NTR 108 - Mastering Nutrition Chapter 1-4

influenza pnemonia

Not caused by Diet or Nutrition

stroke

The following three diseases are strongly associated with poor nutrition: heart disease, diabetes, and __________. osteoporosis leukemia multiple sclerosis stroke ☐ osteoporosis ☐ leukemia ☐ multiple sclerosis ☐ stroke

trace

The two categories of minerals are major and __________ minerals. ☐ trace ☐ solid ☐ organic ☐ minor

Healthy People 2020

______________ is a plan with goals and objectives intended to improve the health and well-being of people in the United States.

Nutrition

______________ is the science that studies food, including digestion and absorption of food, and the use of nutrients by the body.

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate? View Available Hint(s) - starch - high fructose corn syrup - fructose - All of these are correct.

all of these are correct

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate. View Available Hint(s) - True - False

false

It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells. - true - false

false

9. Most dietary ______ passes through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed.

fiber

concentrates and stores bile

gallbladder

The bolus passes through the ______ into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

gastresophageal sphincter

4. is the most abundant sugar molecule and the preferred source of energy for the brain.

glucose

8. Animals store glucose polysaccharides in the form of .

glycogen

If there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as __________. galactose fructose lactose glycogen

glycogen

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the _______________.

ileum

Chyme passes through the _______ that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

ilocecal valve

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels? gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis insulin secretion glucagon secretion

insulin secretion

The middle portion of the small intestine is called the __________________.

jejunum

Each villus contains a lymphatic vessel called a _____________ that absorbs fat-soluble nutrients into the lymph fluid.

lacteal

- irritable bowel syndrome - constipation

large intestine

Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract. - true - false

true

The finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called ______________.

villi

Which of the following foods naturally contain(s) insoluble fibers that increase the bulk of digestive material and draw water into the large intestine, keeping the stools soft and moist? - fish - dairy products, including yogurt and cheese - chicken - whole grains, cereals, and fruit

whole grains, cereals, and fruit

Which of the following foods would be most helpful in preventing diverticulosis? - honey, molasses, raw sugar - milk, cheese, yogurt - beef, poultry, eggs - whole grains, vegetables

whole grains, vegetables

Disaccharides consist of __________ molecules of sugar joined together. - 2 - 4 - 6 - 8

2

Carbohydrates provide __________ kcal of energy per gram. - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7

4

energy

Macronutrients provide __________. ☐ energy ☐ body-function regulation ☐ hydrogen ☐ toxicity

1 cup of yogurt

A one-cup equivalent in the dairy food group based on the MyPlate pattern is __________. ☐ 1 cup of yogurt ☐ 1 cup of ice cream ☐ 4 ounces of milk ☐ 1 ounce of hard cheese

100 calories

A snack of 15 grams of carbohydrates and 10 grams of protein contains __________ calories. ☐ calories ☐ 150 calories ☐ 175 calories ☐ 225 calories

3

A woman's palm is approximately the size of __________ ounces of cooked meat, chicken, or fish. ☐ 1 ☐ 3 ☐ 5 ☐ 8

lactose intolerant or have a milk allergy

According to the video, coconut milk is a good option for people who are __________. ☐ non-vegetarian ☐ obese ☐ lactose intolerant or have a milk allergy ☐ infants

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regard to the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation? Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise. Glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes. All of these statements are correct. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

All of these statements are correct.

Secreted by the pancreas, this secretion acts to neutralize acids in the chyme.

Bicarbonate

- This secretion is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. - This secretion acts to emulsify fats

Bile

Obesity

Chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are a major concern for millions of people. These conditions share several risk factors related to diet and lifestyle choices. _____________ is a risk factor for chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. ☐ osteoporosis ☐ cancer ☐ obesity ☐ pellagra

An underweight individual who is trying to gain weight.

Coconut milk contains 552 calories per cup compared to whole milk, which contains 146 calories per cup. Which person would benefit most from drinking coconut milk? ☐ An underweight individual who is trying to gain weight. ☐ An individual who is diabetic ☐ An obese individual ☐ An individual with cardiovascular disease

an individual who exercises a lot

Coconut water contains 46 calories per cup. Water does NOT contain any calories. Because of the electrolyte content of coconut water, coconut water can be beneficial for __________. ☐ a sedentary individual ☐ an individual who is obese ☐ an individual who exercises a lot ☐ an individual with cardiovascular disease

osteoporosis

Diet is thought to play a minor role in some diseases, like _____________.

Which of the following statements regarding fiber is TRUE? - The pancreas produces enzymes to digest carbohydrates, and fiber is a carbohydrate. - Bile from the gallbladder can assist in the absorption of fiber. - The mucous in the stomach can break down fiber. - Dietary fiber cannot be digested in the human digestive tract.

Dietary fiber cannot be digested in the human digestive tract.

Pellagra Scurvy

Directly Caused by a Nutrient Deficiency

Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrate digestion? - There is an enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. - The enzyme secreted in the mouth to begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates is not active in the stomach. - Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed. - Carbohydrate digestion breaks polysaccharides into smaller units.

Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

kilocalories (kcal)

Energy is measured in __________. ☐ grams ☐ kilocalories (kcal) ☐ pounds ☐ dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

produces bile

Liver

What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose? Insulin encourages the release of glucagon, which lowers blood glucose concentration. The liver stores glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations. Glucagon inhibits gluconeogenesis, which increases blood glucose.

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.

Which of the following statements regarding glucose absorption is true? - Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine. - Glucose is digested in the small intestine. - Glucose is absorbed solely through the lining of the mouth: the oral mucosa. - Glucose is absorbed mostly in the stomach.

Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine.

trustworthy

Government sources of nutritional information are usually __________. ☐ toward certain populations ☐ university-affiliated ☐ trustworthy ☐ incomplete

heart disease stroke type 2 diabetes

Has a strong nutritional component

- It incorporates both nutrition and physical activity. - It should be worked on every day. - It is considered an active process.

Health and wellness are important goals for many adults, but what exactly do these concepts mean? Choose the options below that describe the concept of wellness. Select all that apply View Available Hint(s) ☐ It incorporates both nutrition and physical activity. ☐ It should be worked on every day. ☐ It is achieved as long as a person is free from disease. ☐ It is considered an active process. ☐ It excludes nutrition since nutrition has no effect on health.

__________ plays a key role in the development of most gastric ulcers. - Helicobacter pylori - Consuming spicy foods - Stress - Escherichia coli

Helicobacter pylori

observation

If you are planning a research project, initiate the process by __________. ☐ collecting data ☐ creating a hypothesis ☐ performing an experiment ☐ observation

dietary deficiencies

In the early 20th century, nutrition research focused on preventing specific conditions related to _______________.

nutrigenomics

In the science of _____________, researchers work to understand the interaction of genes, nutrition, and health.

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar? View Available Hint(s) - potato - orange juice - white bread - Nutri-Grain cereal bar

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest carbohydrates.

Pancreatic Amylase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest lipids.

Pancreatic Lipase

Secreted by the pancreas, these enzymes act to digest proteins.

Proteases

Which of the following statements regarding absorption of monosaccharides is true? - All monosaccharides are absorbed via facilitated diffusion. - All monosaccharides require energy for absorption; therefore, they require active transport. - Monosaccharides do not require a protein carrier for transport into the blood. - Some monosaccharides are absorbed via a form of passive transport, namely facilitated diffusion.

Some monosaccharides are absorbed via a form of passive transport, namely facilitated diffusion.

- secretes hydrochloric acid - (HCl)secretes the hormone gastrin

Stomach

What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal? - The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin. - The beta cells of the pancreas release glucagon. - The alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon. - The alpha cells of the pancreas release insulin.

The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin.

welness

Those who actively make choices to improve their health and quality of life, such as eating right and exercising, are practicing _____________.

clinical trials

To determine the effect of an intervention on health, the best research method is __________. ☐ survey studies ☐ clinical trials ☐ case studies ☐ case control studies

The acute condition of diverticulitis often requires a low fiber diet until the lining of the colon heals. - True - False

True

one that provides the highest level of nutrients for the least calories

Which of the following best describes a nutrient-dense food? ☐ one that packs a large number of calories ☐ a food that is high in sodium and saturated fat ☐ a food that is high in a specific ingredient ☐ one that provides the highest level of nutrients for the least calories

nutritionist

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered a reliable source of nutrition information? ☐ government agencies ☐ nutritionist ☐ registered dietitian ☐ Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Cocounut oil

Which of the following oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat? ☐ Canola oil ☐ Palm oil ☐ Coconut oil ☐ Olive oil

In 2010, more than 10 states had an obesity rate above 30%.

Which of the following statements is true about obesity trends in the United States? ☐ In 1994, most states had an obesity rate below 10%. ☐ In 1994, more than 10 states had an obesity rate above 25%. ☐ In 2010, more than 10 states had an obesity rate above 30%. ☐ In 2010, most states had an obesity rate below 25%.

carbohydrates

Whole grains, vegetables, and fruits are primary sources of __________. ☐ amino acids ☐ proteins ☐ carbohydrates ☐ fats

fortification

____________ has helped eradicate most cases of deficiency diseases in the United States.

Chronic diseases Type 2 diabetes

______________ include conditions like ______________, stroke, heart disease, and certain forms of cancer.

When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called _____ to break up the large fat globules.

bile

The collective term for the carpet of microvilli that covers the enterocytes of the small intestine is the ______________.

brush border

The tiny blood vessels located in each villus that absorb water-soluble nutrients into the bloodstream are ___________.

capillaries

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption? - ulcerative colitis - gastroenteritis - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - celiac disease

celiac disease

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the ___________, the villi, and the microvilli.

circular folds

5. are a category of nutrient compounds consisting of long chains of sugar molecules.

complex carbs

3. consist of two molecules of sugar joined together.

disaccharides

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of this type of carbohydrate. - starches - monosaccharides - polysaccharides - disaccharides

disaccharides

The first section of small intestine, receiving chyme from the stomach, is called the _____________.

duodenum

To reduce symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), patients are counseled to __________. - lie down after meals - eat citrus fruits - drink wine with dinner - eat small meals

eat small meals

The absorptive cells that line the wall of the intestine are called _____________.

enterocytes

Without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called the _______ , food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

The bolus slides down this tube, called the _______ , which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

heartburn

esophagus

Bile is produced by the __________. - stomach - gallbladder - pancreas - liver

liver

The __________ is responsible for regulating nutrients in the blood after absorption. - gallbladder - enteric nervous system (ENS) - liver - colon

liver

During ______ , teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

mastication

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an enterocyte and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called ________________.

microvilli

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar? View Available Hint(s) - milk - white bread - soda pop - Nutri-Grain cereal bar

milk

2. are a category of single sugar molecules that are absorbed easily in the small intestine.

monosaccharides

The body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates? - disaccharides - polysaccharides - monosaccharides - oligosaccharides

monosaccharides

lipase amylase

more than one organ

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and __________. - iron - oxygen - nitrogen - calcium

oxygen

- produces pancreatic - lipaseproduces insulin

pancreas

This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the __________ .

pancreas

ppancreatic proteases

pancreas

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called _____ , which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

peristalsis

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar? View Available Hint(s) - fruit filling - rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats - milk powder - enriched white flour

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

The secretions called _____ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

saliva

What is the first enzyme that starts to digest food? - Pancreatic amylase - Proteases - Intrinsic factor - Salivary amylase

salivary amylase

1. are a category of sugars that contain either one or two molecules.

simple carbs

celiac disease

small intestine

7. Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of .

starch

Which of the following organs plays a role in mechanical digestion by churning food into chyme? - stomach - small intestine - mouth - esophagus

stomach

gastric ulcer

stomach

pepsin

stomach

6. is a type of simple carbohydrate composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

sucrose