate of 56 beats/min. The client has no adverse symptoms associated with this heart rate and is receiving no treatment. Which activity modification should the nurse suggest to avoid further slowing of the heart rate? "Avoid stress or overexcitement." "Avoid bearing down while having a bowel movement." "Avoid strenuous aerobic exercise." "Limit your intake of caffeinated drinks."
"Avoid bearing down while having a bowel movement."
The professor knows that the pathophysiology student understands the structure and function of blood vessels when the student states: "Capillaries permit the exchange of material between the blood and interstitial fluid." "Veins have a three-layered wall with a thick tunica media, which gives it the properties of contractility and elasticity." "Venules transport blood away from the heart and help control blood pressure." "Arteries include internal valves to aid in the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart."
"Capillaries permit the exchange of material between the blood and interstitial fluid."
Which cardiac drug classification decreases sympathetic outflow to the heart and is the is the cornerstone of therapy for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)? Beta-adrenergic blockers Sodium channel blockers Potassium blockers Calcium channel blockers
Beta-adrenergic blockers
An older adult woman presents arrives in the emergency department after fainting at the funeral of a loved one. She is diagnosed with shock as a result of impaired sympathetic outflow based on which clinical manifestations? Select all that apply. Faster than normal heart rate Acute chest pain Dry, warm skin Increased thirst Bradycardia
Dry, warm skin Bradycardia
The nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a client who is experiencing angina. Which finding might be expected in a client with dyslipidemia? Elevated total cholesterol Decreased low-density lipoproteins Decreased triglycerides Normal cholesterol and triglycerides
Elevated total cholesterol
A client has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which lab result would the practitioner expect? Elevation of triglycerides Elevation of HDL Decreased LDL Decreased VLDL
Elevation of triglycerides
A client with malignant hypertension is at risk for a hypertensive crisis, including the cerebral vascular system often causing cerebral edema. The nurse would assess this client for which signs and symptoms? Papilledema and lethargy Headache and confusion Restlessness and nervousness Stupor and hyperreflexia
Headache and confusion
Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation? The system functions with an increased arterial pressure to circulate through the distal parts of the body. It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange. It is the larger of the two circulatory systems. It consists of the left side of the heart, the aorta, and its branches.
It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange.
Release of which humoral factors will result in vasodilation? Norepinephrine Angiotensin II Serotonin Histamine
Histamine
Which enzyme has a powerful vasodilator effect on arterioles and increases capillary permeability? Histamine Serotonin Prostaglandins Arachidonic acid
Histamine
The health care provider is discussing major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) with a client. The most important information for the provider to include would be: History of cigarette smoking and elevated blood pressure High serum high-density lipoprotein and diabetes Advanced age and low serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Physical inactivity and high serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
History of cigarette smoking and elevated blood pressure
The nurse's brother is not convinced that he should quit smoking. He asks his sister (the nurse) to demonstrate for him the more immediate effects of smoking on his health. Which of the following could be used to help convince the brother to stop smoking? Measure his temperature and show him how much higher it is when he is smoking. Measure his blood pressure and show him how much higher it is when he is smoking. Measure his pulse and show him how much lower it is when he is smoking. Have him listen to his heart for the obvious murmur that presents when smoking.
Measure his blood pressure and show him how much higher it is when he is smoking.
Which of the following blood flow patterns reduces friction, allowing the blood layers to slide smoothly over one another? Laminar Turbulent Crosswise Axially
Laminar
Which classification of antiarrhythmic drugs acts by inhibiting the potassium current and repolarization, thereby extending the action potential and refractoriness? Class I Class II Class III Class IV
Class III
Which lipoprotein is the main carrier of cholesterol? Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A nurse is assessing a female client and notes that her left arm is swollen from the shoulder down to the fingers, with non-pitting edema. The right arm is normal. The client had a left-sided mastectomy 1 year ago. What does the nurse suspect is the problem? Venous stasis Lymphedema Arteriosclerosis Deep vein thrombosis
Lymphedema
Which related circulatory complication can result from surgical treatment for metastatic breast cancer? Lymphedema in the affected arm Hypotension upon standing Tachycardia when at rest Irregular heart rate
Lymphedema in the affected arm
ECG monitoring has been found to be more sensitive than a client's report of symptoms when identifying transient ongoing myocardial ischemia. Why is this? Most ECG-detected ischemic events are clinically silent. The ECG can look at ischemic events from different directions. ECG monitoring is reliable only when the client remains still. Most ECG-detected ischemic events cause a great deal of pain.
Most ECG-detected ischemic events are clinically silent.
The heart consists of four valves. Which are the heart's atrioventricular valves? Select all that apply. Tricuspid Mitral Pulmonary Aortic
Tricuspid Mitral
A client experiencing a sinus arrest would demonstrate which symptom or finding? Heart rate of greater than 100 beats/min P-wave that occurs more frequently than expected Prolonged periods of asystole demonstrated on an electrocardiogram Spontaneous persistent sinus bradycardia
Prolonged periods of asystole demonstrated on an electrocardiogram
The heart consists of four valves. Which are the semilunar valves? Select all that apply. Tricuspid Mitral Pulmonary Aortic
Pulmonary Aortic
A client is seen in the emergency department complaining of chest discomfort, productive cough, and a fever of over 101°F (38.3°C) for 3 days. The nurse performs an electrocardiogram and observes a rate of 110 beats per minute (bpm) with a normal P wave and a PR interval of 0.12 second preceding each QRS complex. What does the nurse determine the rhythm to be? Third-degree heart block Atrial flutter Sick sinus syndrome Sinus tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia
The nurse is preparing to auscultate a client's blood pressure. Which information obtained from the client would indicate that the nurse should wait 30 minutes prior to obtaining a reading? The client ate a hamburger 45 minutes prior to the reading. The client took her antihypertensive medication 2 hours ago. The client just smoked a cigarette. The client left work 1 hour ago.
The client just smoked a cigarette.
What does the nurse teach is the principal factor that determines how long the client can exercise? The client's age The client's mental status The client's medical history The client's heart and lung capacity
The client's heart and lung capacity
Which client will the nurse prioritize to assess first? client with respiratory sinus arrhythmia client with sinus bradycardia client with sinus arrest client with tachycardia
client with sinus arrest
Which disease is caused by calcified scar tissue that develops between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium? acute pericarditis constrictive pericarditis pleural effusion mediastinal radiation
constrictive pericarditis
A client with hypercholesterolemia is being treated with diet and exercise. Which assessment finding is a positive outcome of this treatment regimen? increased low-density lipoproteins increased high-density lipoproteins lowered high-density lipoproteins increased blood glucose levels
increased high-density lipoproteins
A distressed, confused client is admitted to the hospital emergency department with a penetrating right chest stab wound. The nurse assesses the client and notes a lack of breath sounds in the right lung. The nurse knows this is likely the result of: hyperinflation of the lung. decreased intra-alveolar pressure. loss of intrapleural negative pressure. increase in negative intrapleural pressure.
loss of intrapleural negative pressure.
An expectant mother of twins has been told there is a strong chance that she will go into labor early and her babies will be premature. In order to increase the chances of having healthy infants, she is given a dose of steroids to stimulate the production of surfactant in the infants' lungs. Surfactant is important for survival of the babies because it reduces: surface tension of the respiratory membrane. oxygen/carbon dioxide diffusion through the membrane. carbon dioxide distribution in tissues. surface viscosity for alveolar macrophage movement.
surface tension of the respiratory membrane.
An older adult client is newly diagnosed with hypertension. Which vascular changes in the aging adult can lead to hypertension? decreased elasticity of the aorta and large arteries decreased elasticity of the venous connective tissue increased elasticity of the arterial connective tissue increased elasticity of the venous connective tissue
decreased elasticity of the aorta and large arteries
The nurse is explaining to the parents of a 23-week premature infant the reason their baby needs to be on mechanical ventilation. The education is successful when the parents state that they understand their baby was born before the type II alveolar cells could mature, which has caused a: deficiency of alveoli. deficiency of type I alveolar cells. deficiency of surfactant. deficiency of conducting airways.
deficiency of surfactant.
The nurse is caring for a client with a new diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis. Which effect to cardiac regulation will the nurse associate with new onset severe aortic stenosis? elevated systolic pressure in the left ventricle decrease in myocardial contractility increase in cardiac output decreased preload to the right ventricle
elevated systolic pressure in the left ventricle
Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion can be life-threatening when the pericardial sac _______ and ______ the heart. ruptures; releases thickens; stretches contracts; friction rubs fills rapidly; compresses
fills rapidly; compresses
A client awaiting a heart transplant is experiencing decompensation of the left ventricle that will not respond to medications. The health care provider (HCP) suggests placing the client on a ventricular assist device (VAD). The client asks what this equipment will do. Which response most accurately describes the purpose of a VAD? "Pulls your blood from the right side of the heart and runs it through a machine to oxygenate it better, and then return it to your body." "Measures the pressures inside your heart continuously to asses pumping ability of your left ventricle." "Has a probe at the end of a catheter to obtain thermodilution measures, so cardiac output can be calculated." "Decreases the workload of the myocardium while maintaining cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure."
"Decreases the workload of the myocardium while maintaining cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure."
A college student is training for a marathon in the mountains. One day, she experiences a sharp pain and suddenly becomes short of breath. At the emergency room, chest x-ray reveals a spontaneous pneumothorax. The client asks the nurse to explain why this happened. The nurse states: "For unknown reasons, you lost intrapleural negative pressure. You must have experienced a forced expiration against a closed glottis to cause the lung to deflate." "For unknown reasons, you lost intrapleural negative pressure. This means your lungs collapsed and expelled its air when you lose negative pressure." "For unknown reasons, you lost intrapleural negative pressure. You must have coughed too forcibly and your air sacs burst." "For unknown reasons, you lost intrapleural negative pressure. You must have a genetic anomaly causing weakened alveolar sacs to rupture."
"For unknown reasons, you lost intrapleural negative pressure. This means your lungs collapsed and expelled its air when you lose negative pressure."
The nurse is teaching a client with a diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic valve stenosis. Which statement by the client shows that the client understands this condition? "I should take my verapamil at the same time every day." "I should report episodes of dizziness or fainting." "I should begin an aerobic exercise program." "I should limit my daily alcohol ingestion to two drinks."
"I should report episodes of dizziness or fainting."
A client who will be undergoing a Holter monitor examination would be given which instruction? "Keep a diary of your activities and symptoms throughout the examination." "Wear clothing that you can exercise in during the test." "Lay very still during the procedure for an accurate reading." "You will need to have an intravenous injection prior to the start of the test."
"Keep a diary of your activities and symptoms throughout the examination."
The nurse knows that the main objective of the management of hypertension is to achieve a sustainable level of blood pressure below: 140/90 140/60 100/60 100/90
140/90
In hypovolemic shock, renal perfusion and urinary output decline. The nurse will monitor urinary output and knows that output below which level indicates inadequate renal perfusion? 80—60 mL/hour 60—40 mL/hour 40—20 mL/hour 20 mL/hour
20 mL/hour
A client who is in a room at 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) is receiving supplemental oxygen therapy that is being delivered at a concentration of 50%. What is the consequent PO2? 38,000 mm Hg More data are needed 380 mm Hg 15.2 mm Hg
380 mm Hg
What is the normal tidal volume for a person at rest? 500 mL 1100 ml 3000 mL 4600 mL
500 mL
Which client is at greatest risk for orthostatic hypotension? A 66-year-old postoperative client on bed rest A 20-year-old pregnant client at 36 weeks' gestation A 42-year-old male client with history of pulmonary embolism A 70-year-old female client who has taken the same antihypertensive medication for 10 years
A 66-year-old postoperative client on bed rest
A client is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse is teaching the client about the anatomical location of the infection. The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the teaching when the client correctly identifies which of the following as the location of the pericardium? The outer muscular layer of the heart The innermost lining of the heart chambers A membranous sac that encloses the heart The electrical conduction system of the heart
A membranous sac that encloses the heart
The client tells the provider he has lower back pain. Although most abdominal aneurysms are asymptomatic, the provider examines the client for which initial sign of this condition? A pulsating mass in the abdomen Syncope The pulse is unobtainable in one or both arms Hemiplegia
A pulsating mass in the abdomen
A child's history of a recurrent sore throat followed by severe knee and ankle pain has resulted in a diagnostic workup and a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. What are the treatment priorities for this child? Cardiac catheterization and corticosteroid therapy Implanted pacemaker and beta-adrenergic blockers (beta-blockers) Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs Pain control and oxygen therapy
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a treatment modality for which disorder of cardiac function? Atherosclerosis and unstable angina Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Dilated cardiomyopathies Aortic valve regurgitation and aortic stenosis
Atherosclerosis and unstable angina
Select the response that best describes the pressure-sensitive receptors that respond to changes in the stretch of the vessel wall. Chemoreceptors Cardiovascular centers Baroreceptors Neural pathways
Baroreceptors
A client who is taking a diuretic asks the nurse to explain how a drug that makes her urinate more frequently can help her hypertension. The nurse will explain that diuretics exert their antihypertensive action in which ways? Select all that apply. By inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. By decreasing vascular volume through the process of increasing sodium and water excretion By blocking the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary By inhibiting the movement of calcium into arterial smooth muscle cells By reducing peripheral vascular resistance
By decreasing vascular volume through the process of increasing sodium and water excretion By reducing peripheral vascular resistance
Select the correct sequence of blood return to the heart. Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium Capillaries, arterioles, arteries, right atrium Capillaries, arterioles, veins, left atrium Capillaries, venules, veins, left atrium
Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium
While discussing carbon dioxide transport within the body, the instructor asks, "What enzyme helps carbon dioxide with water to form bicarbonate?" Which student response is correct? Dihydrofolate reductase Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase Neuraminidase Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase
The distensibility of the blood vessel is the major factor in which of the vessel's characteristics? Wall tension Compliance Laminar blood flow Resistance
Compliance
What should the nurse teach the pregnant woman about congenital heart defects? Congenial heart defects occur prior to conception as a result of exposure to toxins. Congenital heart defects cannot be prevented. Congenital heart defects occur between the 3rd and 8th weeks of development before you know you are pregnant. Congenital heart defects occur during conception.
Congenital heart defects occur between the 3rd and 8th weeks of development before you know you are pregnant.
The heart controls the direction of blood flow. What is the role of the aortic valve? Controls the direction of blood flow from the atria to the ventricles Controls the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the lungs Controls the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation Controls the direction of blood flow from the ventricles to the atria
Controls the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation
Above the glottis that opens and closes for speech, the epiglottis performs which physiologic function during swallowing? Opens the epiglottis Covers the larynx Collapses the vocal cords Constricts the airways
Covers the larynx
A client who experienced an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) received fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase. Which manifestation alerts the nurse to a developing complication? Decreased level of consciousness Hypoglycemia Symmetrical joint pain Diarrhea
Decreased level of consciousness
A client who has no previous history of respiratory disease describes a sensation of shortness of breath and the feeling of not being able to pass enough air during exercise that has just developed over the past month. The client would be documented as having: Orthopnea Eupnea Hyperventilation Dyspnea
Dyspnea
The nurse is caring for a postoperative client in traction. Which activity would be most beneficial for preventing atelectasis in this client? Encourage the client to cough and breathe deeply several times per hour. Offer the client an incentive spirometer every shift. Have client remain on bed rest with the head of bed kept flat. Administer oxygen via nasal cannula at 4 L/min.
Encourage the client to cough and breathe deeply several times per hour.
The school nurse is doing a health class on the functional organization of the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system? Distribute oxygenated blood to the tissues Collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues Exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes Pump blood
Exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes
What should the nurse teach the client with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication about exercise? Exercise is not recommended in this population. Clients with intermittent claudication should exercise only their arms. Aerobic exercise is not recommended but isometric exercise is. Exercise can increase blood vessel growth and help to decrease symptoms.
Exercise can increase blood vessel growth and help to decrease symptoms.
Raynaud disease or phenomenon is a functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles in the: Fingers Heart Brain Lungs
Fingers
A 50-year-old man is having routine blood work done as part of his yearly physical. The doctor informs him that his good cholesterol is low. To which form of cholesterol is the doctor referring? LDL VLDL IDL HDL
HDL
The nurse is assisting a client who had a myocardial infarction 2 days ago during a bath. The client suddenly lost consciousness and the nurse was unable to feel a pulse. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was begun and the client was connected to the monitor with a gross disorganization without identifiable waveforms or intervals observed. What is a priority intervention at this time? Immediate defibrillation Synchronized cardioversion Applying a transcutaneous pacemaker Administration of atropine
Immediate defibrillation
Considering how hydrostatic forces affect the capillaries, which of the following would increase capillary hydrostatic pressure most? Decrease in arterial pressure Decrease in gravity when standing Increase in small-artery pressure Increase in venous pressure
Increase in venous pressure
Ventilation is driven by which alteration in arterial blood? Increased PCO2 Decreased PO2 Increased HCO3 Increased pH
Increased PCO2
If a client experiences sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, the nurse will observe which changes in manifestations? Increased heart rate and increased contractility Increased heart rate and decreased contractility Decreased contractility and decreased heart rate Decreased rate and force of contraction
Increased heart rate and increased contractility
Nursing students who are studying for their upcoming cardiac exam are discussing how the heart could possibly continue to beat once removed from the body. One of the students explains that this phenomenon is directly related to automaticity. What is automaticity? Inherent spontaneous action-potential Inherent discharge rate of 60-80 Inherent low-impulse conductivity Inherent discharge rate of 40-60
Inherent spontaneous action-potential
Respiratory sinus dysrhythmia is considered a more optimal rhythm than a rhythm where all RR intervals are equal. In respiratory sinus dysrhythmia, what is the variation in cardiac cycles related to? Intra-abdominal pressure changes that occur with respiration Intrathoracic pressure changes that occur with respiration Intra-abdominal pressure changes due to vagal nerve stimulus Intrathoracic pressure changes due to inadequate oxygenation
Intrathoracic pressure changes that occur with respiration
A nursing student is studying the respiratory airways in the lungs, in particular the alveoli. A fellow student asks which cells are most instrumental in the destruction of foreign substances that may enter the alveoli with inspired air. The most accurate response would be: Brush cells Pneumocytes Killer T cells Macrophages
Macrophages
The nursing instructor is explaining pressure changes that occur during inspiration. During inspiration, which would be the most appropriate information to include about changes in intrapleural pressure? Negative in relation to alveolar pressure Positive in relation to intrapulmonary pressure Positive in relation to intra-alveolar pressure Negative in relation to atmospheric pressure
Negative in relation to alveolar pressure
Considering the PQRST complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG), which letter designation represents atrial depolarization? P wave T wave QRS complex ST segment
P wave
A monitored hospitalized client with a pulmonary embolism has been in atrial fibrillation (AF) for 4 days. The nurse observes the rhythm spontaneously convert to a normal sinus rhythm. Which form of AF is this? Chronic Permanent Paroxysmal Persistent
Paroxysmal
A female client tells the health care provider that she has recently been experiencing episodes of changes occurring in the color of her fingertips, especially when she experiences cold temperatures. She further states that the tips become pale, turn a bluish color, and then become reddened. The client is most likely experiencing: Raynaud phenomenon Thromboangiitis obliterans Vasculitis Atherosclerosis
Raynaud phenomenon
A client asks why his blood pressure pills seem to make him go to the bathroom to urinate frequently when they are not water pills (diuretics). Which physiologic process explains the long-term regulation of blood pressure most accurately? Actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Release of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) by the posterior pituitary Renal monitoring and adjustment of extracellular fluid volume Integration and modulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Renal monitoring and adjustment of extracellular fluid volume
What is the correct sequence for the generation of electrical impulses in the heart causing ventricular contraction? SA node - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers AV node - SA node - bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers SA node - AV node - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers - bundle of His AV node - bundle of HIS - bundle branches - SA node - Purkinje fibers
SA node - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers
A 20-year-old college student being treated for a kidney infection developed a temperature of 104ºF (40°C) in spite of treatment with antibiotics. Her pulse was high, her blood pressure was low, and her skin was hot, dry, and flushed. The nurse knows that this client most likely is experiencing which type of shock? Septic Neurogenic Cardiogenic Anaphylactic
Septic
The lungs are the working structures of the respiratory system and they have several functions. What are the functions of the lungs? Select all that apply. Serve as reservoir for blood storage Activate vasoactive substances Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II Activate bradykinin Convert glucose to glycogen
Serve as reservoir for blood storage Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Which type of lung receptor monitors for lung inflation? Stretch Irritant Juxtacapillary Chemo
Stretch
The nurse is assessing a client's respiratory status for lung expansion and airway resistance. Which type of lung receptors respond to changes in pressure occurring in the walls of the airways? Stretch receptors Irritant receptors Juxtacapillary receptors Peripheral chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Select the primary function of bronchial circulation. Supplies the blood supply for the conducting airways and supporting structures Provides for gas exchange function of the lung Returns oxygenated blood to the lungs by way of the pulmonary vein Warms and humidifies incoming air as it moves through the airways
Supplies the blood supply for the conducting airways and supporting structures
A 20-year-old college student, with no past medical history, arrives at the emergency room complaining of severe palpitations and dizziness that started this morning following a night of studying. The student is very upset that this is happening because the final exams are the following day. The cardiac monitor shows a heart rate of 110, regular rhythm with occasional premature ventricular complexes. The nurse explains to the student that this can happen in healthy hearts and is usually caused by stimulation of: Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Atrial ectopic foci Vagal nerve
Sympathetic nervous system
A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse what this means. The most appropriate response would be: The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta. The valve opening is incompetent, thereby allowing blood to flow back from the pulmonary artery and into the left atrium. The valve opening permits backward flow to occur when the valve should be closed. The valve opens backward, permitting blood to flow from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta.
What is the function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways? To dehumidify inhaled air To remove foreign materials To warm the moving gases To spread antibacterial enzymes
To remove foreign materials
Which type of pacing involves the placement of large patch electrodes on the anterior and posterior chest wall that can be connected by a cable to an external pulse generator? Transcutaneous Transvenous Permanent Epicardial
Transcutaneous
A client comes to the emergency room with all the symptoms of a myocardial infarction. Which lab value, known to have a high specificity for myocardial tissue considered the primary biomarker test for diagnosing an MI, does the nurse suspect the physician will order? Potassium Phosphorous Troponin assays Creatine kinase
Troponin assays
A client with a suspected MI is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The nurse caring for this client would expect to receive an order for which laboratory test to confirm a diagnosis of MI? Creatine kinase marker Complete blood components Calcium level Troponin level
Troponin level
Which type of blood vessel cells in the tunica media layer produce vasoconstriction and/or dilation of blood vessels? Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) Extracellular matrix cells Endothelial cells Collagen tissue
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)
The cardiac cycle describes the pumping action of the heart. Which statement is correct about systole? Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart. Atria contract and blood is ejected from the heart. Ventricles relax and blood fills the heart. Atria relax and blood fills the heart.
Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart.
Which dysrhythmia is considered to be the most fatal and requires immediate treatment? Ventricular fibrillation Premature ventricular contractions Premature atrial contractions Atrial flutter
Ventricular fibrillation
A client presents with uncharacteristic chest pain, and his ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which aspect of the cardiac cycle? Atrial depolarization Ventricular depolarization Ventricular repolarization Depolarization of the AV node
Ventricular repolarization
In the circulatory system, pressure is inversely related to which factor? Velocity Volume Tension Viscosity
Volume
A 20-year-old male client is experiencing a severe immunologically mediated reaction in which histamines have been released into the blood. Which type of reaction is most likely occurring with this client? anaphylactic shock neurogenic shock septic shock cardiogenic shock
anaphylactic shock
An older adult client has been diagnosed with chronic heart failure. He is prescribed an ACE inhibitor to treat the symptoms and improve his quality of life. This drug will alleviate the client's symptoms of heart failure by: selectively blocking the synthesis of renin in the kidneys. blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. enhancing inotropy by maximizing calcium channel function. promoting cardiac output through a reduction in afterload.
blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
A nurse is teaching a client with newly diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) about associated treatments. The nurse determines that the knowledge is understood when the client correctly matches which drug category to the primary action of decreasing preload by suppressing renal reabsorption of sodium and increasing salt and water excretion? diuretics angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors calcium channel blockers beta-blockers
diuretics
A client has just returned from his surgical procedure. During initial vital sign measurements, the nurse notes that the client's heart rate is 111 beats/minute and the BP is 100/78 (borderline low). In this early postoperative period, the nurse should be diligently monitoring the client for the development of: pulmonary embolism due to development of deep vein thrombosis. side effects from the administration of midazolam, causing excessive vasoconstriction. renal failure due to an overdose of medication. hypovolemic shock due to acute intravascular volume loss.
hypovolemic shock due to acute intravascular volume loss.
An 80-year-old male client arrives for his yearly physical without any complaints, and following the checkup the physician explains that he has noted atrial fibrillation (AF) on the client's ECG. Before the physician can explain the disorder, the client becomes very upset and states he thinks he is going to die. The physician explains that atrial fibrillation involves the top chambers of the heart and that: many people live with atrial fibrillation without even knowing they have it. atrial fibrillation is a disorganized ventricular rhythm with recurrent circuits. the client will be placed on anticoagulants immediately. the client will experience severe palpitations.
many people live with atrial fibrillation without even knowing they have it.
A client comes to the emergency room with reports of chest pain and the nurse notes ST-segment elevations on the electrocardiogram. For which condition(s) will the nurse assess, based on the finding of ST-segment elevations? Select all that apply. pericarditis acute myocardial infarction pleural effusion stable angina endocarditis
pericarditis acute myocardial infarction
The nurse is caring for a client who has a drop in oxygen saturation reading and the nurse suspects physiologic shunting of blood in the respiratory system is occurring. Which condition will the nurse associate as a potential cause of physiologic shunting? pulmonary edema tachypnea hypertension diabetic coma due to low glucose levels
pulmonary edema
An individual has sensitivity to perfumes and experiences shortness of breath when exposed to them. This occurs because: stimulation of irritant receptors causes bronchoconstriction. a type III hypersensitivity reaction is caused. certain chemicals in artificial scents disrupt gas diffusion toxins can compete with oxygen for hemoglobin-binding sites.
stimulation of irritant receptors causes bronchoconstriction.
A client arrives at the emergency room with dizziness and a near syncopal episode. Vital signs include a heart rate of 46 beats/min and blood pressure of 86/50 mm Hg. The cardiac monitors show regular rhythm as above. The client states the health care provider has been running blood work to rule out hypothyroidism. Based on the rhythm, what does the nurse report the client has? Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome symptomatic third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block symptomatic bradyarrhythmia symptomatic tachyarrhythmia
symptomatic bradyarrhythmia
