NT Study Guide

Why do you suppose that 14:51f. is included only in Mark?

"A young man, wearing nothing but a linen garment, was following Jesus. When they seized him, he fled naked, leaving his garment behind." The identity of the young man is not specified in the Gospel; however, the anonymity may suggest that this is Mark's way of inserting himself into the narrative. Since all had deserted Jesus according to 14:50 and did not witness the incident, it is more than likely that the youth, who was too young to be a disciple, mentioned his experience in his gospel. Thus it would not be mentioned in the other accounts.

How is 10:45 thematic for the Gospel of Mark?

"For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." Prior to this statement James and John had requested to sit at Jesus' right and left in his glory. This prompted Jesus to re-define the idea of greatness as servitude. He will serve by going to Jerusalem, suffering, dying and finally rising from the dead in order to ransom many.

Characteristics of the Book of Acts

1. Accurate historic detail 2. Literary excellence 3. Dramatic description - particularly in the speeches of Paul, Peter and other characters as well as the account of the shipwreck and nautical details in ch 27. 4. Objective account (insofar as is possible) - as demonstrated by the discontent between the Grecian and Hebraic Jews and the discord between Paul and Barnabas

Note how Jesus gives added meaning to the feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, Pentecost, Dedication (Hanukkah), and the Sabbath.

1. In ch 2 Jesus goes to Jerusalem near the time of Passover. He clears the temple of those conducting business. 2. In ch 5 Jesus goes to Jerusalem for an unnamed feast and heals the invalid man at the Pool of Bethesda. This took place on a Sabbath. God is always at his work and Jesus also is working (5:17). 3. In ch 6 the feeding of the 5,000 and the subsequent Bread of Life discourse occurs near the time of Passover. 4. In ch 7 Jesus goes to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabernacles which commemorates the time Israel spent in the wilderness dwelling in tents after the Exodus. During the episode where he is seen teaching in the temple he emphasizes that his teaching comes from God, that he was sent from God, that he will be with them a short time, and that whoever believes in him will have streams of living water flowing from him. As a result many believed that he was the Christ. 5. In ch 10 Jesus is in the temple at the Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah) and he does state that he is the Christ. 6. In ch 12 Jesus enters Jerusalem prior to the Passover. 7. In ch 13 after the Passover meal, Jesus washes his disciples feet. 8. In ch 19:14 it states that Jesus was crucified around the 6th hour on the day of Preparation. From the 6th hour to the 9th hour the Passover lambs would be brought to the temple in order to be slaughtered.

Inclusions unique to Matthew in chapters 27 and 28

1. Judas' hanging, 2. warning of Pilate's wife, 3. the two earthquakes attendant to the resurrection (the first occurred at the moment of Jesus' death and many holy people were raised; the second occurred when the angel came to roll the stone away from Jesus' tomb), 4. the tomb guards (placed at the tomb at the instigation of the chief priests and Pharisees, and the Great Commission).

What differences do you see in Luke's genealogy (3:23ff.) compared to that in Matthew 1? What theological points do you see Luke make here?

1. Luke's genealogy begins with Jesus and traces the lineage in reverse order. Matthew's genealogy begins with Abraham and traces the lineage to Jesus. 2. Luke's genealogy ends with Adam whereas Matthew's genealogy ends with Abraham. 3. From Abraham to David the genealogies are mainly the same but from David on they are different. In Luke's genealogy his lineage to Adam, the father of the human race, emphasizes the universality of Jesus and his mission.

List several of the parables found uniquely in Luke, and know their point.

1. Parable of the Moneylender - one who is forgiven much loves much 2. Parable of the Good Samaritan - a neighbor is one who shows help 3. Parable of the Friend in Need - speaks to the need to be persistent in prayer 4. Parable of the Rich Fool - warning against greed 5. Parable of the Unfruitful Fig Tree - encouragement to repent; God is gracious and will give time to repent 6. Parable of the Lowest Seat at the Feast - warning against thinking too highly of oneself 7. Parable of the Great Banquet - parable about smugness; refusal to accept God's invitation will result in rejection and the inclusion of others 8. Parable of the Cost of Discipleship (Building a Tower / King about to go to war) - a commitment to Christ is costly 9. Parable of the Lost Coin - contrast of God's love with that of the Pharisees - what's lost is rejoiced over when it is found 10. Parable of the Prodigal (Lost) Son - further contrast of God's love with that of the Pharisees - what's lost if rejoiced over when it is found 11. Parable of the Shrewd Manager - importance of planning for the future 12. Parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus - plan for the future; live in such a way that you'll have an eternal reward 13. Parable of the Master and his Servant - just doing our duty does not make us "worthy" servants 14. Parable of the Persistent Widow (or Unjust Judge) - instruction to be persistent in prayer 15. Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector - instruction to look to God and not to self for righteousness

Suggest a simple 4-part outline for Luke (including the brief Galilean ministry, 4:14- 9:50; and the unusually long Journey to Jerusalem, 9:51-19:27).

1. Prologue / Preparatory 1:1-4:13 2. Galilean Ministry 4:14-9:50 3. Ministry in Judea and Perea 9:51-19:27 4. Passion to Ascension 19:28-24:53

Theme and Purpose of Acts

1. The geographical theme is summarized in the words of Jesus: "You will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." In effect, this is an outline of the book. 2. Theologically Acts plots the development of the church from a small Jewish-Christian community based in Jerusalem to a predominately Gentile Christian church extended over the eastern Mediterranean to Rome itself. Luke emphases this purpose by repeating the telling of two important events - the conversion of Cornelius the Centurion in chs 10 and 11 (probably the first Gentile convert) and the conversion of Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles (chs 9, 22, 26). A central chapter (15) narrates the chief points in the Jewish-Gentile controversy that was settled by the apostolic council in Jerusalem.

How does Caiaphas unwittingly summarize the purpose of Jesus' death?

11:49-50 "Then one of them, named Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, spoke up, "You know nothing at all! You do not realize that it is better for you that one man die for the people than that the whole nation perish." In reality Caiaphas' words meant that Jesus' death would be for the nation, not by way of removing political trouble, but by taking away the sins of those who believed in him.

How is Peter's confession at Caesarea Philippi a turning point in Matthew's Gospel?

16:13-20 Matthew has been striving to show his readers in the first part of the gospel that Jesus was the fulfillment of the Old Testament - the coming Son of David and long expected Messiah. Peter's confession is an affirmative statement of Jesus' messiahship. The rest of his gospel tells how Jesus fulfills his messiahship and what it means.

How is Luke's theme (19:10) illustrated by the Zacchaeus story?

19:10 "For the Son of Man came to seek and to save what was lost." Jesus stated purpose in coming was to seek and save the lost. Zacchaeus was a wealthy, chief tax collector. As a tax collector he made his living by cheating his own countrymen and enjoyed Roman support in this position. In short, he was a sinner. Jesus' tells him that he must stay in his house. The people begin grumbling about this because they know he was a sinner. Jesus' impact on Zacchaeus is immediate - he gives half of his possessions to the poor and offers to pay back any he has cheated four fold.

Prophecies fulfilled in Matthew 1-2

1:22-27: "All this took place to fulfill what the Lord has said through the prophet: "The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel" - which means, "God with us." Isaiah 7 and 8: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel--which means "God with us". Mary was found to be with child without having first had natural relations with a man. 2:4-6: "When he had called together all the people's chief priests and teachers of the law, he asked them where the Christ was to be born. "In Bethlehem in Judea," they replied, "for this is what the prophet has written: "But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you will come a ruler who will be the shepherd of my people Israel."" This comes from Micah 5. Jesus was born in Bethlehem of the house of David of the tribe of Judah. 2:14-15: "So [Joseph] got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called my son."" This comes from Hosea 11. Jesus returns to Israel from Egypt after the death of Herod. 2:16-18: "When Herod realized that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity where were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi. Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled: "A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted because they are no more."" Jeremiah 31: "A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted because they are no more." When Herod learned that the Magi had left without telling him where the Christ was he ordered the deaths of boys two years old and younger. 2:22-23: "Having been warned in a dream, he withdrew to the district of Galilee, and he went and lived in a town called Nazareth. So was fulfilled what was said through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."" This comes from no one specific OT text but appears to be an amalgamation of a couple texts such as Psalm 22:6 and Isaiah 53:3. After returning from Egypt Joseph settles his family in Nazareth.

Recipient and Purpose of Luke

1:3 specifically names Theophilus (Gk "lover of God") as the recipient. It is likely that this was an individual because Luke further addresses him as "most excellent" which could be Luke's way of referring to him as his patron. During this time in ancient history it was not uncommon to dedicate and address a work to the publisher. Luke also states that the message of his Gospel was intended for Theophilus' own instruction (1:4) as well as those among whom the book would be circulated. It was written to strengthen the faith of all believers and to answer the attacks of unbelievers. The author is concerned to displace disconnected and ill-founded reports about Jesus and to show that the gentiles do have a place in God's kingdom based on Jesus' teaching.

Luke's emphasis on the Holy Spirit's role is obvious in such places as Luke 2:25-27; Luke 4:1, 14; Acts 13:2-4; Acts 16:6-10 et al. Be alert to other such foci.

1:35, 41, 67 "The angel answered, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God." "When Elizabeth heard Mary's greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit." "His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied:" 2:25-27a "Now there was a man in Jerusalem called Simeon, who was righteous and devout. He was waiting for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him. It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before he had seen the Lord's Christ. Moved by the Spirit, he went into the temple courts." 3:16, 22 "John answered them all, "I baptize you with water. But one more powerful than I will come, the thongs of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire." "...and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: "You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased."" 4:1 "Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the desert..." 4:14, 18 "Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit, and news about him spread through the whole countryside." "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor." 10:21 "At that time Jesus, full of joy through the Holy Spirit, said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for this was your good pleasure." 11:13 "If you then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!" 12:10, 12 "And everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but anyone who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven." "...for the Holy Spirit will teach you at that time what you should say." Acts 13:2-4 "While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, "Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them." So after they had fasted and prayed, they placed their hands on them and sent them off. The two of them, sent on their way by the Holy Spirit, wend down to Seleucia and sailed from there to Cyprus." Acts 16:6-10 "Paul and his companions traveled throughout the region of Phrygia and Galatia, having been kept by the Holy Spirit from preaching the word in the province of Asia. Whey they came to the border of Mysia, they tried to enter Bithynia, but the Spirit of Jesus would not allow them to. So they passed by Mysia and went down to Troas. During the night Paul had a vision of a man of Macedonia standing and begging him, "Come over to Macedonia and help us.""

Acts can be simply outlined into three parts in keeping with its stated them in 1:8.

1:8 "But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." Part I: chs 1-7, in Jerusalem Part II: chs 8-12, Judea and Samaria Part III: chs 13-28, the Gentile world

How many days after Passover was Pentecost? On what day of the week was it?

2:1 "When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place." The day of Pentecost is the 50th day after the Sabbath of Passover week; thus, it is the first day of the week (Sunday).

When did Alexander subjugate the Persians? What was the effect?

333 BC; Greek became the dominant language

What is "eternal life?" See John 3:15-18 and 5:24.

3:15-18 "...that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life. For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only Son." This is an infinitely high quality of life in living fellowship with God - both now and forever. 5:24 "I tell you the truth, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and will not be condemned; he has crossed over from death to life." This eternal life is not only a future promise but a present reality.

How does the voice from heaven (17:5) at the transfiguration tie in with that at Jesus' baptism in ch 3?

3:17 "And a voice from heaven said, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased."" 17:5 "While [Jesus] was still speaking, a bright cloud enveloped them, and a voice from the cloud said, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. Listen to him!"" The voice from heaven speaks the same words in each instance.

Note the unusual detail of the lame man's healing (3:4, 8). See Paul's comparable miracle (14:8-10).

3:4 "Peter looked straight at him, as did John. Then Peter said, "Look at us!" ... He jumped to his feet and began to walk." 14:8-10 "In Lystra there sat a man crippled in his feet, who was lame from birth and had never walked. He listened to Paul as he was speaking. Paul looked directly at him, saw that he had faith to be healed and called out, "Stand up on your feet!" At that, the man jumped up and began to walk."

How does Matthew describe the scribes and Pharisees? (5:20; 23)? Note also the CSB table on page 1483, which describes the differences between the Pharisees and Sadducees; and, the unique agendas of the Essenes and the zealots.

5:20: "For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven." Chapter 23: Seven Woes pronounced upon the Pharisees and teachers of the law. 23:4-7 "They tie up heavy loads and put them on men's shoulders, but they themselves are not willing to lift a finger to move them. Everything they do is for men to see: They make their phylacteries wide and the tassels on their garments long; they love the place of honor at banquets and the most important seats in the synagogues; they love to be greeted in the marketplaces and to have men call them "Rabbi"." Each of the Seven Woes begins with the formulaic saying, "Woe to you teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites!" or in one instance, "Woe to you, blind guides!". 1. 23:13b-14 "You shut the kingdom of heaven in men's faces. You yourselves do not enter, nor will you let those enter who are trying to." 2. 23:25b "You travel over land and sea to win a single convert, and when be becomes one, you make him twice as much a son of hell as you are." 3. 23:16b, 18 "You say, "If anyone swears by the temple, it means nothing; but if anyone swears by the gold of the temple, he is bound by his oath."...You also say, "If anyone swears by the altar, it means nothing; but if anyone swears by the gift on it, he is bound by his oath."". 4. 23:23b "You give a tenth of your spices - mint, dill and cumin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law - justice, mercy and faithfulness." 5. 23:25b "You clean the outside of the cup and dish, but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence." 6. 23:27b "You are like whitewashed tombs, which look beautiful on the outside but on the inside are full of dead men's bones and everything unclean." 7. 23:29b-30 "You build tombs for the prophets and decorate the graves of the righteous. And you say, "If we had lived in the days of our forefathers, we would not have taken part with them in shedding the blood of the prophets.""

What is the significance of the 3-fold passion prediction of Mark (8:31; 9:30-32; 10:32-34)?

8:31 - "He then began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and teachers of the law, and that he must be killed and after three days rise again." 9:30-32 - "Then they left that place and passed through Galilee. Jesus did not want anyone to know where they were, because he was teaching his disciples. He said to them, "The Son of Man is going to be betrayed into the hands of men. They will kill him, and after three days he will rise." But they did not understand what he meant and were afraid to ask him about it." 10:32-34 - "They were on their way up to Jerusalem, with Jesus leading the way, and the disciples were astonished, while those who followed were afraid. Again he took the Twelve aside and told them what was going to happen to him. "We are going up to Jerusalem," he said, "and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and teachers of the law. They will condemn him to death and will hand him over to the Gentiles, who will mock him and spit on him, flog him and kill him. Three days later he will rise." This three fold repetition brings out the theme of Mark's gospel. In 10:43-45 the idea of greatness is defined. "Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." Vs 45 is Mark's theme - Jesus came to serve. The threefold repetition reveals how he will serve - Jesus must go to Jerusalem, suffer, die and rise on the third day.

How did the raising of Lazarus affect the Pharisees and chief priests?

After raising Lazarus, many of the Jews put their faith in Jesus as the Messiah. When the chief priests and Pharisees heard of this they because troubled. If the people made Jesus king by force, their positions under the Romans would have been jeopardized (11:48). From this time on the chief priests and Pharisees plotted Jesus death (11:53).

Who was Agrippa?

Agrippa I, a second generation descendant of Herod the Great, is mentioned in Acts 12. He ruled Judea and Samaria. He killed James and intended to kill Peter. Agrippa II is mentioned in Acts 25 - 26 in connection with Paul's appeal to Rome for trial under Caesar.

How does Acts form a bridge between the Gospels and the Epistles?

As a second volume to Luke's Gospel, it combines what Jesus "began to do and to teach" (1:1) as told in the Gospels with what he continued to do and teach through the apostles and the establishment of the church. Because it supplies an account of the life of Paul it is useful in learning the setting for the various NT letters.

The NT and the Roman context

At the time of Christ's birth, Augustus was emperor; Tiberius was emperor at the time of Jesus' crucifixion. Acts 18 speaks about the expulsion of Christians from Rome, including Priscilla and Aquila. This occurred during the reign of Claudius. Nero persecuted the Christians after the burning of Rome. Sometime between 64 - 68 AD Paul and Peter were martyred. Domitian was emperor when Revelation was written. He took the Emperor Cult to a new level, expecting everyone in the empire to give him divine honors. Christians could not do this so they were persecuted heavily during his reign.

The debate concerning the gospel of Matthew's authorship

CSB--The early church fathers universally ascribed authorship to Matthew / Levi. Modern critical scholarship has called this into question due to Matthew's assumed use of Mark's Gospel account. If Matthew was written by the Apostle Matthew, why would he need to use the account of Mark who was not an eye witness to the events of Christ's life? However, this does not need to present a problem. Matthew agreed with Mark's account and wanted to show that the apostolic testimony about Christ was united.

Remember the location of Mark's "Little Apocalypse." (13) Note how Mark here records the sayings of Jesus regarding the end of Jerusalem and the end of the world by giving them in alternating sections. The same thing occurs in the parallel accounts of Matthew and Luke. What is the connection between the two events?

Ch 13 is known as the "Little Apocalypse" - Mark's version of the Second Coming. There's an alternation between the description of the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the world. Jesus predicted the end of Jerusalem which was to occur 40 years later at the hands of the Romans in 70 AD. It stands to reason that there were some who doubted that this would occur. Since this is a fact of history that Jesus predicted well in advance of its occurrence, it gives strength to the believability of his promise that he will return again. He concludes his discourse in vs 37 with the admonition to be watchful.

How does Matthew apply the meaning of the feeding miracles of 14 and 15 in Matthew 16:5-12?

Ch 14 - Jesus fed 5,000 men plus women and children. There were 12 basketfuls left over. Ch 15 - Jesus fed 4,000 men plus women and children. There were 7 basketfuls left over. In ch 16 Jesus tells his disciples to "...beware the yeast of the Pharisees." The disciples wrongly interpret this admonition as their failure to bring enough bread with them (they only brought one loaf). Jesus chides them for this, stating that with only a few loaves he was able to feed thousands - their one loaf was more than sufficient to feed 13 people. Instead, his admonition was for them to avoid the Pharisees' teachings.

Key chapters in Matthew

Chapter 1—genealogy; 2—Magi, flight to Egypt; 5-7—Sermon on the Mount; 10—Sending of the Twelve; 13—seven parables of the kingdom; 16—Peter's confession; 18—steps of reconciliation, and forgiveness; 23-25—seven woes and the eschatological discourse; 28—resurrection, great commission.

Key Chapters in John

Chapter 2—wedding of Cana, temple cleansing; 3—Nicodemus; 4—Samaritan woman & people; 6—feeding of 5000; 10—the Good Shepherd; 11—Lazarus raised; 13 - 17 upper room discourse; 20-21— resurrection appearances in Jerusalem and Galilee.

Key Chapters in Luke

Chapters 1-2—parallel infancy narratives of John and Jesus; 9 - sending of the 12; 10—sending of the 70, the good Samaritan; 15—parables of the lost sheep, coin, 2 sons (prodigal + one); 19—Zacchaeus, triumphal entry to Jerusalem; 21—final discourse; 24—resurrection, ascension

Key Chapters of Mark

Chapters 8-10—three-fold passion prediction; 13—the Little Apocalypse

Note the role of the kings in the genealogy of Matthew 1

Division occurs at David and goes to the time of the Babylonian exile before the next grouping of 14 generations. Matthew shows Jesus' as David's true son by showing descent through all the Kings of Judah.

Characteristics of the Essenes

ESSENES: They probably originated among the Hasidim, along with the Pharisees, from whom they later separated (I Maccabees 2:24; 7:13). They were a group of very strict and zealous Jews who took part with the Maccabeans in a revolt against the Syrians, ca 165-155 BC. 1. They followed a strict observance of the purity laws of the Torah. 2. They were notable for their communal ownership of property. 3. They had a strong sense of a mutual responsibility. 4. Daily worship was an important feature along with a daily study of their sacred scriptures. 5. Solemn oaths of piety and obedience had to be taken. 6. Sacrifices were offered on holy days and during sacred seasons. 7. Marriage was not condemned in principle but was avoided. 8. They attributed all that happened to fate.

Matthew expands the teaching section (beyond the other Synoptic Gospels) between the temple cleansing and the trials (21-25) as Jesus "takes on all opponents" in "Holy Week." What focus do the three unique parables of 25 have in common?

Each of the parables make a distinction between those who are faithful and those who aren't (Parables of the Talents, Ten Virgins, Sheep and Goats).

Matthew's depiction of Jesus

Focuses on Jesus as Fulfiller, Son of David, King, and Teacher

When did the Seleucids rule Palestine and what was the effect?

For about a century and a half the Ptolemies and Seleucids fought for control of Palestine. Eventually the Seleucids came to dominate. During this time the Hebrew Scriptures were translated into Greek (LXX - this occurred in Alexandria). The Seleucid / Syrian period of domination lasted from approximately 198 to 168 BC. . They forced the Jews to adopt Greek culture, language, religion, etc - Hellenization. In 168/167 BC the Temple was desecrated and Israel rebelled under the Hasmoneans. In 164 BC it was restored and re-dedicated (commemorated by Jews as the feast of Hanukkah).

When did the Sadducees and Pharisees emerge?

From 142 to 63 BC the Jews were free from all foreign interference. The Sadducee and Pharisee parties arose in this interim period, indicating a level of internal struggle.

When did Rome conquer Judea?

From 63 BC through the NT times the Romans controlled Palestine. This was fortuitous for the spread of the Gospel: overall the period was peaceful (Pax Romana), the Romans maintained an extensive system of roads, and Greek was the international language.

Seleucids

Greek riles of Syrian territory

Luke's sources

In 1:1 Luke mentions that others have written on Jesus' life but he does not indicate that he relied on these other reports. He personally investigated the story of Jesus' life based on testimony from "eyewitnesses and servants of the word" (1:2). This probably included the preaching and oral accounts of the apostles. He has some language differences from the other Synoptics and his blocks of distinctive material (e.g., 10:1-18:14; 19:1-28) indicate independent work, though he obviously used some of the same sources (such as Mark).

What happens in 70 AD?

In 70 AD Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed by the Romans.

Observe the nature of the several points of conflict between "the Jews" and Jesus (see especially 3, 5-10).

In ch 3 Nicodemus, a Pharisee, comes to Jesus by night. To him Jesus says that no one can see (or enter) the kingdom of God unless he is "born again" or "born anew" (3:3). Nicodemus can't understand what Jesus means by this. Jesus intimates that as a teacher of Israel Nicodemus should understand what Jesus is getting at; namely, that the work of the Holy Spirit is beyond human comprehension and He works as he pleases. 5:1-15 Jesus heals the invalid at the Pool of Bethesda on the Sabbath. When the Jews see him carrying his mat they tell him that the law forbids this. When he finds out who healed him he reports this to them and vs 16 states that the Jews persecuted Jesus because he healed on the Sabbath. 5:17 "Jesus said to them, "My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I, too, am working." After hearing this statement the Jews tried even harder to kill him because he claimed that God was his Father. 6:1-14 Jesus feeds the 5,000 with 5 loaves and 2 fish. After the feeding Jesus crosses the Jordan with his disciples (and he walks on water). When they reach the other side the crowd asks for a "miraculous sign" so that they can see it and believe in him. Jesus states that it wasn't Moses who gave them bread in the wilderness but "my Father" (6:32). This prompts Jesus to give the Bread of Life discourse (6:35-71) and to tell them that in order to have life they must eat the living bread that came down from heaven - his flesh (6:51). As a result of this "hard teaching" many of the disciples desert him. 7:1-52 In this section Jesus goes to the feast of Tabernacles where he taught in the Temple courts. While here the Jews say that he is demon possessed and even try to kill him (7:30). Some begin to believe that he is the Christ and when the Pharisees hear the crowds whispering this, they send guards to arrest him (7:32). 7:53-8:11 The teachers of the Law and Pharisees bring to Jesus a woman caught in the act of adultery and question him about the appropriateness of stoning her according to the Law of Moses. 8:12-20 Jesus states that he is the "light of the world". The Pharisees challenge him because he's appearing as his own witness. 8:31-41 Jesus says that if anyone holds to his teaching they will know the truth and will be set free. The Jews confront him by stating that they have never been slaves. How can they then be set free? 8:48-59 The Jews state that Jesus is a Samaritan and demon possessed. Jesus says that if anyone keeps his words they will "never see death" (vs 51). They reiterate their point by stating that Abraham and the prophets are dead - yet if anyone keeps your words he will not die. Jesus finally states he was "I AM" before Abraham, at which point they pick up stones to stone him. 9:1-41 As a result of healing a man born blind, the man and his parents are questioned at length by the Pharisees. 10:22-42 At the feast of Dedication Jesus tells the Jews that he and the Father are one (vs 30) at which point they attempt again to stone him.

Key Persons in the Gospels

Jesus; Zechariah, Elizabeth, John the Baptist; Joseph, Mary; the Magi; King Herod (the Great); Archelaeus; Herod Antipas; Simeon, Anna; The Twelve (especially Peter, James, John; Matthew; Andrew, Philip; Nathanael; Thomas; and Judas Iscariot); Mary Magdalene; Nicodemus; the woman of Samaria; the daughter of Jairus; the widow of Nain; blind Bartimaeus; Zacchaeus; Mary, Martha, and Lazarus; the Pharisees; Saducees; Essenes; zealots; Herodians; Caiaphas; Pontius Pilate; Simon of Cyrene; the centurion of Golgotha, Joseph of Arimathea; the Emmaus disciples.

How does John depict Jesus' ministry?

John depicts most prominently Jesus' ministry at Jerusalem, usually at festival times.

Note the content of the small number of miracles John records (CSB, 1606). Most of them are referred to as "signs." How are they significant?

John records the following miracles: 1. healing of the official's son at Capernaum (unique to John) 2. healing of the man at the pool of Bethesda (unique to John) 3. healing of the man born blind (unique to John) 4. walking on the water (also in Matthew and Mark) 5. feeding of the 5,000 (in all four Gospels) 6. turning water into wine (unique to John) 7. another catch of fish (unique to John) 8. raising of Lazarus (unique to John)

John's Emphases

John's purpose is clearly stated in 20:31, "But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name." John writes to supplement the Synoptic Gospels (and for that reason does not include some episodes found in them, such as the list of the Twelve and the institution of the Lord's Supper). He also appears to be combating a form of gnostic heresy that existed late in the first century that denied the Incarnation of Jesus. John's Gospel emphasizes the following: 1. Christ as life, the life of men 2. witness / testimony to Jesus as the Christ 3. word becoming flesh 4. Son of God 5. King of Israel 6. Jesus' time / hour 7. signs with significance 8. things given by the Father to the Son 9. dependance on the Father 10. bread of life (and the other "I AM" statements) 11. focus on love in the upper room discourse 12. belief in Jesus as the Christ of God John uses figurative terms taken from common experience (bread, water, light, life, door, shepherd) and contrasting concepts (light / darkness, love / hatred), to interpret and person and function of Jesus, whose miracles he calls "signs", stressing what they signified. Jesus teaching is often linked to his "signs", such as the bread of life discourse after feeding the 5,000 (6:1-59), as the light of the world after opening the eyes of a blind man (8:12-9:41) and as the resurrection and the life in the raising of Lazarus from the dead (11:17-44).

John's Purpose/God's Grace in John

John's purpose is the same as that of the other evangelists - to present the grace of God as revealed in his Son. This is explicitly stated in 20:31, "But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name."

Key Places of the Gospels

Judea, Samaria, Galilee; Bethlehem; Egypt; Jerusalem; Nazareth; the wilderness of Judea; Jordan River; Sea of Galilee; Cana; Capernaum; Bethsaida Julias, Chorazin; Magdala; Gadara; Nain; Sychar, Mt. Gerizim; Mt. Hermon, Caesarea Philippi; Phoenicia; Decapolis; Perea; Jericho; Pool of Bethesda; Pool of Siloam; Bethany; Mt. of Olives; Gethsemane; Golgotha; Emmaus.

Author of Luke

Like the other Gospels, Luke is anonymous. However, much evidence points to Luke the physician. Unarguable the book is a companion to Acts - both are addressed to Theophilus and Acts refers to the first volume (Acts 1:1). In Acts 16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1-28:16, the pronoun "we" is used, indicating that that author was with Paul when the events in these passages took place. By the process of elimination, Paul's "dear friend Luke, the doctor" (Col 4:14), and "fellow worker" (Philemon 24) becomes the likely candidate. Early Christian testimony uniformly establishes his authorship (Muratorian Canon 170 AD and the words of Irenaeus ca 180 AD). More than likely Luke was a gentile, educated in Greek culture, a physician, and a companion of Paul at various times from his second missionary journey to his first imprisonment in Rome. Antioch of Syria and Philippi are suggested as his hometown.

Luke's Style

Luke demonstrates a strong command of the Greek language. His vocabulary is extensive and rich (as in the prologue / dedication in 1:1-4). He does alternate vocabulary with a geographical sensitivity using more Semitic language when describing Jewish settings and less Semitic language when referring to Hellenistic settings.

God's grace in Luke

Luke emphasizes the completeness of God's grace, one of his dominant themes in the parables of the Prodigal or Lost Son (15:11-32), the Pharisee and the Tax Collector (18:9-14) - parables that are unique to Luke. Luke presents a Jesus who openly welcomes sinners and eats with them (15:2). Luke also tells us that Jesus interceded for Peter prior to his denial (21:31-34), promised paradise to the thief on the cross (23:42-43) and emphatically affirmed that "...the Son of Man came to seek and to save what was lost" (19:10). We also see Luke emphasizing the universality of God's grace through Christ. Unlike Matthew's genealogy, Luke's genealogy begins with Jesus and traces his descent to Adam - the father of all human beings (3:23-38). John the Baptizer baptizes gentile soldiers (3:7, 12, 14). At Jesus' presentation in the Temple, Simeon refers to Jesus as "...a light for...the gentiles" (2:32). Finally, in reference to John the Baptizer, Luke's quotation from Isaiah includes the words: "And all mankind will see God's salvation" (3:4-6).

Luke has been called the "historian" among the evangelists. How is this apt? (See 1:1-5; 2:1-3; and 3:1-3).

Luke gives the historical time frame for the events he describes. 1. 1:1-5 The announcement of John's birth occurs during the reign of Herod the Great, King of Judea. 2. 2:1-3 The birth of Jesus occurs during the reign of Caesar Augustus (Octavian) of Rome and Quirinius' governorship of Syria. 3. 3:1-3 John's ministry begins during the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar's reign of Rome, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, when Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee, when Herod Philip was tetrarch of Iturea and Traconitis, when Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, and during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas.

Luke's characteristics

Luke is concerned to present that works and teachings of Jesus that are important for understanding salvation. He begins with the Annunciation of Jesus' birth, continuing the narrative to the Ascension. Luke is careful to include extra biblical historical details so as to emphasize the place of the events he describes as occurring in world history. The themes characteristic of Luke's Gospel include: 1. universality; recognition of the place of gentiles and Jews in God's salvation plan 2. emphasis on prayer, especially before important events in Jesus life 3. joy at the announcement of the gospel 4. special concern for the role of women 5. special interest in the poor 6. concern for sinners 7. stress on the family circle 8. repeated use of the title "Son of Man" 9. emphasis on the Holy Spirit

Luke's plan

Luke's Gospel, like the other Synoptics, presents Jesus' ministry as occurring primarily in three parts: 1. the events in and around Galilee (4:14-9:50), 2. the events that took place in Judea and Perea (9:51-19:27), and 3. the events of the final week in Jerusalem (19:28-24:53) Luke uniqueness is seen in the amount of material he devotes to Jesus' ministry in Judea and Perea - predominately made up of accounts of Jesus' discourses. Of the 23 parables that Luke presents, 16 are found in this section (9:51-18:14; 19:1-28). Of the 20 miracles Luke presents, only 4 occur in these sections. At 9:51 (the beginning of the second major section) Jesus is seen anticipating his final journey to Jerusalem and crucifixion. The main theme of the Gospel is found in 19:10: "For the Son of Man came to seek and to save what was lost."

The recipients of Mark's Gospel

Mark probably wrote for the Roman church, or at the minimum Gentile readers. He goes to great length to explain Jewish customs (7:2-4; 15:42), translate Aramaic words (3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 15:22) and appears to be concerned with martyrdom (8:34-38; 13:9-13) - all special interests / concerns of Roman Christians.

Special characteristics of Mark's Gospel

Mark wrote a simple account of Jesus life and ministry with an obvious emphasis on what Jesus did over what he said. The narrative moves quickly by often use of the adverb "immediately". In 1:1 the book is characterized as "The beginning of the gospel..." The life, death and resurrection of Jesus make up the "beginning", of which the "...apostolic preaching in Acts if the continuation".

Mark's Gospel starts with John the Baptist. Why does Mark omit the nativity narrative?

Mark's primary concern is to show the things Jesus did during his ministry. Since his ministry was officially inaugurated at his baptism in the Jordan this is the proper place to begin "...the gospel about Jesus Christ, the Son of God" (1:1).

Explain from Mark's selection of key words and materials why this is called a "gospel of action."

Mark's use of the word "immediately" speeds the narrative along (it is used about 40 times). Additionally, his focus is Jesus' miracles and actions over his words. Since it is assumed that part of his purpose is to write to a people undergoing persecution, Mark would want to show them a Jesus of action and power.

Who was Matthew?

Matthew 9 describes Matthew as a tax collector and a sinner. Mark 2 calls him Levi son of Alphaeus as opposed to Matthew (also a sinner). Luke also calls him Levi and associates him with tax collectors and sinners.

Trajectory of the Synoptic Gospels

Matthew Mark Luke Preparatory Galilean Ministry Journey to Jerusalem Holy Week

Matthew's intended audience

Most likely Greek-speaking Jews. 1. Matthew has a concern to show how Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament. 2. Matthew traces Jesus' lineage back to Abraham. 3. Matthew does not explain Jewish customs. 4. Matthew uses of Jewish terminology (kingdom of heaven, Father in Heaven). 5. Matthew emphasizes Jesus' role as Son of David. However, he does write a Gospel that is universal in outlook. His is the only account that describes the visit of the Magi; his Jesus' states that the "field is the world" (13:38); and the Great Commission (28:18-20).

Characteristics of the Pharisees

PHARISEES: Their roots can be traced to the second century BC - to the Hasidim. 1. Along with the Torah, they accepted as equally inspired and authoritative, all material contained within the oral tradition. 2. On free will and determination, they held to a mediating view that made it impossible for either free will or the sovereignty of God to cancel out the other. 3. They accepted a rather developed hierarchy of angels and demons. 4. They taught that there was a future for the dead. 5. They believed in the immortality of the soul and in reward and retribution after death. 6. They were champions of human equality. 7. The emphasis of their teaching was ethical rather than theological

Who was Mark? What is his New Testament role? (CSB, 1498)

Papias, around 140 AD, quotes earlier sources as stating that Mark was an associate of Peter and received from him the information about Jesus contained in the gospel. The first mention of Mark in Scripture comes in Acts 12:12. His mother had a home in Jerusalem that served as a meeting place for Christians. Mark was also a helper to Paul and Barnabas. After they returned to Antioch from Jerusalem after the famine visit, Mark went with them (Acts 12:25). Acts 13:13 records Mark's desertion to return to Jerusalem. Mark was the cause of the dispute that arose between Paul and Barnabas in Acts 15:36-39 when Barnabas proposed taking Mark along on their second missionary journey. Paul refused to do this thus ending his association with Barnabas. Barnabas took Mark on a missionary journey to Cyprus and Paul went his own way. Mark is mentioned in Colossians when Paul sends the congregation Mark's greeting. Finally, Mark appears to have regained Paul's favor and is with him near the end of his life in Rom (II Timothy 4:11).

Note the leading apostolic roles of Peter and Paul in Acts

Peter plays a dominate (DOMINANT) role in the first half of Acts (chs 1-12) while Paul and his missionary journeys are the focus of the second half (chs 13-28).

Matthew's purpose

Prove to Jewish readers that Jesus is their Messiah. Matthew uses many proof texts from OT, Israel's history is recapitulated in Jesus' life and ministry, and Jesus' is a descendant of David.

Characteristics of the Sadducees

SADDUCEES: They probably had their beginnings during the Hasmonean period (166-63 BC). Their demise occurred in ca 70 AD with the fall of Jerusalem. 1. They denied that the oral law was authoritative and binding. 2. They interpreted Mosaic law more literally than did the Pharisees. 3. They were very exacting in Levitical purity. 4. They attributed all to free will. 5. They argued that there is neither a resurrection of the dead nor a future life. 6. They rejected a belief in angels and demons. 7. They rejected the idea of a spiritual world. 8. Only the books of Moses were canonical Scripture.

Why does Matthew include the four women of 1:3-6?

Tamar, Rahab, Ruth and Bathsheba (wife of Uriah). These four women were not of Jewish descent and emphasize the "universality" of the Gospel.

How did Herod come to power and who were his sons?

The Herodian dynasty in Palestine began with the appointment of Herod the Great as king by the Romans. He was a great builder but also ruthless. His descendants were Archelaeus, Philip and Antipas. After Herod's death his kingdom was divided among his three sons: Archelaeus was given charge of Judea, Antipas was made tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, and Philip was given control of the land to the north and east of the Sea of Galilee, including Caesarea Philippi.

John's author

The author is the apostle John, the son of Zebedee, "the disciple whom Jesus loved" (13:23; 19:26; 20:2; 21:7, 20, 24). He is not mentioned by name in the Gospel which would be natural if he wrote it; otherwise it is hard to explain since he is so prominent in the other accounts. Early church fathers such as Irenaeus and Tertullian state that John wrote this Gospel and all the other evidence agrees with this conclusion.

Who was the author of Acts?

The author isn't named in the book itself; however, evidence outside the Scripture and and inferences from the work itself lead to the conclusion that the author was Luke. The earliest external testimony appears in the Muratorian Canon of 170 AD where it explicitly states that Luke was the author of both the third Gospel and the "Acts of all the Apostles". Eusebius, around 325 AD, also cites evidence identifying Luke as the author of both works. Internally there are passages that use the pronoun "we" seemingly indicating points where the author included himself as a companion of Paul (16:10-17; 20:5-21:18; 27:1-28:16). One of the "we" passages includes the period of Paul's two year imprisonment at Rome (ch 28). During this time Paul writes various letters, including Philemon and Colossians. In them he sends greetings from Luke his companion (Phm 23-24; Col 4:10-17).

The purpose of Mark's Gospel

The blame attached to the Christians for the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD was the catalyst for the persecutions of 64-67 AD which included martyrdom. Many scholars think this was the occasion that prompted Mark to pen his gospel. His goal may have been to prepare his readers for suffering by presenting them with an account of Christ's suffering; the gospel contains many references to suffering and discipleship (1:12-13; 3:22, 30; 8:34-38; 10:30, 33-34, 45; 13:8, 11-13).

Importance of Acts

The book of Acts is important for several reasons. 1. It provides a bridge for the NT writings. As a second volume to Luke's Gospel, it combines what Jesus "began to do and to teach" (1:1) as told in the Gospels with what he continued to do and teach through the apostles. 2. It supplies an account of the life of Paul from which we can learn the setting for his epistles. 3. It recounts the first 30 years of the church. 4. Geographically its story spans the land of Palestine, where the church began, to Rome, the political center of the empire. 5. The book is also a bridge that ties the church in its beginning with each successive stage.

The origin of Mark's Gospel

The early church ascribed authorship of Mark to John Mark, the associate of Peter. Those who hold to the Markan Priority suggest that the gospel was written in the 50s or early 60s AD. Other scholars suggest a date shortly before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD due to some of the Gospel's content and statements made about Mark by the early church fathers. Early church tradition has the gospel written in Italy, or more specifically Rome. This is consistent with (1) the historical likelihood that Peter was in Rome near the end of his life and (2) the biblical evidence that has Mark in Rome at about the same time and was closely associated with Peter (II Timothy 4:11; I Peter 5:13, where "Babylon" is probably a cryptogram for Rome).

Note the cluster of miracles in 8-9. Over what situations did Jesus there show his power and pity (might and mercy)?

The following miracles occur: the healing of the man with leprosy, the healing of the centurion's servant, the healing of Peter's mother in law and the following healings of the demon possessed and generic sick, the calming of the storm, the healing of two demon possessed men in the region of the Gadarenes, the healing of the paralytic (Jesus also forgave his sins), the healing of the woman with the bleeding, the raising of Jarius' daughter, the healing of the two blind men, the exorcism and healing of a mute man. In these instances Jesus' actions and words demonstrate his authority over physical sickness, demon possession, death and sin.

Matthew's fourth discourse

The fourth of Matthew's five discourses includes Jesus' teaching on the Greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven [18:1-9], the Parable of the Lost Sheep [18:10-14], instructions on forgiving a brother of sins against you [18:15-20], and the Parable of the Unmerciful Servant in response to Peter's question regarding the frequency of forgiveness.

Pentecost sermon. What is Peter's main point? What is the people's response?

The main point of Peter's sermon is that the Jesus who the Jews recently crucified has been raised from the dead. God has made him "...both Lord and Christ" (2:36) and those on whom the Holy Spirit has just fallen are witnesses to the Resurrection. When the people heard this they were "...cut to the heart" (2:37) and ask Peter what they should do. He tells them to repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus for the forgiveness of their sins after which they will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. That day about 3,000 people accepted his message.

With whom does Matthew begin his genealogy? Why?

The record beings with stating that Jesus is the son of David, the son of Abraham. Why? Son of David is a messianic title and son of Abraham shows that Jesus is a true Jew (Matthew was writing to Jews).

When was John written?

There are two views: 1. The traditional view places the date near the end of the first century (ca 85 AD or later). 2. In recent years, some scholars have suggested an earlier date, perhaps as early as the 50s but no later than 70 AD.

When would Jesus' "hour" come? (See note on 2:4.)

This expression is found in several places in John (7:6, 8, 30; 8:20) and pictures Jesus moving inevitably toward the destiny for which he had come: the time of his sacrificial death on the cross. At the crucifixion and resurrection Jesus' time / hour had truly come (12:23, 27; 13:1; 16:32; 17:1 - all of these sections tie Jesus' hour / time with his impending suffering / dying / glorification, etc.).

Matthew's fifth discourse

This teaching is known as the "Olivet Discourse". It was given on the Mt. of Olives in response to the disciples' amazement of the magnificent buildings, including the Temple. Jesus begins with "signs of the end of the age" which include false christs, wars, famines and earthquakes [24:4-8]. The beginning of the "birth pangs" will be followed by persecution and hatred of the true disciples, an increase in wickedness and "cold love" and the end coming once the gospel has been preached "...in the whole world as a testimony to all nations..." [24:9-14]. When "the abomination that causes desolation" is seen standing in the holy place, the people are to flee. At this time false christs and prophets will arise but they will be unsuccessful in deceiving the elect with their miracles and signs. The Son of Man's coming will be visible to the entire world and will be accompanied with signs in the heavens. The angels will gather the elect. It will be apparent when this things are about to occur because of the signs that will proceed them, just like a fig tree when ready to bear figs [24:15-35]. But the exact timing is unknown to all except the Father [24:36-41]. Since the exact time isn't known, the disciples are encouraged to be watchful - this is emphasized with a parable delineating the differences between wise servants who obey their master's instructions during his absence and those who become lazy because the master appears to delay his coming [24:42-51]. The theme of watchfulness is further highlighted by the Parable of the Ten Virgins [25:1-13]. Obedience is emphasized in the Parable of the Talents [25:14-30]. The Sheep and the Goats promise and accounting at the end [25:31-46].

Ptolemies

Took over Egypt and Palestine

What flaws in thinking did Gnosticism lead to?

Two aberrations arose out of Gnosticism: 1. The body must be subjugated through self denial, through which virtues are obtained leading to salvation. In essence this was an extreme form of asceticism. 2. At the other extreme libertinism taught that since the body is evil, one can do whatever one wants because at death the body of matter, which is evil, will be done away with.

Characteristics of the Zealots

Zealots: They originated during the reign of Herod the Great ca 6 BC and ceased to exist in 73 AD at Masada. 1. They opposed payment of tribute for taxes to a pagan emperor, saying that allegiance was due only to God. 2. They held a fierce loyalty to the Jewish traditions. 3. They were opposed to the use of the Greek language in Palestine. 4. They prophesied the coming of the time of salvation.

It is said that John presents seven "signs" that Jesus did and seven "I am" statements of Jesus. Name a few of each and give their significance.

a) Signs (see 2-11) 1. ch 2 - water turned into wine - this is the first sign Jesus' performed demonstrating his power 2. ch 4 - Jesus heals the Capernaum official's son - this is the second sign Jesus' performed (also in Cana of Galilee) and after this sign the official and his household believed in Jesus. 3. ch 5 - Jesus heals the invalid at the Pool of Bethesda - this miracle prompts the first recorded persecution / opposition of Jesus by the Jews and the discourse where Jesus states that he and the Father are one and that whoever hears his words and believes has crossed over from death to life (real life). 4. ch 6 - Jesus feeds the 5,000 - this miracles leads into the Bread of Life discourse 5. ch 9 - Jesus heals the man born blind (wash in the Pool of Siloam) - Jesus openly tells the man that he is the Son of Man 6. ch 11- raising of Lazarus - this prompts the Pharisees and chief priests to seek Jesus' death 7. ch 21 - another catch of fish (post-resurrection) - after this haul of fish the disciples recognize that it was Jesus who told them to throw their net on the right side of the boat b) The "I AMs" (see 6-15) 1. 6:35 "I am the bread of life." 2. 8:12 "I am the light of the world." 3. 10:7 "I am the gate for the sheep." 4. 10:11 "I am the good shepherd." 5. 11:25 "I am the resurrection and the life." 6. 14:6 "I am the way, the truth and the life." 7. 15:1 "I am the true vine."

Explain John 7:53-8:11

a) Text The earliest manuscripts and many other ancient witnesses do not have this section of John's Gospel. b) Woman The text says that the woman was caught in the act of adultery; however, the man engaging in adultery with her was not brought. c) Accusers These individuals where attempting to use this scenario in order to trap Jesus, according to 8:6. The Romans did not allow Jews to carry out death sentences. If he had said to stone her, he would have been in conflict with the Romans. If he had said not to stone her, he could have been accused of being unsupportive of the Law. The fact that they brought the woman to Jesus publicly illustrates how much they wished to humiliate her; she could have been brought to Jesus in private. Additionally, the lack of the adultery partner demonstrates further that this was a set up. They weren't interested in upholding the law - just in finding a way to accuse Jesus.

The "upper room discourse" is John's longest discourse. Note especially:

a) The foot-washing (13); Jesus states that he does this to give them an example (vs 15). Servants are not greater than their masters. b) The Comforter and His comfort (14-16); Jesus will ask his Father to send the disciples "another Comforter" (14:15). He is the Holy Spirit and will teach them all things and remind them of everything that Jesus taught (14:26). It is for the disciples' good that Jesus go away so that the Counselor can come (16:7). He will convict the world of sin (16:8) and lead the disciples into all truth (16:13). c) The True Vine and the branches (15); d) The High Priestly Prayer (17), with its 3 points of focus. In this prayer Jesus prays for himself, his disciples, and for those that will believe in the future.

Matthew's first discourse

a) chapters 5-7 This part of Matthew is known as the "Sermon on the Mount". It contains three types of material: (1) beatitudes or "declarations of blessedness" [5:1-12], (2) ethical admonitions [5:13-20; 6:1-7:23] and (3) contrasts between Jesus' ethical teaching and the Jewish legal traditions [5:21-48]. The sermon ends with a short parable (The Wise and Foolish Builders) which stresses the importance of practicing what has just been taught [7:24-27] and an expression of amazement by the crowds at the authority with which Jesus spoke [7:28-29].

Matthew's second discourse

b) chapter 10 This part of Matthew is Jesus' commissioning of the 12 disciples as apostles. He begins by giving them authority over evil spirits and to heal and names those sent [10:1-4]. Next Jesus gives them specific instructions while they are gone such as where to go, what to say, and what to do (if accepted or rejected) [10:5-16]. Despite being sent by him, they will suffer but God will use the suffering as an opportunity for them to be witnesses [10:17-20]. Being a disciple will not only bring suffering at the hands of others, but even division with those the disciples are closest to [10:21-25]. Despite suffering he admonishes them not to fear [10:26-31] and promises his acknowledgement of them before the Father for their faithfulness [10:32-33]. The final part of the discourse concludes with a further emphasis on the division Christ brings [10:34-36], the cost of following Christ [10:37-39] and the promise of reward to those who do receive them [10:40-42].

Christ's Year of Inauguration

baptism, temptation, first miracle at Cana (John), cleaning the Temple (John), Jesus and Nicodemus in Jerusalem (John), Jesus talks to the Samaritan woman (John), Jesus heals a nobleman's son (John), the people of Jesus hometown try to kill him (Luke)

Matthew's third discourse

c) chapter 13 The third of Matthew's five discourses is a series of parables that describe what the kingdom of heaven is like (the Parable of the Sower, with explanation; the Parable of the Weeds; the Parable of the Mustard Seed; the Parable of the Yeast, which explanation; the Parable of the Hidden Treasure, the Parable of the Pearl and the Parable of the Net).

Christ's Year of Popularity

early Galilean ministry; 4 fisherman become followers, Jesus heals Peter's mother in law, Jesus begins his first preaching trip through Galilee, Matthew's call, Jesus chooses the 12 disciples, Sermon on the Mount, sinful woman anoints Jesus (Luke), Jesus travels again through Galilee (Luke), Jesus tells parables about the kingdom, Jesus calms the storm, Jarius' daughter brought back to life, Jesus sends his 12 disciples out to preach and heal, death of John the Baptist, Jesus feeds the 5,000

Jesus after the resurrection

empty tomb, Mary Magdalene sees Jesus, appearance to disciples going to Emmaus, appearance to the 10 disciples, appearance to the 10 disciples plus Thomas (John), Jesus talks with some of his disciples (John), ascension

Who were the Gnostics?

gnosis = knowledge in Greek. The gnostics believed that all matter was evil; only the spirit world is good. In order to attain salvation, the material world must be transcended through death. However, intermediate spirits were believed to inhabit the spirit realm and they could prevent salvation's attainment.

Matthew's structure

he Gospel centers around five main discourses (Chs 5-7, Ch 10, Ch 13, Ch 18 and Chs 24-25). Each discourse is concluded with the refrain "When Jesus had finished saying these things...". The narrative sections lead up to each discourse. Chapters 1-2 are a prologue and the final chapter is an epilogue. Matthew may have modeled his approach on the structure of the Pentateuch, thus presenting the Gospel as a new Torah and Jesus as a new Moses.

Christ's Year of Opposition

ministry in Tyre / Sidon and journey to Jerusalem; Jesus walks on water, Jesus withdraws to Tyre and Sidon, Jesus feeds 4,000, Peter's confession, Jesus tells his disciples of his impending death, transfiguration, Jesus pays the Temple Tax, Jesus attends the Feast of Tabernacles (John), Jesus heals a man born blind (John), Jesus visits Mary and Martha (Luke), Jesus raises Lazarus (John), Jesus begins the journey to Jerusalem (Luke), Jesus blesses the children, Jesus talks to the rich young man, Jesus again predicts his death and resurrection, Jesus heals Bartimaeus, Jesus talks to Zacchaeus (Luke), Jesus returns to Bethany to visit Mary and Martha (John)

What happened in 515 BC?

the Jews rebuilt and dedicated the Temple in Jerusalem

Christ's Last Week

triumphal entry, curse of the fig tree, temple cleansing (Synoptics), Jesus authority questioned, teaching in the Temple, anointing at Bethany, final plot against Jesus, Last Supper, Jesus comforts the disciples (John), prayer in Gethsemane, Jesus' arrest and trial, crucifixion and death, burial