NTR 555 Exam 2 Review

A highly concentrated carbohydrate drink will impair carbohydrate absorption and thus carbohydrate delivery to the working muscle. Select one: True False

False

Allergy is a form of infectious illness that causes a hypersensitivity of the immune system. Select one: True False

False

In a trained athlete who regularly trains in hot weather, the electrolyte composition of sweat is isotonic to plasma. Select one: True False

False

Probiotics are dead or inactivated bacteria that when ingested in sufficient amounts can stimulate the gut-associated immune system. Select one: True False

False

Vitamin D is required for the production of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) but does not influence respiratory infection risk in athletes. Select one: True False

False

According to a recent meta-analysis paper, as a whole, muscle strength, both in the lower and upper body, falls by 2.5% with hypohydration. Select one: True False

True

Binge drinking of alcohol depresses immune function for several hours. Select one: True False

True

During exercise in the heat, the opening up of the skin blood vessels reduces the proportion of the cardiac output available to the working muscles. Select one: True False

True

What data can be used to diagnose a vitamin deficiency? Select one or more: a. Change in activity of an enzyme that requires the vitamin as a cofactor when excess vitamin is added to the in vitro assay. b. Comparison of vitamin intake in a diet record to RDA or EAR. c. Concentration of the vitamin in a blood or plasma sample. d. Activity of an enzyme that requires the vitamin as a cofactor.

a. Change in activity of an enzyme that requires the vitamin as a cofactor when excess vitamin is added to the in vitro assay. b. Comparison of vitamin intake in a diet record to RDA or EAR. c. Concentration of the vitamin in a blood or plasma sample.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be true? Select one: a. Vitamin C supplementation will prevent infection with cold viruses. b. A daily multivitamin and mineral supplement is advisable for athletes on a restricted dietary intake. c. Prolonged high intakes of vitamin C might result in diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. d. Excess water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine, so have lower risk of toxicity than fat-soluble vitamins. e. Vitamin and mineral supplementation is not necessary for most athletes consuming a normal varied and balanced diet.

a. Vitamin C supplementation will prevent infection with cold viruses.

The natural dietary source that is most rich in vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is ... Select one: a. meat. b. a Snickers bar. c. broccoli. d. the new impossible burger. e. whole grain bakery product.

a. meat.

Which of the following is not a role of sodium in a sports drink? Select one: a. to reduce hyperthermia b. to increase palatability c. to maintain thirst (and therefore promote drinking) d. to increase retention of fluid e. to prevent hyponatremia

a. to reduce hyperthermia

According to Peters et al. (1993) as described in the Jeukendrup and Gleeson textbook, which vitamin supplement resulted in athletes self-reporting a lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections following an ultramarathon? Select one: a. vitamin C b. vitamin E c. vitamin D d. B-complex e. vitamin A

a. vitamin C

Anemia is LEAST likely to be caused by a deficiency of... Select one: a. vitamin D b. iron c. vitamin B12 d. folic acid

a. vitamin D

Water turnover in a normal, inactive person is around Select one: a. 1.1 L/day b. 2.2 L/day c. 4.4 L/day d. 5.5 L/day

b. 2.2 L/day

Which of the following statements is the most applicable correct notice for physically active people? Select one: a. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin, therefore excreted in sweat. b. Vitamin D losses through sweat probably does not impact the tissue balance for this nutrient. c. Vitamin K is water soluble, therefore excreted in sweat. d. Vitamin C losses through sweat can be substantial.

b. Vitamin D losses through sweat probably does not impact the tissue balance for this nutrient.

Multiple B vitamins are needed for the catabolic reactions of that release usable energy as ATP or equivalents from Select one or more: a. reactive oxygen species b. amino acids c. monosaccharides d. fatty acids

b. amino acids c. monosaccharides d. fatty acids

Which of the following hormones is thought to depress immune cell functions during and after exercise? Select one: a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. vasopressin d. insulin e. testosterone

b. cortisol

Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise may benefit immunity by ... Select one: a. sparing glycogen in white blood cells. b. maintaining blood glucose and attenuating stress hormones. c. inhibiting viral replication. d. decreasing reliance on fat. e. increasing levels of insulin and epinephrine.

b. maintaining blood glucose and attenuating stress hormones.

Which cell type is of particular importance in humoral immunity? Select one: a. NK cell b. monocyte c. B-cell d. T-cell

c. B-cell

Iron can be characterized by ALL of the following statement EXCEPT: Select one: a. Anemia, which is common in athletes, will reduce maximal oxygen uptake. b. About one-fourth (1,000 mg) of the total-body iron content in adult males is in storage. c. Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron. d. Iron is essential for both oxygen transport and utilization. e. Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes.

c. Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron.

One of the more important roles of thiamin in energy yielding metabolic pathways is as a component of the _____________ enzyme complex. Select one: a. fatty acid synthase b. beta-oxidation c. Pyruvate decarboxylase d. proton-transporting ATP synthase

c. Pyruvate decarboxylase

Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to lead to dehydration? Select one: a. Krystal works 10 hour shifts in a warm class 3 clean room in a pharmaceutical lab where food and drink are not allowed, so her water or water and electrolyte intake does not equal output during the shift. b. Boots is a 9-year old on a soccer team in Florida. Her coach allows water breaks during practice only if a majority of the players claim they are thirsty. c. Sally is uncomfortable when she is thirsty, so she consumes 32 ounces of Gatorade before her 5-K road race on a cool fall day and stops at every water stop for only 4 ounce of water. d. Cecil is an 85 old old nursing home patient with impairments in renal-concentrating, sodium-conserving ability, and thirst, and often must limit fluid intake.

c. Sally is uncomfortable when she is thirsty, so she consumes 32 ounces of Gatorade before her 5-K road race on a cool fall day and stops at every water stop for only 4 ounce of water.

The hormone that is chiefly responsible for the adaptation of sweat rate for improved thermoregulation is... Select one: a. thyroxin. b. antidiuretic hormone. c. aldosterone. d. glucagon.

c. aldosterone.

Which of the following conditions in female athletes is LEAST likely to be associated with increased risk of early osteoporosis? Select one: a. low levels of body fat b. insufficient calcium intake c. chronically high plasma estrogen levels d. low energy intake e. absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)

c. chronically high plasma estrogen levels

The primary effect of high circulating levels of vasopressin (ADH) on urine production is to Select one: a. increase the sodium excreted b. increase the volume c. decrease the volume d. decrease the sodium excreted

c. decrease the volume

Which of the following is not a key function of a monocyte or macrophage? Select one: a. phagocytosis b. respiratory (oxidative) burst c. degranulation d. antigen presentation

c. degranulation

Which amino acid is extremely important for optimal immune function and exhibits reduced plasma concentration during heavy training? Select one: a. leucine b. lysine c. glutamine d. isoleucine e. tyrosine

c. glutamine

The best marker of vitamin D status is the blood plasma concentration of ... Select one: a. 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol). b. 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D2. c. ionized calcium. d. 25 hydroxy vitamin D (calcidiol).

d. 25 hydroxy vitamin D (calcidiol).

In most adults, water accounts for _________ of body mass. Select one: a. 20% to 30% b. 30% to 40% c. 40% to 50% d. 50% to 60% e. 70% to 80%

d. 50% to 60%

The main class of circulating immunoglobulin in the bloodstream is ... Select one: a. IgM b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgA

d. IgG

Magnesium deficiency in both humans and animals is associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, including ALL of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. structural damage to muscle fibers and organelles. b. cramps. c. muscle weakness. d. acute diarrhea.

d. acute diarrhea.

In which of the following ways does exercise training not improve thermoregulation? Select one: a. increase in sweat rate (increased sensitivity of the relationship between sweat rate and core temperature) b. increase in the size of sweat glands c. increase in blood volume d. increase in core temperature threshold that causes central fatigue e. increase in capacity for skin blood flow

d. increase in core temperature threshold that causes central fatigue

Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants prevent oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ALL of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. intercepting ROS attack by scavenging the reactive metabolites and converting them to less-reactive molecules. b. providing a favorable environment for the effective functioning of other antioxidants. c. reducing ROS formation. d. shutting down the leakage of free electron from the respiratory enzyme chain involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. e. binding metal ion catalysts, such as copper and iron, to prevent initiation of free-radical reactions.

d. shutting down the leakage of free electron from the respiratory enzyme chain involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.

In Which of the following group of micronutrients do all compounds have role as part of an antioxidant function? Select one: a. niacin, vitamin D, copper, magnesium b. thiamin, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron c. riboflavin, vitamin A, zinc, potassium d. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc e. sodium, vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc

d. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc

A male athlete weighed 74 kg just before a training session and 73 kg after a 1-hour session. The athlete drank 500 ml of a sports drink during the session. What was his sweat rate? Select one: a. 250 ml/h b. 500 ml/h c. 750 ml/h d. 1,000 ml/h e. 1,500 ml/h

e. 1,500 ml/h

Which of the following minerals is LEAST important for maintenance of normal immune function? Select one: a. zinc b. copper c. iron d. selenium e. sodium

e. sodium