NURS 2650 Evidence-base (exam 2)
Which safeguard mechanism allows prospective participants to make reasoned decisions about their participation in a study? Privacy protections Anonymity Informed Consent Confidentiality
Informed Consent Informed consent procedures provide prospective participants with the information needed to make a reasoned and voluntary decision about whether to participate in a study. Privacy protections (which include anonymity and confidentiality procedures) do not provide relevant information to inform decisions about study participation.
The Belmont Report articulated three broad principles of ethical conduct in research with human study participants. Which of the following is not one of these principles? Justice Beneficence Respect for human dignity Informed consent
Informed consent The Belmont Report has three broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based: beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. Informed consent is not a principle—it represents a strategy to protect the rights articulated under the broad principle of "Respect for human dignity."
In a quantitative research article, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be found in which section? Method section Introduction Discussion Results section
Introduction The introduction to a research article acquaints readers with the research problem on which the study focused, including what is known from prior research. The method section describes the methods used to answer the research questions. The results section presents the findings that were obtained by analyzing the study data. In the discussion, the researcher presents conclusions about the meaning and implications of the findings.
In the context of ethical principles, what is beneficence? Researchers' obligation to protect participants' privacy Researchers' obligation to maximize benefits and minimize harms Researchers' obligation to fully disclose aspects of the research to participants Participants' right to self-determination
Researchers' obligation to maximize benefits and minimize harms Beneficence involves the requirement that researchers minimize harm and maximize benefits—often, maximizing the potential for benefits to others rather than to participants themselves. Participants' rights to full disclosure and self-determination are aspects of the broad principle of "Respect for human dignity." Privacy protections fall under the broad principle of justice.
In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. Which code of ethical standards was developed after the Nazi atrocities were made public? The Belmont Report The Nuremberg Code The Declaration of Helsinki The ICN Code of Ethics
The Nuremberg Code The Nuremberg Code, developed after Nazi atrocities were made public during the Nuremberg trials, represented an international effort to establish ethical standards. The other codes of ethical standards were developed more recently for different purposes and audiences.
With regard to a search for quantitative studies on a research question in a bibliographic database, which statement is most accurate? The best place to begin a search is to use a search engine such as Yahoo or Bing. The primary keyword to start the search typically would be the population of interest. The primary keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables. Subject searches and textword searches yield the same results.
The primary keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables. For quantitative studies, the most productive keywords are usually the independent or dependent variables (i.e., the "I," "C," and "O" of the PICO components). Searching for a specific population might limit the records retrieved too narrowly or expand it too broadly. Internet search engines such as Yahoo and Bing are not the best places to search for primary research evidence. Subject searches involve searches for citations that are specifically coded in a certain manner, and textword searches retrieve records with the designated words in their fields of text (e.g., in the abstract).
The right of research study participants to be free from harm and discomfort includes psychological harm as well as physical harm. True False .
True Protection from harm includes both physical and psychological harm. Physical harm can be an injury or accident, whereas psychological harm pertains to emotional aspects such as stress.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, an example of research with serious ethical transgressions, violated which ethical principle? Failure to conduct debriefing sessions Failure to treat participants as a vulnerable group Failure to protect participants from harm Failure to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality
Failure to protect participants from harm The Tuskegee Syphilis Study investigated the effects of syphilis among 400 poor African American men; medical treatment was deliberately withheld to study the course of the untreated disease. The study violated the ethical principle of freedom from harm. The other answers are not ethical principles—they are strategies for addressing ethical principles. In any event, there would be no need for a Certificate of Confidentiality, and (despite their illness) participants would not be considered a vulnerable group.
The acronym for the conventional organization of a research journal article is IMRAD. What does the "D" stand for? Dissemination Data analysis Design Discussion
Discussion Journal articles typically conclude with a discussion (D) of the study findings. The study design and research strategies are described in the method (M) section. Data analysis approaches are also described in the method section, but data analysis results are presented in the results section (R). Dissemination issues are rarely described in journal articles—the article itself is a form of dissemination of research evidence.
The function of an Institutional Review Board is to: oversee the humane treatment of animals in research. identify ethical dilemmas. review the ethical aspects of a study before it gets underway. authorize Certificates of Confidentiality.
review the ethical aspects of a study before it gets underway in the United States, an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is the institutional committee (e.g., a committee in a hospital or university) that reviews the adequacy of the protection of human study participants in a proposed study. IRBs do not authorize Certificates of Confidentiality (these are issued by the National Institutes of Health), or do they oversee procedures used with research animals. IRBs may, in reviewing research plans, identify ethical dilemmas, but that is not their role—their role is to ensure that, despite any dilemma, participants are adequately protected.
For a research literature review, what is a primary source? Sources such as case reports, editorials, or anecdotes A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it A description of a study written by the researchers who did the study Any reference focused primarily on the topic of interest
A description of a study written by the researchers who did the study A primary source is the original description of a study prepared by the researchers who conducted it. A secondary source is a description of the study by others—for example, in a literature review. Some references that focus on the topic of interest are not primary research sources—for example, case reports and anecdotes are not research-based and would not be considered primary sources for a literature review.
In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, the researcher would most likely initiate the search by typing which of the following into the data field? A keyword The research question An ancestor or descendant An author's name
A keyword Most searches involve undertaking a subject search, most often by inserting a keyword into the search field. You could conduct a search by entering an author's name, but this would not be a subject search. Searchers do not enter an entire research question but rather the keywords than embody key elements of the question, such as key research variables or the population. An "ancestor" or "descendant" is a previously conducted study; neither is used as entries in the search field for a bibliographic subject search.
What is a secondary source for a research literature review? Sources such as case reports, editorials, or anecdotes A description of a study written by researchers who did the study Any reference focused on the topic of interest A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it
A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it A secondary source for a research literature review is a description of the study by an individual unconnected with it. For example, a summary of a study in a literature review would be a secondary source. A primary source is the original description of a study prepared by the researcher who conducted it. A source focused on the topic of interest may be considered neither a secondary nor a primary source if the source is not a research report (e.g., an anecdote or case report).
Which of the following are examples of ethical dilemmas in conducting research? (Select all that apply.) Denying a group a potential beneficial treatment Sharing secrets and privileged information during interviews Exposing a group to a potential hazard Informing participants about what is being studied Using an intervention that has never been tested before
All answer options are examples of ethical dilemmas in conducting researcher. Researchers must develop high-quality evidence for practice while protecting human rights and avoiding conflicts of interest.
What is the first step in conducting a literature review? Extracting information from sources Specifying the keywords to use in the search Identifying the question to be addressed Selecting the bibliographic database to use
Identifying the question to be addressed Selecting the bibliographic database to use Conducting a literature review is a little bit like doing a full-fledged study: A reviewer must start with a question, such as a well-worded clinical question for EBP (Chapter 1) or a question for a new study. Selecting a bibliographic database, specifying the keywords, and extracting information from relevant studies are later steps in the literature review process.
Which of the following research questions represents correct use of the PICO format for a clinical question? For patients older than the age of 65 years, does immunization with influenza vaccine decrease the risk of contracting influenza? In patients older than the age of 65 years, how prevalent is influenza? In patients older than the age of 65 years, what is the effect of receiving influenza vaccination, in comparison to not receiving influenza vaccination, on contracting influenza? In patients older than the age of 65 years, what is the effect of receiving the influenza vaccine on contracting influenza?
In patients older than the age of 65 years, what is the effect of receiving influenza vaccination, in comparison to not receiving influenza vaccination, on contracting influenza? In patients older than the age of 65 years (P), what is the effect of receiving influenza vaccination (I) in comparison to not receiving influenza vaccination (C) on contracting influenza (O). All PICO components are present in this clinical question.
Which Boolean operator expands a search in a bibliographic database? NOT OR AND IF
OR The Boolean operator OR expands a search—either of the terms on the two sides of the "OR" must be present in the search fields of articles that are retrieved. Two other Boolean operators are AND and NOT. IF is not a Boolean operator.
In the context of health research, a situation that results in an ethical dilemma is one in which: Informed consent cannot be obtained from all study participants. Researchers knowingly violate ethical principles to achieve personal goals. Participants' rights and the demands for rigorous research are in conflict. An ethical transgression is unavoidable.
Participants' rights and the demands for rigorous research are in conflict. Ethical dilemmas arise because the codes of ethical conduct sometimes constrain the researchers' ability to undertake a study rigorously, pitting the benefits of new research evidence against the well-being of study participants. Ethical dilemmas are usually resolved by using less rigorous methods, not by knowingly committing ethical transgressions. Problems with obtaining informed consent do not create ethical dilemmas. Violating ethical principles to achieve personal goals is not an ethical dilemma—it is an ethical transgression.
Which group would be considered vulnerable for research purposes, according to conventional guidelines? Members of a senior citizens group Pediatric patients Women hospitalized for a mastectomy People who do not speak English
Pediatric patients Vulnerable groups include people who are incapable of giving fully informed consent, such as young children (pediatric patients). Women hospitalized for a mastectomy, members of a senior citizens group, or people who do not speak English would not be considered vulnerable groups.
Which is the term used to refer to an objective assessment of a study's strengths and limitations? Statistical testing Evidence-based practice Research appraisal Literature review
Research appraisal A research appraisal is an objective assessment of a research study's strengths and limitations. Comprehensive appraisals are often undertaken by peer reviewers who assess the merits of both the research and the report and make decisions about the publication of an article. When research evidence is being assessed for use in nursing practice, the term critical appraisal is often used instead of critique. An assessment of a study's strengths and weaknesses is not called evidence-based practice, statistical testing, or a literature review.
A research article usually undergoes a "blind" review for a journal. What does this mean? The article is published without indicating the authors' names. The journal editors do not know who submitted the article. The reviewers making recommendations about acceptance or rejection are not told who the authors are. The authors of the article do not know who the editor of the journal is.
The reviewers making recommendations about acceptance or rejection are not told who the authors are.
If a person entered "foli*" into the search field for an electronic bibliographic search, what would happen? The search would retrieve all citations that have "folic" in the text fields of records. There would be an error message. The search would turn on the mapping capabilities of the database software. The search would retrieve only citations having an author whose last name was Foli.
The search would retrieve all citations that have "folic" in the text fields of records. In electronic searches, the truncation symbol—in most cases an asterisk—expands a search term to include all forms of a root. In this example, the root is "foli," and so the search would retrieve all records with such words as folic, foliate, folio, and folinic in text fields. The search would also retrieve papers written by authors with the name "Foli," but such papers would not be the only records identified. The use of an asterisk would not result in an error message, but its use turns off mapping capabilities in some databases.
What is the safeguard mechanism by which researchers cannot link study data to specific participants? covert data collection confidentiality anonymity informed consent
anonymity Privacy can be maintained through anonymity (wherein not even researchers know participants' identities) or through formal confidentiality procedures. Formal confidentiality procedures involve a pledge to safeguard the information that participants provide, but the researcher can link participants to their data. Informed consent procedures provide prospective participants with the information needed to make a reasoned decision about participation, but they are not confidentiality procedures. Covert data collection involves collecting data without participants' awareness and is also not a confidentiality procedure.
The ethical principle of justice includes research participants' right to: protection from exploitation. fair treatment. freedom from harm. finanial compensation.
fair treatment. One aspect of justice is the right to fair treatment, which concerns the equitable distribution of benefits and disadvantages of participating in a research study.
What is the most important type of information to include in a literature review? findings from prior studies case reports from relevant clinical settings opinions from experts clinical anecdotes
findings from prior studies Findings from prior studies are the most important type of information for a research review. Anecdotes, opinions, and case reports seldom play a role in a research literature review.