NTRI Chapter 7: Energy Balance and Weight Control

Andy weighs 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:

(220 lbs x 703)/(72'' x 72'') = 29.8, round up to 30. About 30 BMI

Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective? - A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week - You must never eat foods with added sugars - Learn to ignore the body's cues for hunger and have willpower to avoid cravings - Dietary supplements are critical component of any weight-loss program

- A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients.

- Absorption - Processing - Digestion

Which component of energy expenditure encompasses fidgeting and shivering?

- Adaptive thermogenesis

Identify the characteristics of a person with a thrifty metabolism.

- Built-in safeguard against starvation - Body requires fewer calories/day - Stores fat more readily

Describe the behavior modification techniques: - Chain-breaking - Stimulus control - Cognitive restructuring - Contingency management - Self-monitoring

- Chain-breaking: Separates behaviors that tend to occur together - Stimulus control: Puts us in charge of temptations - Cognitive restructuring: Changes our frame of mind - Contingency management: Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating - Self-monitoring: Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating

Which of the following may cause a person to become underweight? - Chemotherapy for treatment of cancer - A disease that damages the small intestine - Excessive dieting - Underactive thyroid

- Chemotherapy for treatment of cancer - A disease that damages the small intestine - Excessive dieting

Select the most reliable treatments for the condition of overweight or obesity: - Decreased calorie intake - Fasting for weight loss - Behavior modification - Increased physical activity

- Decreased calorie intake - Behavior modification - Increased physical activity

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism:

- Dieting - Low calorie intake - Loss of lean tissue

Which of the following are strategies that could help a person control hunger between meals and snacks? - Eat meals and snacks more slowly - Include lean protein in meals and snacks - Consume foods with high glycemic index - Consume foods high in fiber and water

- Eat meals and snacks more slowly - Include lean protein in meals and snacks - Consume foods high in fiber and water

Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include...

- Excess weight gain during pregnancy - Childhood obesity - Periods of stress and boredom

Weight related conditions that indicate a need to lose weight include:

- High blood glucose - Obesity - Hypertension

The Set Point Theory of weight management proposes that...

- Humans have a genetically predetermined body weight - The body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content - Humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content

A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would....

- Incorporate 60-90 minutes of physical activity per day - Also include behavior modification strategies, such as self-monitoring of diet and exercise - Also include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake

Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of...

- Lean muscle mass depletion - Water loss

Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery include...

- Less likelihood of overeating - Reduced blood pressure - Improvements in blood sugar levels

What factors increase a person's risk for upper-body obesity?

- Male hormone testosterone - Smoking

Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.

- Metabolism - Physical activity - Digestion

What are is the chance of obesity given the following risk factors: - No obese parents - One obese parent - Both parents are obese

- No obese parents: 10% - One obese parent: 40% - Both parents are obese: 80%

Lower-body obesity is also termed ____ obesity.

- Pear shape - Gynoid - Female pattern

Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during...

- Pregnancy - Infancy - Childhood

The health problems associated with being underweight include:

- Pregnancy complications - Low bone mass - Slow recovery after illness - Loss of menstrual function - Complications with surgery

The factors that help one to maintain an appropriate height/weight value include which of these? - Regularly eating a healthy diet - Eating a favorite meal every day - Learning to follow the body's hunger cues - Remaining physically active

- Regularly eating a healthy diet - Learning to follow the body's hunger cues - Remaining physically active

The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain...

- Reproductive function - Estrogen production

Which of the following is a surgical method of inducing weight loss that involves reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing of the small intestine? - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass - Vertical-banded gastroplasty - LAP-BAND - VLCD

- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

The health problems associated with excess body fat include:

- Surgical risks - Liver damage - Bone and joint disorders

What are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day?

- Thermic effect of food - Physical activity - Basal metabolism

List the BMI categories for their classifications: - Underweight = - Healthy weight = - Overweight = - Obesity =

- Underweight = Less than 18 - Healthy weight = 18.5 - 24.9 - Overweight = Between 25 and 29.9 - Obesity = Greater or equal to 30

Which of the following are true about the adjustable gastric banding technique of bariatric surgery? -A hollow gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the passage of food into the stomach - It works by inducing malabsorption of nutrients by the small intestine -It is a restrictive procedure -The procedure involves the opening from the esophagus to stomach

-A hollow gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the passage of food into the stomach -It is a restrictive procedure -The procedure involves the opening from the esophagus to stomach

Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula? - Weight (WT) - Percent body fat - Height (HT) - Age

-EER = Estimated Energy Requirement -AGE = age in years -PA = physical activity estimate -WT = weight in kilograms (pounds/2.2) -HT = height in meters (inches/39.4)

Order the following steps of the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry from the initial step (1) onward.

1. Initial temperature of a layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measured 2. Body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temperature of the water surrounding the chamber 3. Difference between initial and final water temperature is used to determine energy expenditure

Order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods. - Fat - Carbohydrates - Protein

1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates 3. Fat

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?

15-35%

Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds ____ inches.

40

____ is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.

BMI

The term such as chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring and self-monitoring are components of ____ modification.

Behavior

Three key components of a sound weight-loss program are control of calorie intake, increased physical activity, and...

Behavior modification

Direct calorimetry measures the amount of...

Body heat released by a person

Choose the factor that does not increase basal metabolism:

Dieting

True or False: Obesity decreases a person's risk for premature death.

False

True or False: Successful, sustainable weight loss is simple: just reduce calorie intake.

False

The conventional "3500-kcal rule" was based on the amount of energy stored in one pound of...

Fat

The energy needs of the body are met by...

Food intake

Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.

Greater than

What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?

Hypothalamus

Increases in lean body mass will ____ basal metabolic rate.

Increase

Orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. Name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.

Lipase

Surgical removal of fat tissue is termed...

Lipectomy

Treatment for overweight and obesity should involve healthy, active living with acceptable diet modifications that will promote weight ____ and later, weight ____.

Loss; Maintenance

What factor decreases basal metabolism?

Low calorie intake

The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the ____ approach.

Low-fat, High fiber

In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ____ energy balance.

Negative

Valerie expends 2200 calories and consumes 2000 calories per day. What is her net energy over time?

Negative

When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance.

Negative

The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of ____, now considered an epidemic in the United States.

Obesity

The weight-loss medications currently approved by the FDA for long-term use are...

Orlistat

Direct methods of calorimetry measure heat production, whereas indirect calorimetry measures...

Oxygen consumption

The ____ metabolic rate is calculated instead of basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.

Resting

True or False: Health history and lifestyle should be major contributions when establishing a healthy weight for a person.

True

True or False: Poverty in the United States is associated with obesity.

True

True or False: The Set Point Theory of weight management proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body-fat content.

True

True or False: The location of fat storage is strongly influenced by genetics.

True

The contiguous gain and loss cycle of dieting is called...

Yo-yo dieting