NTDT200 exam 1 clicker/practice questions

* what are the 4 main functions of the GI tract?

-ingested -digested -absorbed -excreted

* what is conclusive evidence?

-puts an end to a debate or question especially by reason of irrefutability. furnishes proof for something -peer review to determine that research has validity -findings need to be replicated

Which has a higher density for potassium? -1 small baked potato -1/2 cup mashed potatoes

1 small baked potato (bc the skin is good for you, and mash potatoes have butter/cream/etc. added to them)

* how do enzymes work in digestion?

1. starch binds to the enzyme 2. the enzyme breaks the bond between 2 glucose molecules 3. 2 starch fragments are released 4. the enzyme can now act again on another starch molecule -enzymes can catalyze chemical reactions only with specific compounds that can bind at their active site

What is the approximate length of the entire gastrointestinal tract (mouth to anus)? • 10 inches • 10 feet • 20 feet • 30 feet

30 feet

A nutrient claim is A. a declaration on food packages to indicate a possibly beneficial nutrient. B. not federally regulated. C. more specific information about what the food product contains. D. a statement on the label about how that nutrient may affect the human body's structure. E. All of the above.

A. a declaration on food packages to indicate a possibly beneficial nutrient.

What is the process of taking food or other substances into the body via the mouth? A. ingestion B. digestion C. absorption D. excretion E. consumption

A. ingestion

Whichorganproducesbile? A. liver B. gallbladder C. salivary glands D. small intestine E. pancreas

A. liver

Absorption occurs when A. nutrients and other substances are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream. B. nutrients pass from the esophagus to the stomach. C. food or other substances are taken into the body through the mouth. D. food is broken down to its smallest unit. E. food stuffs or nutrients are removed from the large intestine.

A. nutrients and other substances are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream.

An estimation of the amount of a specific nutrient contained in one serving, based on a daily intake of 2000 calories, is called A. percent daily value (%DV). B. food labeling. C. ingredients list. D. health claims. E. nutrient claims

A. percent daily value (%DV).

Which organ adds acid, enzymes, and gastric juice that grind food into a semiliquid? A. stomach B. small intestine C. mouth . D. esophagus E. large intestine

A. stomach

What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total calories? a. AI b. AMDR c. EAR d. RDA

AMDR

The name of the professional organizationof registered dietitians in the United Statesis the: American Association of Dietitians and Nutritionists. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. American College of Dietetic Professionals. National Food and Nutrition Association.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

How do we MECHANICALLY digest the food we eat? • Peristalsis • Segmentation • Mastication • All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following contain phytochemicals? • Red wine • Soymilk • Carrots • Dark chocolate • All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true with regard to a healthy diet? A healthy diet emphasizes nutrient-dense over energy-dense foods. A healthy diet provides calories and nutrients in amounts necessary to promote good health. A healthy diet is characterized by adequacy, balance, variety, and moderation. All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is NOT a message that is included in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)? a. Foods high in saturated fat, added sugars, and/or sodium typically have a low nutrient density. b. Americans are encouraged to try to meet most of the DGA recommendations. c. The DGAs focus on promoting healthy eating patterns, rather than specific foods and/or nutrients. d. Work, community, home and school environments significantly affect our ability to implement the DGAs.

Americans are encouraged to try to meet most of the DGA recommendations.

Which of the following statements regarding RDAs is true? a. It is important to consume the RDA for each nutrient every day. b. The RDA for each nutrient is essentially equal to our requirement for that nutrient. c. As someone's intake relative to the RDA decreases, that person's risk of a deficiency increases. d. If someone typically consumes less than the RDA for a nutrient, that person will develop a deficiency.

As someone's intake relative to the RDA decreases, that person's risk of a deficiency increases.

What is the primary function of the digestive system? • Transport nutrients throughout the body • Break down food into small enough compounds that can be taken up by the body

Break down food into small enough compounds that can be taken up by the body

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are based on A. survey results from typical American diets. B. common health problems in America. C. scientific evidence. D. statistical analysis of food purchases in America. E. All of the above.

C. scientific evidence.

Which of the following is NOT true of celiac disease? a. Celiac disease destroys the villi of the small intestine. b. Corn and rice are grains that can be safely consumed by those with celiac disease. c. Celiac disease primarily affects the small intestine. d. Celiac disease is caused by sensitivity to the protein gluten found in several grains.

Celiac disease primarily affects the small intestine.

Which of the following is NOT a consistent recommendation of food guides from around the world? a. Eat more plant foods. b. Minimize the intake of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats. c. Consume more milk and dairy products. d. Stay physically active.

Consume more milk and dairy products.

The physical fragmentation of foods into small particles is called A. chemical digestion. B. excretion. C. absorption. D. mechanical digestion. E. peristalsis.

D. mechanical digestion.

The digestive system includes A. organs of the GI tract. B. salivary glands. C. liver and gallbladder. D. pancreas. E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

What DRI value is used in setting the RDAs? a. AI b. AMDR c. EER d. EAR

EAR

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes? a. Enzymes are unaffected by acidic conditions. b. Enzymes that digest proteins would never digest carbohydrates. c. Enzymes are reused over and over again. d. All enzymes are proteins.

Enzymes are unaffected by acidic conditions.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of saturated fats and added sugars? a. Cheese, desserts, and sodas are significant sources of saturated fats and added sugars. b. Foods high in saturated fats and added sugars have a high energy density. c. Increasing saturated fats and added sugars in foods will reduce nutrient density. d. Fats high in saturated fat are typically liquid at room temperature.

Fats high in saturated fat are typically liquid at room temperature.

Which of the following foods is typically the LEAST nutrient-dense? a. fruit b. vegetables c. French fries d. legumes

French fries

Which of the following is NOT an explicit recommendation found in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)? a. Consume half of all grains as whole grains. b. Choose a variety of protein foods. c. Replace saturated fats with oils where possible. d. Limit the intake of added sugars to no more than 20% of calories.

Limit the intake of added sugars to no more than 20% of calories.

What is the first step in the scientific method? • Establish a hypothesis • Make an observation • Establish a theory • Conduct a pilot test

Make an observation

Which of the following statements CANNOT appear on a food label without FDA approval? a. Helps preserve healthy vision. b. May reduce arthritis pain. c. Maintains healthy blood glucose levels. d. Reduces oxidative damage.

May reduce arthritis pain.

which DRI ensures that an individual has an adequate intake of a nutrient? • RDA • EAR • AI • UL

RDA

Among the 3 experimental designs, which of the following statements is true? • Epidemiology studies are based on an intervention • Randomized clinical trials are composed of a control group and an experimental group • Epidemiology studies establish cause & effect • Both A & C

Randomized clinical trials are composed of a control group and an experimental group

Which of the following statements regarding claims on food or supplement labels is NOT true? a. Structure/function claims must always use "may" or "might" when describing the potential benefit of the product. b. A food must provide at least 10% of the DV per serving if it claims to be a good source of the nutrient. c. The word "healthy" may not be used on products that are high in fat or sodium. d. Health claims must be approved by the FDA.

Structure/function claims must always use "may" or "might" when describing the potential benefit of the product.

What kind of coffee creamer is lower in calories? • Regular • Sugar free • Fat free

Sugar free

Which of the following statements regarding the information on the nutrition facts panel is CORRECT? a. We should attempt to achieve 100% of the DV for all nutrients. b. All nutrient information is always based on the total quantity in the package. c. All nutrients listed on the nutrition facts panel will have a %DV. d. The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.

The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.

Which of the following is TRUE of transporters? a. Water is only transported across membranes by simple diffusion. b. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both require proteins to move substances across membranes. c. Facilitated diffusion is the only transport mechanism that can transport substances against a concentration gradient. d. The only transport mechanism that requires energy is active transport.

The only transport mechanism that requires energy is active transport.

What is lower in calories? • Reduced fat peanut butter • Regular peanut butter • They have the same amount of calories

They have the same amount of calories

Which DRI values should NOT be used when planning your diet? a. AMDR b. RDA c. UL d. AI

UL

which of the following is an essential nutrient that we must get through our diet? • All proteins • Water • Cholesterol • All of the above

Water

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the circulatory system and its transport of nutrients? a. Water-soluble nutrients leave the small intestine via lymph. b. Nutrients that leave the small intestine via blood are delivered first to the liver. c. Lymph empties into the blood just before the blood reaches the heart. d. Lymph is formed from fluid that is forced out of capillaries by blood pressure.

Water-soluble nutrients leave the small intestine via lymph.

Healthy People 2020 is: an ongoing government survey that collects data on the intake and eating patterns of Americans. a public school-based program that translates the DRIs into food and exercise interventions. a government-sponsored initiative that sets goals and guidelines for the health of Americans. a corporate and consumer partnership aimed at improving the healthfulness of commercial food products.

a government-sponsored initiative that sets goals and guidelines for the health of Americans.

Mrs. Treat's niece, who has always enjoyed excellent health and has never had any serious digestive illnesses, announces to the family that she has gone gluten-free and has never felt better. She urges Mrs. Treat to also go gluten-free. Should Mrs. Treat do so? a. Only if she wants to, since there is no evidence that going gluten-free is beneficial to the general population. b. Yes, if going gluten-free helps one family member it will likely help others. c. Yes, it is simply a healthier way to live. d. No, going gluten free is likely to increase her heartburn. e. No, at her age, going gluten-free is likely to create nutritional problems.

a. Only if she wants to, since there is no evidence that going gluten-free is beneficial to the general population.

Each of the six classes of nutrients: provide energy for the body. are essential for growth, development, and reproduction. are required in similar quantities by the body. can be produced by the body if dietary intake is inadequate.

are essential for growth, development, and reproduction.

Specific RDAs do NOT exist for which of the following population groups? a. athletes b. pregnant women c. various age categories d. males and females

athletes

'An analysis of her diet reveals an average daily intake of 200 grams carbohydrate, 50 grams protein, and 80 grams of fat.' What percentages of Maria's daily calories are provided by carbohydrates, protein, and fat? a. carbohydrates: 36%; protein: 32%; and fat: 32% b. carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; and fat: 42% c. carbohydrates: 56%; protein: 22%; and fat: 22% d. carbohydrates: 36%; protein: 22%; and fat: 42% e. carbohydrates: 56%; protein: 12%; and fat: 32%

b. carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; and fat: 42%

Mr. C. freely admits he enjoys food; lots of food, and mostly rich food, not necessarily "healthy" food. His lunch companion assures him that he can still enjoy food, but just needs to pick foods that deliver the most nutrients for the fewest kcalories. Such foods are termed a. nutritionally adequate. b. nutrient dense. c. homeostatic. d. glycemic controlling. e. balanced.

b. nutrient dense.

Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY describes a component of a healthy diet with its expected outcome? a. adequacy—consuming enough calories and essential nutrients b. balance—consuming equal amounts of foods from each of the food groups c. moderation—avoid consuming excess amounts of potentially harmful foods d. variety—increased likelihood of consuming a broad array of essential nutrients and phytochemicals

balance—consuming equal amounts of foods from each of the food groups

The DGAs recommend that sodium intake should: be limited to 3,000 milligrams/day for all Americans older than 2 years. be restricted to 1,500 milligrams/day for individuals at risk of high blood pressure. be balanced with overall calorie intake to prevent fluid retention. be limited only if older than 30 years.

be restricted to 1,500 milligrams/day for individuals at risk of high blood pressure.

On a nutrition label, the list of ingredients: is in alphabetical order. begins with the ingredient that comprises the highest proportion of the product's weight. begins with the ingredient with the highest caloric density. begins with any potential ingredient that might cause an allergic reaction.

begins with the ingredient that comprises the highest proportion of the product's weight.

Which of the following choices CORRECTLY identifies a food as either a prebiotic or probiotic? a. buttermilk—probiotic b. miso—prebiotic c. whole-grain rye bread—probiotic d. yogurt—prebiotic

buttermilk—probiotic

Based on the AMDR for protein, how much protein, per day, should Mr. C. consume on his 1800 kcalorie diet? a. 10-35 grams b. 20-70 grams c. 45-155 grams d. 200-290 grams e. none of the above

c. 45-155 grams

Mr. C.'s friend points out to him that the restaurant has nutritional information for each selection on the menu, so he asks the wait staff to bring the special menu with the additional details. If the nutrition information on the menu uses the same principles as the nutrition information on food labels, Mr. C. can be certain that a. carbohydrates will be broken down into simple and complex carbs. b. saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats amounts will be listed separately. c. all ingredients will be listed in descending order of predominance by weight. d. serving size will not be specified, since USDA serving sizes are assumed. e. the percent Daily Value for sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron will be listed.

c. all ingredients will be listed in descending order of predominance by weight.

There is essentially no absorption of _____ in the large intestine. a. fats b. carbohydrates c. electrolytes d. water

carbohydrates

Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting which type of diseases? a. deficiency diseases b. infectious diseases c. acute diseases d. chronic diseases

chronic diseases

During digestion, the stomach gradually ejects small amounts of semi-liquefied content called ______ into the ______. chyme; small intestine bolus; esophagus chylomicrons; colon bile; jejunum

chyme; small intestine

* how are nutrients transported through the body?

circulatory system -blood -lymphatic system

Compare the composition of Maria's diet with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). How would you characterize her intake? a. adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and adequate fat b. inadequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and adequate fat c. adequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and high fat d. adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat e. inadequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and high fat

d. adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat

The study of nutrition does NOT typically involve which one of the following activities? a. determining how food pricing affects food purchases b. determining how a nutrient is broken down and excreted from the body c. determining how diet affects the risk of disease d. determining if compounds used in food packaging enter foods

determining if compounds used in food packaging enter foods

Percent daily value (%DV) on processed food packages is: developed specifically for use on food labels. based on an average 1,800-calorie intake. the level of nutrients that should not be exceeded. established by food manufacturers.

developed specifically for use on food labels.

Current nutrition research and policy focuses primarily on: diseases of overconsumption. nutrient deficiency diseases. prevention of infectious diseases. dietary supplements and herbs.

diseases of overconsumption.

Which of these choices lists the regions of the small and large intestines in the correct order? a. jejunum, duodenum, ileum, colon, cecum, rectum. b. rectum, cecum, colon, ileum, duodenum, jejunum. c. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum. d. duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon, cecum, rectum.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum.

Food sources of prebiotics that foster growth of good bacteria in the large intestine include all of the following, EXCEPT: oats. fermented products. barley. wheat.

fermented products.

Which of the following ingredients, if added to foods in equal amounts, would have the LEAST impact on the energy density of the food? a. fruit juice b. table sugar c. sausage d. butter

fruit juice

Chemical digestion of food includes: chewing of food in the mouth. gastric acids in the stomach. peristalsis and segmentation. the incorporation of fatty acids into chylomicrons.

gastric acids in the stomach.

Emphasizing nutrient-dense foods and reducing intake of energy-dense foods while meeting overall energy needs typically results in: less dietary fiber and reduced overall volume of food intake. increased intake of dietary fat and risk of overweight and obesity. greater likelihood of achieving recommended intake of essential nutrients. dietary inadequacies that may contribute to nutrient deficiencies.

greater likelihood of achieving recommended intake of essential nutrients.

Currently, health claims that can appear on food labels: a. can guarantee that consumption of a food will reduce risk of specific diseases b. have been approved by the FDA c. can appear on any processed food even if high in saturated fat, cholesterol, or sodium d. are based exclusively on research and evidence provided by the food manufacturer

have been approved by the FDA

Currently, health claims that can appear on food labels: can guarantee that consumption of a food will reduce risk of specific diseases. have been approved by the FDA. can appear on any processed food even if high in saturated fat, cholesterol, or sodium. are based exclusively on research and evidence provided by the food manufacturer.

have been approved by the FDA.

Chemical substances that act as messengers between organs to cause the release of secretions needed for digestion and other body processes are termed: chylomicrons. lipoproteins. enzymes. hormones.

hormones.

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the digestive disorder with its description and/or cause? a. acid reflux—the pyloric sphincter relaxes and allows gastric acid into the esophagus b. hemorrhoids—the formation of pouches in the lining of the GI tract c. diverticular disease—swollen and inflamed veins in the anus and lower rectum d. inflammatory bowel disease—may cause open wounds to develop in the GI tract

inflammatory bowel disease—may cause open wounds to develop in the GI tract

A digestive disorder that affects the muscle contractions of the colon and is characterized by a group of symptoms that include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and other possible GI symptoms is termed: celiac disease. gastrointestinal reflux disease. irritable bowel syndrome. diverticular disease.

irritable bowel syndrome.

A peer-reviewed paper is one that: a. reviews and summarizes the current knowledge on a specific scientific topic. b. is reviewed by the editorial staff of the publisher. c. has been distributed to the author's colleagues for comments prior to submitting it to a journal. d. is critiqued by other scientists who publish in the same area of research.

is critiqued by other scientists who publish in the same area of research.

The focus of the RDA reference value: is to only prevent deficiency diseases due to the prevalence of undernutrition. is on nutritional supplements rather than food intake. is to provide the amounts of nutrients required to restore health after major illness. is to prevent deficiency diseases as well as reduce the risk of chronic diet-related diseases.

is to prevent deficiency diseases as well as reduce the risk of chronic diet-related diseases.

All of the following are true regarding the USDA MyPlate food guide, EXCEPT: it replaced the Food Guide Pyramid in 2011. it has an online web site to help individualize recommendations. it is designed to depict food choices across food groups at meals. it is designed specifically for use by children rather than adults.

it is designed specifically for use by children rather than adults.

All of the following are true regarding the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), EXCEPT: it represents the average amount of calories allowed for maintenance of a healthy body weight. it represents the average daily amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals. the nutrient requirement for most people is less than the RDA for individual nutrients. it cannot be established if there is insufficient evidence to generate an EAR for that nutrient.

it represents the average amount of calories allowed for maintenance of a healthy body weight.

Which of the following does NOT correctly identify a function of fluids produced by the listed organ? a. salivary glands—lubrication b. stomach—protein unfolding c. pancreas—neutralization of gastric acid d. liver—carbohydrate digestion

liver—carbohydrate digestion

Foods with a high nutrient density are those that are: a. high in both energy and essential nutrient content. b. low in both energy and essential nutrient content. c. low in energy and high in essential nutrient content. d. high in energy and low in essential nutrient content.

low in energy and high in essential nutrient content.

From inside the cells of the brush border most fats are absorbed into: blood vessels. lymph vessels. triglycerides. arterial cholesterol deposits.

lymph vessels.

Which of the following is NOT a type of FDA defined label claim? a. structure/function claims b. nutrient-content claims c. nutrient-profile claims d. health claims

nutrient-profile claims

Absorption is the process by which: excess calories are incorporated into adipose tissue. nutrients are converted into ATP. food moves from the esophagus into the stomach. nutrients pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

nutrients pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches an organ of the digestive system with one of its primary functions? a. salivary glands—produce and secrete a protease b. stomach—produces and releases amylase c. gallbladder—produces bile that aids in protein digestion d. pancreas—produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

pancreas—produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

The World Health Organization's dietary guidelines: reinforce recommendations from other countries around the world. focus exclusively on malnutrition in the form of nutrient deficiency disease. contradict the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. recommend complete avoidance of sugar and salt.

reinforce recommendations from other countries around the world.

Which region of the GI tract has villi? a. small intestine b. large intestine c. esophagus d. small and large intestines

small intestine

The majority of chemical digestion occurs in the: a. mouth. b. stomach. c. small intestine. d. large intestine.

small intestine.

The primary organ for digestion and absorption in the body is the: stomach. liver. colon. small intestine.

small intestine.

Both facilitated diffusion and active transport of nutrients into cells require: specific transport proteins. energy. transport fatty acids. enzymes.

specific transport proteins.

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is defined as: the optimal level of nutrient intake a person should consume each day. the estimate of a safe daily level of nutrient intake that should not be exceeded. the amount of excessive intake consumed from supplements and fortified foods. the level at which calorie intake exceeds expenditure.

the estimate of a safe daily level of nutrient intake that should not be exceeded.

Homeostasis can be defined as: the process of digestion, absorption, and excretion of nutrients. the interaction of nutrients resulting in reduced absorption and utilization. the maintenance of a stable, internal environment in the face of external variability. the balance and distribution of carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in the overall diet.

the maintenance of a stable, internal environment in the face of external variability.

All of the following are functions of the mouth in digestion, EXCEPT: the mechanical breakup of food. the moistening and mixing of food. the secretion of protease to begin protein digestion. the secretion of amylase to begin starch digestion.

the secretion of protease to begin protein digestion.

Which of the following does NOT need to be included on a food label? a. the amount of trans fat b. potential allergens c. the percent of fruit juice content for juices d. the specific name of all artificial colors

the specific name of all artificial colors

The majority of mechanical digestion occurs in: a. the mouth. b. the stomach. c. the small intestine. d. the large intestine.

the stomach.

All of the following are true regarding enzymes that participate in the process of digestion, EXCEPT: they are secreted by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. they speed up chemical reactions that break down food. they are changed by the chemical reactions they facilitate. they can participate in chemical reactions many times.

they are changed by the chemical reactions they facilitate.

All of the following are true regarding phytochemicals, EXCEPT: they are classified as an essential micronutrient. there are thousands of these compounds found in foods. they are linked with reduced risk of cancer. they are found primarily in plant foods.

they are classified as an essential micronutrient.

Randomized control trials encompass all of the following characteristics, EXCEPT: they are retrospective in nature and classified as epidemiological studies. they compare the effects of an intervention between experimental and control groups. they randomly assign people to receive or not receive an intervention or treatment. they may incorporate a placebo to avoid the expectation of results, or placebo effect.

they are retrospective in nature and classified as epidemiological studies.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT: they are updated every 10 years. they are science-based guidelines to promote health and reduce risk of chronic disease. they stress consumption of nutrient-dense foods. they stress balancing calories for a healthy weight.

they are updated every 10 years.

Mr. C. realizes that if he is going to eat from the salad bar, he will have to estimate portion sizes and he is not even sure what a serving size would be for the various fruits and vegetables. The 'my plate' graphic can help because it is a visual estimation of the proper proportion of dairy alternatives you should have at each meal. a. true b. false

true

Structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine are called: chyme. villi. mucosa cells. sphincters.

villi.

Which of the following are micronutrients? • Protein • Water • Vitamin C • Potassium • vitamin C & potassium

vitamin C & potassium

The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires all of the following, EXCEPT: health claims must be approved by FDA before use on food labels. listing of ingredients in a food product on the label. using a standardized Nutrition Facts Panel on food products. warning if a food product contains excessive amounts of sugar or sodium.

warning if a food product contains excessive amounts of sugar or sodium.