NUFS Ch 7

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Identify a key component of the immune system.

Antibody proteins

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

The RDA for protein would be higher

in highly trained athletes. during recovery from illness or injury.

Which of the following diseases is most likely to result from a severe protein deficit accompanied by an illness or infection?

kwashiorkor

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

North Americans consume ______ protein from animal sources in comparison to people from other countries.

more

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

proteins

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins.

During periods of mental stress, physical labor, and routine weekend sport, a person's protein needs ______.

remain unchanged

Both animal proteins and human tissue have a _____ amino acid composition.

similar

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

-Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. -Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions. -Proteins aid in cell synthesis.

The ____ conversion of protein to amino acids takes place in the small intestine.

final

What will happen if the DNA code contains errors?

-Ribosomes will read the incorrect message. -Incorrect mRNA will be produced. -The polypeptide chain will be incorrect.

An essential amino acid

-cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts. -must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur.

Each three nucleotide unit or codon ______.

-codes for a specific amino acid -is made of DNA

Whenever Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stomach. Suzy is most likely experiencing a

food intolerance.

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat.

The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance.

globulin albumin

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that protein intake does not exceed ___% of energy intake.

35

Proteins supply the body with about ___ kilocalories per gram.

4

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of body protein?

myosin collagen actin

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ___ code

DNA

is a double-stranded molecule in a helical form.

DNA

Jean consumes 56 grams of protein daily. The nitrogen equivalent of 60 grams of protein is measured in her urine. Jean is in a state of ___.

negative protein balance

Which one of these foods has the highest biological value?

Egg whites

Match the term with the definition. Instructions

Food allergy = Causes an immune response Food intolerance = Caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components

Most vital body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair. What is this process called?

Protein turnover

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

Proteins

The amino group is in what form in the urine?

Urea

What can cause denaturation?

agitation exposure to acid solutions exposure to alkaline solutions

The most common nutritional concerns for infants and children following vegetarian and vegan diets are:

Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Iron

Denaturation is the process of

altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein.

A carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the ___ ____

amine group

An __ ___ is composed of four elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.

amino acid

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.

amino acids

Quinoa, soy, and ______ protein are examples of plant-based proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids.

buckwheat

Amino acids that are dispensable ______.

can be made from other amino acids

If a food _______ it should allow for efficient incorporation of food-derived amino acids into body protein.

contains all 9 essential amino acids

The major sources of protein in many areas of the world, excluding North America, are

plants.

Identify the different levels of protein organization.

primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.

protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______.

protein

Final digestion of protein occurs in the

small intestine.

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid?

thyroid hormone

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients?

transferrin lipoproteins

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in ____.

urine hair feces

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

urine.

The 11 nonessential amino acids ______.

-Can be made in our bodies -Do not need to be present in the diet

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true? Select all that apply.

A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels. Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor. Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor.

Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is ______ the amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails.

equal to

Why can't indispensable amino acids be made in our body?

-Cells can't make the amino acid fast enough to meet the body's needs. -Cells cannot attach an amino group to the carbon skeleton. -Cells can't make the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.

1. Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. 2. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. 3. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. 4. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.

Egg white protein has a biological value of ___.

100

There are _____ nonessential amino acids.

11

This is a measurement of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein.

Biological value

Which population has a high prevalence of PEM?

Central America

Which of the following are the four (4) building blocks of DNA?

Cytosine Adenine Thymine Guanine

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

Help to maintain body fluid

Match the protein transporter with its function.

Hemoglobin = Carries oxygen Lipoprotein = Transports lipids Retinol-binding protein = Carries vitamin A Transferrin = Carries iron

_____ -protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High

______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following is the primary cause of marasmus?

Lack of food/nutrients

Match the type of vegetarian with the diet they would consume.

Lacto-ovo = Consumes milk and eggs Lacto = Consumes milk Vegan = Does not consume any animal products

Which of the following foods would a lacto-ovo vegetarian consume?

Milk Eggs Fruit

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negative protein balance

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

Stomach

What individuals are at risk for PEM?

Suffering from anorexia nervosa Hospitalized patients Living in poverty

Which shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary

What is the reason why energy needs may not be met in infants and children following a vegetarian or vegan diet?

They consume a diet rich in high fiber, low calorie foods that cause fullness.

When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called ______.

anergy

Proteins from ______ are considered to be a good source of all 9 essential amino acids.

animals

An amino acid without an amino group is called a

carbon skeleton.

A diet high in animal protein can increase a person's chance of developing ________.

cardiovascular disease cancer

The nucleotide units that contain instructions for protein synthesis are called ____.

codons.

Nonessential amino acids are also called

dispensable amino acids.

Diets containing excessive amounts of protein ____ provide additional health benefits.

do not

An ___ amino acid, also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, if at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs are a good source of all nine ___, or indispensable, amino acids.

essential

Quinoa and soy protein are both plant-based proteins that meet ________ amino acid needs.

essential

Indispensable amino acid is another term for a(n)

essential amino acid.

Many children with kwashiorkor developed this disease as a result of not consuming enough protein or calories. Children with kwashiorkor often consumes roots and ___, a high fiber, low protein food that fills the child up before their calorie and nutrient needs are met.

gruels or gruel

Which characteristics of gruel make it difficult to consume enough to meet energy and protein needs?

high in plant fiber low protein density

A high-protein diet can affect the kidneys by

increasing the production of urea.

Which form of PEM is characterized by edema and the development of a fatty liver?

kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

lack of nutrients. calorie deficiency.

Chronic protein-energy malnutrition results in

marasmus.

The likelihood of developing which of these diseases increases if anergy develops from a protein deficiency?

measles

The biological value of plant proteins is usually _____ that of animal proteins.

much lower than

A ___ amino acid, sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

The bond that links amino acids together to form a protein is called a ____ bond

peptide

A(n)_______ usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

protein deficiency

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from ______.

protein in body tissues stored glycogen amino acids in body tissues

The process of protein turnover involves protein _____.

rebuilding breakdown repair

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by

recycling of body protein. the diet.