Nurb 231 Unit 1

Boykin and Schoenhofer

Suggest that the purpose of the discipline and profession of nursing is to know persons and nurture them. This stems from the assumption that we RESPECT people and RESPECT what matters to them.

Holism

The whole person and incorporates the mind, body, and spirit, treat the whole person and not just the disease or what they are there fore

How do we measure caring?

Theories offer a way to explain caring

Homeostasis

is the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.

Setting up your paper APA

-1 inch margins -Font=Times New Roman or Calibri -Font Size=12 -Double Spacing

Kings-Goal Attainment

-1981 -Shows the relationship between the personal system, the interpersonal system, and society -Identify the needs of the patient to efficiently treat them, the patient needs to be a part of the decision making -Nurse patient interaction to reach the desired roll -Slide 18

What is a conceptual framework?

-A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas or concepts

Nursing as a Caring Practice

-A connection or mutual recognition with the patient -Making a difference in lives by leaving the 'self' behind

What is caring?

-A process in a relationship that assists a person to facilitate growth and actualization with him or her or another -Relationship develops over time -Sharing a deep and genuine concern about the welfare of another person

What is a phenomenon

-AN observation of an event or a circumstance

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

-Age -Diurnal variations -(circadian rhythms) -Exercise -Hormones -Stress -Environment

Factors affecting Pulse (Beats/min)

-Age -Gender -Exercise -Fever -Medications -Hypovolemia -Stress -Position changes -Age : Newborn- pulse average 130, range (80-180) Respirations average 35, range (30-80) : 1 year old - Pulse average 120, range (80-140) Respirations average 30, range (20-40) : 5-8 years old - Pulse average 100 (75-120) Respirations average 20, (15-25) : 10 years old - Pulse average 70 (50-90) Respirations average 19, (15-25) : Teen - Pulse average 75, range (50-90) Respirations average 18, range (15-20) : Adult - Pulse average 80, range 60-100 Respirations average 16, range (12-20) : Older Adult - pulse average 70, range (60-100) Respirations average 16, range (15-20)

Nursing as an Art

-Application of that knowledge -Art includes caring and intuition -Being creative, the human part of caring

References

-Author, Publication Information, Title of the work, Other Necessary Information -The word Reference(s) is centered at top of page. -Always place in alphabetical order by last name of first author listed in publication. -Authors names are listed by last name, first initial(s) then followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. -All lines after the first part of an entry are indented ½ inch, this is called a "hanging indent". -If retrieve a journal article or book from online: -First try to use the DOI number -Second can use the words Retrieved from: and then use web address. -Make sure you remove the hyperlink -Do not use a period after DOI number or web address.

What is Temperature

-Balance between heat production & heat loss from body -Measured in degrees -Core temperature -Surface temperature -Normal temperature range: -96.8º - 99.5º F -36º - 37.5º C

Nursing Roles

-Caregiver: Putting in IV, giving meds, baths, bedside -Educator: Teaching clients about discharge (should start on admission), medicines, when they have question, something new or changes, teaching every time you have contact with the client -Counselor: Therapeutic way to talk to people Ex. Helping her suicide patients -Advocate:Promotes the rights of the patient, standing up for them, at he bed side -Researcher: Working on research labs Consumer of research, pay attention to what is going on ,to read it, and think about how it might change my nursing practice Communicator Manager/leader

Jean Watson

-Caring is the essence and moral idea of nursing, we co-partner with our patient to move them towards wellness. Not only having professional objectivity but also subjectivity by finding out what they need on a more personal level.

Simone Roach

-Caring is the most common, authentic criterion of humanness. The act of caring is not isolated to the nursing practice. We are able to achieve this by being true to ourselves and honest with who we are. Page 399 -The 6 C's of caring -Compassion - Competence -Confidence - Conscience -Commitment - Comportment - looking professional

Crediting Sources in Text

-Cited in text with an author-date system. -Use the last name of the author(s) (do not include any suffixes such as Jr) and the year (do not include month) is inserted at the appropriate point. -If the author is included as part of the sentence, only include the year in parentheses: Adams (1991) stated that nursing students may suffer from volume overload. OR Nursing students may be overloaded (Adams, 1991). -When a work has two authors, cite both names each time the reference occurs in text. -If the work has 3-5 authors, cite all names the first time used then only the first author followed by et al. for subsequent references. -When multiple authors are used as part of the sentence structure, use the word "and" before the last author. -Example: -Jones, Smith, and Davis (2001) found that nursing students are high achievers. -When multiple authors are cited in parenthetical material or in the reference list, join the last name by using an ampersand (&). -Example: -Nursing students were found to be high achievers (Jones, Smith, & Davis, 2001).

Application to Nursing

-Client with an infection -Look at living conditions -Client washes hands -Assess how the wound is managed -Clean dressing? -Communication with Patient -Florence used common sense, if everything is clean then that will make everything better -She also took note on how we talk with our patient impacts their health, if they can hear you then they might not get better because too worried about you -Talk sitting in front of the patient to talk to them and at eye level, thought it was too taxing on the patient to have them rise their eyes

Recipients of Nursing

-Consumer -Patient / Client -Families -Communities -Workplaces -Schools -Parishes (churches)

Watson-Human Caring

-Deiase may be cured but healing hasn't happened if there is no caring -Caring can only be interpersonal, only between a nurse and a client -Slide 23

Measuring Blood Pressure

-Direct (Invasive Monitoring) -Indirect (auscultatory and palpatory) -Sites -Upper arm (brachial artery) -Thigh (popliteal artery)

Main Ideas of Nursing Theory

-Disease is a reparative process regulated by nature -Nurse's job is to put the patient in the best possible situation for nature to act upon him/her -Same laws of health or nursing apply to the well as to the sick -Illness prevention is basic

How is holism different from the medical model?

-Doctors care more about the science

The Four Types of Knowing

-Empirical -Factual, observable phenomena, anatomy, chemistry, concrete concepts -Personal- Seeks to engage in a relationship with the patient -Ethical- What ought to be done, it is resolving conflicting values and beliefs -Aesthetic: Art of nursing, creativity, sensitivity, now we creativity meet the needs of out patients on a more individual basis

Pulse Oximetry

-Estimates arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) -Normal SpO2 95-100%; < 70% life threatening -Detects hypoxemia before clinical signs and symptoms -Skill 29-7 -Factors that affect accuracy include: -Hemoglobin level -Circulation - vasoconstriction -Activity -Carbon monoxide poisoning -Nail polish

Transaction Process

-Feedback model -Nurse and client both have perception, judgement, and action that lead to a reaction, interaction, transaction and then if nothing is done, it starts all over -Slide 19

Florence Nightingale-Environmental Theory

-First nurse theorist (1820-1910) -Established an environment that allows a person to recover from illness -Health related to 5 important factors -Identified nursing care as uneducated, incompetent, and unreliable -Was expected to be a wife and mother -She wants allowed to go and be nurse until 1853 -Focused on the clean environment for soldiers to recover, minimized the spread of infection,. 5 factors, fresh air, clean water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and having light or direct sunlight -Also identified things such as keeping the patient warm, tracking of diseases, controlling the volume -We need to set up schools and pass down knowledge, wanted to educate nurses on these ideas -Nurses were uneducated and lower class citizens, prostitutes sentenced to be nurses -Reduced the mortality rate form 60% to 2%

Callista Roy's Adaptation Model

-Focuses on the individual and how the adapt to stimuli -Output is the behavior -Slide 21

Reference Examples

-For entire book: -Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Location: Publisher. -For a chapter in a book: -Author, A. A. (2000). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp.xx-xx). Location: Publisher. -For Journal Article -Author, A. (2000). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol(issue), pp-pp. -Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,15(3), 5-13. -Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000

Leininger-Cultural Care

-Founder of trans-cultural nursing -Strive to preserve patients culture -Make accommodations as needed -Negotiate when warranted -Repattern care to meet patient needs -Caring varies among different cultural -We make accommodations that are needed for the patient -Could be why some patients are non compliant

Delegation of vital signs

-General considerations prior to delegation -Nurse assesses to determine stability of client -Measurement is considered to be routine -Interpretation rests with the nurse

What is theory?

-Group of ideas and concepts -Give meaning and explanation to events or phenomena (event, circumstance, situation) -Set of defined concepts and relational statements that present a view/describe a phenomenon -Influenced by other theories -They influence our behavior by allowing us to think or take an different outlook on something

Role of nurse theory

-Guides knowledge development and directs education, research and practice -Research guided by mid-level theories -Evidence based practice -Theory directs our education -Had to show a unique body of knowledge before a university would let them in to become a school -we need to standardize our practice so that everyone was doing the same thing and that got passed down -Theory used to make course objectives, outline what is expect in clinic performance -In the practice setting theory lets us look at our practice to see if there is something we can do better (evidence based practice) -Screening tools used to find post partum depression, social media has a big impact on evidence based practice (if something happens to a celeb)

Title Page APA

-Has a header: -Flush left: Running head: TITLE OF PAPER - Words "Running head" only appear on title page. -Title is in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS for header. -May need to abbreviate title as should not be longer than 50 characters in the running head. -Flush right: Page Number 1 (written as 1) -Title of Paper is Centered in the top half of the paper. -Can use the 2 inch mark on paper. -Typed in both Upper Case and lower case. -Should summarize the main idea of the paper. -Your name is directly under Title, Centered. -University of Indianapolis is directly under Name, Centered.

Health Promotion Model

-Have to know -Promote health and nutrition -Reduction of tobacco or alcohol -individuals strive to control their own behavior, work to improve themselves, health professionals are at an advantage to promote changes, and self intentioned change is essential -Pender Slide 27

"Wholism"

-Health: Level of care -Environment: Resources, distribution, Stewardship -Person: Mind, Body, Spirit -Nursing: Roles and functions -All surrounded by Practice-Education-Theory-Research -Things included -Intellectual, physical, ethical, moral, spiritual, psychological, emotional, social, cultural, economic, legal, political

Watson and the Paradigm

-Human: A valued person to be cared for -Health: maintenance of daily living, absence of illness -Environment: caring is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment -Nursing: holistic care

Peplau Interpersonal Relations

-Identifies therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient -4 Phases of relationship (Orientation, Identification, Exploitation and Resolution) -Considered communication as a problem solving process -Orientation helps the patient find out the problem, the nurse talks about her role -Identification - the problem -Exploitation- where the power shifts from the nurse to the patience -Resolution: old goals are put away and new goals are set -Nurse and patient work together to find the problem

Negative Feedback

-In negative feedback if there is not enough oxygen the body will react by breathing faster or deeper and increasing the red blood cells to carry more oxygen. -Negative feedback mechanism allows the body to return to homeostasis or normal functioning.

What are concepts?

-Individual aspects of a theory. -Describe objects, portions of situations that contribute to the overall theory. -Concepts are the building blocks of theories, the thoughts or ideas. A concept creates a foundation on which a theory is based upon. - Four main nursing concepts: Person, Health, Environment, and Nursing

Temperature: Lifespan Considerations

-Infants = unstable, newborns must be kept warm to prevent hypothermia, axially temperature preferred -Children = Tympanic or temporal artery sites preferred -Elderly = Tender to be lower than that of a middle aged adult

Blood Pressure: Lifespan Considerations

-Infants: Arm and thigh pressure are equivalent under 1 year of age -Children: Thigh pressure is 10 mmhg higher than arm -Elderly: Client's medication may affect how pressure is taken

Pulse: Lifespan Considerations

-Infants: Newborns may have heart murmurs that are not pathological -Children: The apex of the heart is normally located in the fourth intercostal space in young children; fifth interconstal space in children 7 years old and older -Elderly: Often have decreased peripheral circulation

Respirations: Lifespan Considerations

-Infants: Some newborns display "periodic Breathing" -Children: Diaphragmatic breathers -Elderly: Anatomic and physiologic changes cause respiratory system to be less efficient

Dimensions of Holism

-Intellectual (theories) -Physical -Ethical (hard decisions) -Spiritual -Economical (can be a stressor)

Rogers-Science of Unitary Human Being

-Irreducible -Dynamic energy fields -Interacts continuously -A person is an irreducible whole and it can not be broken down -Dynamic energy fields that go back and forth between nurses and patients -Patients can not be taken away from their environment they must be taken into account -Health and wellness are on a continuum and that you just go back and forth

Science of Nursing

-Knowledge -Evidence Based Practice -Knowing A&P, chemistry, physics, etc

Levels of preparation of Nursing

-LPN or LVN: under a RN that can do other functions like vital signs and stuff -RN -Diploma: Going through a hospital training process in order to get the RN status, but it can not be moved up -ASN: Associates degree where you can move up to get a BSN - BSN: Baccholars degree, generic, what I'm in, accelerated in order to get it done, and RN/BSN to go from one degree to the other by coming back to school to get the BSN -Masters -Advanced Practice: Clinical specialist, nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, nurse anesthetist -Education -Administration -Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) -Doctoral Preparation -PhD -Nursing, other fields, Focus is research, leadership and education -DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice) -Continuing education -In-service education -Life long learning! -Dont stop learning, after finishing school, going to conferences, reading journals, doing online models

Apical-Radial Pule

-Locate apical and radial sites -Two nurse method: -Decide on starting time -Nurse counting radial says "start" -Both count for 60 seconds -Nurse counting radial says "stop"

Henderson's Definition

-Major stepping stone in separating nursing from medicine -Similar to Nightingale in that she describes nursing in relation to the patient and the environment -Highlights the importance of nursing's independence from, and interdependence with other healthcare disciplines -Why we start discharge information from the day of admission so that discharge is not delayed -Nurses care for patients until they can care for themselves and you work towards that

Measuring Apical Pulse

-Measured when an irregular peripheral pulse is noted or to establish base like data for an evaluation -Apex of the heart, fifth intercoastial space at the midclavicular line, counts the beats for 30 seconds and x2, if it is irregular then it is taken for a whole minute PP. 492

Vital Signs

-Monitor functions of the body -Should be a thoughtful, scientific assessment -Vital Signs include: -Temperature -Pulse -Respiration -Blood Pressure -Also include: -Pain -Oxygen saturation

Nursing Care for Fever

-Monitor vital signs -Assess skin color and temperature -Monitor laboratory results for signs of dehydration or infection -Remove excess blankets when the client feels warm -Provide adequate nutrition and fluid -Measure intake and output -Reduce physical activity -Administer antipyretic as ordered -Provide oral hygiene -Provide a tepid sponge bath -Provide dry clothing and bed linens

NCLEX-RN

-National council Licensure Exam -State license: Whatever state you take the NCLEX in that's the state you are licensed in -Compact States: States that will allow you to have a license from one state but still work in that state with out getting a new license -Renewal: You have to renew your license every October of an odd year as long as you dont have any outstanding disciplinary things on your record then they will just renew it.

Classification of blood pressure

-Normal: <120/<80 -Prehypertension: 120-139 or 80-89 -Hypertension, Stage 1: 140-159 or 90-99 -Hypertension, Stage 2: >160 or >100 -To have hypertension you must have high blood pressure on two separate occasions -If it is due to an unknown cause, then it is primary HTN -If do to a known cause then it is secondary HTN -Hypotension is when is it low, blood loss, burns, meds, dehydration -Orthostatic Hypotension is when you have a sudden change in posture or if you go from sitting to standing

Benner's Stages of Nurse Development

-Novice: Right now -Advanced Beginner: When I graduate -Competent: 1-3 years -Proficient: Put more things together quicker -Expert: So good at what they do that they don't know how to tell you, make bad teachers Box 1-3 in text

First Page APA

-Number the first page 2 if not using an Abstract or 3 if using an Abstract—flush right, in header. -The running head is left justified and in all caps (ex. THE STRESS OF NURSING SCHOOL) note that Running head is not included -Type the Title of the paper at the top of this page, centered. -Indent ½ inch and begin the introduction of your paper. -Remember to left justify and double space the paper. -Each subsequent page receives a page number in the header, including the reference page.. -APA video slide 7

Florence Nightingale on what nursing is

-Nursing is "an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery." -"...to put the constitution in such a state that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from disease" -Mother of nursing

What kind of a discipline is nursing?

-Nursing is a practice discipline -Fields of study in which central focus is performance of a professional role -Nursing is a practice discipline so the main function of a theory is to provide new possibilities for understanding the disciplines practice

American Nurses Association, 2010

-Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.

When to Assess Vital Signs

-On admission -Change in client's health status -Client reports symptoms such as chest pain, feeling hot, or faint -Pre and post surgery/invasive procedure -Pre and post medication administration that could affect CV system -Pre and post nursing intervention that could affect vital signs

What is Respiration

-One respiration or breath is one inhalation and one exhalation with the average rate being 16 breaths per minute and the range being 12-20 breaths per minute

Abstract for APA

-Only use an abstract if instructed to by professor. -The word "Abstract" is centered, at the top of the page -It is the only section of the paper that is not indented. -One paragraph, 150-200 words, that is an accurate, concise summary of your paper. -The Abstract would be page number 2 if used.

Positive feedback

-Open system is one that allows inputs to enter a system, the system processes the input and then produces a feed back -If you want to increase the product (you want to increase or decrease the caloric intake) Positive feedback

Sites to measure body temperature

-Oral- common -Rectal -Axillary- preferred in newborns -Tympanic membrane -Skin/Temporal artery * For the Tympanic method in infants the pinna needs to be pulled straight back and slightly down. In children older than 3 to adults the pinna is pulled upward.

Parse with Paradigm

-Person -Open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts -Environment -Everything in the person and his experiences -Inseparable, complimentary to and evolving with -Health -Open process of being and becoming. Involves synthesis of values -Nursing -A human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to serve people

Person, Nurse, Health, Environmental

-Person or patient is the recipient of nursing care, includes the families, communities, individual -Nurse part is the actions of the nurse providing the care for the patient or the communities = giving meds, taking vital signs, if the person needs any thing related to spiritually -Health is the degree of wellness of the patient -Environmental is the external (is the house clean, wearing a seat belt) and internal environment (the mind, good nutrition)

Classifications of theory

-Philosophy: Nightingale, Henderson, Watson (is a belief system, overarching) -Nursing Model: Neuman, Ore, Rogers, Roy, King (Describes how nurses practice, tend to practice holistically) -Nursing Theory: Peplau, Leininger, Parse (Nursing theory explain a phenomenon or behavior)

What are the two ways homeostasis impacts our patients?

-Physiological and Psychological.

What do nurses do?

-Promote optimum wellness -Prevent illness -Restore Health -Care for the dying -Facilitate coping

Five Goals of Nursing Practice

-Promotion of health and wellness -Prevention of illness -Restoration of health -Facilitation of coping -Caring for the dying -According to the ANA

Nursing Care for Hypothermia

-Provide warm environment -Provide dry clothing -Apply warm blankets -Keep limbs close to body -Cover the client's scalp -Supply warm oral or intravenous fluids -Apply warming pads

What is Nursing?

-Providing care, bridge between patients and other personnel, caring, goal oriented, interacts

How can we assess or treat our patients, what needs to we have to meet in order to remain balanced?

-Psychological or emotional

What is Pulse?

-Pulse = a wave of blood created by the contraction of the heart -Reflects the heartbeat -Central pulse (apical) -Peripheral pulse -Average pulse (adult) -80 bpm -Range: 60-100 bpm

Temperature Terms

-Pyrexia/Febrile/Fever- above normal temperature -Hyperthermia- a high fever -Afebrile- no fever -Intermittent fever - alternates at regular intervals -Remittent fever - wide ranges over 24 hours, all above normal -Relapsing fever - febrile for few days, interspersed with normal temps for 1-2 days -Constant fever - always above normal -Fever spikes - rises rapidly following normal temp and then returns to normal after a few hours -Heat exhaustion - weak, nausea, dizziness, temp 101-102 -Heat stroke - warm flushed skin, temp 106, maybe delirious, seizures, unconscious

Pulse sites

-Radial: Readily accessible -Temporal: When radial pulse is not accessible -Carotid: During cardiac arrest/shock in adults. Determine circulation to the brain never press bilaterally -Apical: Infants and children up to 3 years of age. Discrepancies with radial pulse, monitor some medications: Digoxin -Brachial: Blood pressure, cardiac arrest in infants -Femoral: Cardiac arrest/shock, circulation to the leg -Popliteral: Circulation to lower leg -Posterior Tibial: Circulation to the foot, medical malleouls -Dorsalis Pedis: Circulation to the foot

Components of respiration: Respiratory Rate and Depth

-Rate -Bradypnea -Tachypnea -apnea -Rhythm -Quality/Effort -Effectiveness -Depth or Volume -Normal -Deep -Shallow

Characteristics of Pulse

-Rate -Rhythm -Volume -Arterial wall elasticity -Bilateral equality -Use distal pads of 3 middle fingers

Neuman's Systems Model

-Related to stress , reaction to stress, and how they adapt -A person has layers -How you defend your body against stress -Stressors are positive or negative -Prevention is the prime nursing intervention -Slide 20

Respiratory control mechanisms

-Respiratory centers -Medulla oblongata -Pons -Chemoreceptors -Medulla -Carotid arteries and Aorta -Both respond to O2, CO2, H+ in arterial blood

Example of Multiple Works

-Same author- different years: earliest year comes first -Smith, K. (1991) -Smith, K. (2000) -Same first author different second author -Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 629-654. -Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43. -Same author and year- differentiate by title of work. Note the suffix attached to the year to differentiate the work within the paper -Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416. -Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636- 643.

Orem-General Theory of Nursing

-Slide 17 -Based on the concept of self care, self care agency, self care needs or demands -Things we do to take care of ourselves -When we are not able to meet our self care demands, that is when we become sick- self care deficit -Wholly compensatory : when the patient is unable to control anything and the nurse has to take over the whole patient -Partly: The nurse is needed for a little bit of the things -Supportive: ones who can take care of themselves but you are checking in with them and being there for support

Headings and examples

-Slide 9 First you would do a brief introductory paragraph, summarizing what can be expected within the paper. Example shown is for a paper discussing communication techniques. Communication Interview Introductory Phase Working Phase Verbal techniques. Nonverbal techniques. Conclusion Therapeutic Use of Self

Multiple Works by the Same Author

-Sort the works by the year published, since all the author's names are the same -IF all of the works have the same first author, but different second authors then sort the references alphabetically by the second author's name -IF all works are by the same author and the same year (ex. Website information) then sort the reference list alphabetically according to the title of the work and assign a letter suffix to the year to differentiate in- text citation.

Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

-Systolic -Contraction of the ventricles -Diastolic -Ventricles are at rest -Lower pressure present at all times -Pulse Pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressures -Measured in mm Hg -Recorded as a fraction, e.g. 120/80 -Systolic = 120 and Diastolic = 80

Sounds with blood pressure

-Systolic is the first sounds you hear, a tapping sound -A swishing or whooshing sound -A thump softer than the first tapping -A softer blowing muffled sound that fades -Silence -The last sound is the diastolic -Oscillatory gap is when someone has hypertension, when the sound goes away and then comes back

What are essential components of holism in our patient care?

-The Mind: how is being in the hospital effecting her, what can I do to make anything easier, any activities you would like to do, role in the family, does she have family members here to visit her? -The body: what is her environment like at home, how is her overall health, how is her diet, is she eating, -The spirit: Are there alternative modalities, spiritual counselor visit her, is she afraid, is she dishearten?

Parse's Human Becoming Theory

-The human becoming theory posits quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of nursing practice -Three assumptions - Meaning - Rhythmicity - Transcendence -Quality of life is for the patient to describe

Hand-washing

-The most effective way to prevent infection -Use alcohol based gel before and after direct contact with someone -Steps -1.) If where you are washing your hands and the person can see you, introduce yourself, explain what you are going to do and why -2.) Turn on the water to adjust the flow -Five common types of faucets: hand-operated handles, knee levels, foot pedals, elbow controls: Move these with the elbows instead of the hands, Infrared control: motion in front of the sensor causes water to start and stop flowing automatically -Adjust the flow to warm water because warm water removes less of the protective oil from skin than hot water -3.) Wet the hands thoroughly by holding them under the running water and apply soap to the hands -Hold the hand lower than the elbows so that water flows from the arms to the fingertips. This is so that water flows from the least contaminated to the most contaminated area, the hands are generally considered more contaminated than the lower arms. -If the soap is liquid, apply 4 to 5 ml (1 tsp) if it is bar soap, gradual, or sheets, rub them firmly between hands -4.) Thoroughly wash and rise hands -Use firm, rubbing, and circular movements to wash the palm, back, and wrist of each hand. Be sure to include the hell of the hand, interlace the fingers and thumbs, and move the hands back and forth -These steps: a.) Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa. b.) Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. c.) Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked. d.) Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa. Circular motions creates friction that helps remove microorganisms mechanically. Interlacing the fingers and the thumbs cleans the interdigtial spaces -Rub the fingertips against the palm of the opposite hand, the nails and finger tips are commonly missed during hand hygiene -5.) Thoroughly pat dry the hands and arms. Dry hands and arms thoroughly without scrubbing, moist skin becomes chapped readily as does dry skin that is rubbed vigorously; chapping produces lesions. Discard the paper towel in the appropriate container -6.) Turn off the water using a paper town to grasp the hand operated control, prevents the nurse from picking up microorganisms from the faucet handles

Theory-Practice Relationship

-The relationship between theory and practice is like a conversation -Theory gives meaning to the practice -Practice is necessary for theory development. -Practice provides the arena where theories are tested and applied. -Theory gives meaning to practice and practice is nessiasry for theory development

What are the roles of a Holistic Nurse

-The roles of a holistic nurse are to honor the individual's subjective experience, (how they see it,) health, health beliefs, and values -We do this by drawing on knowledge, research, creativity, theories, intuition, and can include alternative therapies -It is important that we asses each individual and take note uniqueness -Do they practice alternative modifications of medicine? What do they value? What do they believe? -Spirituality is the drive to become all that one can be and is bound to intuition, creativity, and motivation. It is the dimension that involves the relationship with oneself, others and a higher power. It gives meaning and purpose to one's life.

How does the school of nursing view Holism?

-The school of nursing views it as the connection of each other with God, other people, and the universe

What is Blood Pressure

-The strength of your blood pushing against your blood vessels, effected by how hard the heart is pushing the blood through the blood vessels -Determinates are how much force the heart is using to pump blood through the body, if it is weak then the blood pressure is low, if there is a lot of force then it may be high. Peripheral vascular resistance includes not only how elastic the arteries are, but how wide the opening is. The viscosity of blood is also important because the thicker the blood, the harder the heart has to push it through

Virginia Henderson

-The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. -Mother of modern nursing - Am I doing this for the patient or to the patient, has a lot to do with will, what the patient would want for themselves

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-Things lower on the list must be met before the ones higher up can be met -You must have food water and warmth before you can have safety and security -Mesmerize chart

What is the function of a theory?

1. Describe = what the phenomenon is 2. Explain = how it occurs, 3. Predict = why it occurs (Fawcett, 1992 p. 3)

Who was the first holistic nurse?

Florence Nightingale