NURS337 Exam 2
Blah blah blah. . . During your conversation with the patient, his granddaughter asks: "What is the overall leading cause of death in the US?" To this you reply: a. "AIDS is the overall leading cause of death in the US." b. "Heart disease is the overall leading cause of death in the US." c. "Cancer is the overall leading cause of death in the US." d. "Trauma is the overall leading cause of death in the US."
"Heart disease is the overall leading cause of death in the US."
Which individual should the nurse assess initially for a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? a. A 3-year-old female who is a fussy eater b. A 26-year-old female in the second trimester of her first pregnancy c. A 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure d. A 64-year-old male with a history of duodenal ulcers
A 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure
A 52-year-old is diagnosed with primary hypertension but has no other health problems. Present treatment would cause the nurse to anticipate administering which drug to the patient? a. A beta-adrenergic agonist b. An alpha-adrenergic agonist c. A diuretic d. A calcium channel agonist
A diuretic
All the followings are causes for secondary hypertension EXCEPT a. Renal artery stenosis b. Age c. Cushing's disease d. Pheochromocytoma e. Conn's tumor
Age
COPD leads to a barrel chest because it causes a. Pulmonary edema b. Muscle atrophy c. Prolonged inspiration d. Air trapping
Air trapping
A patient has microcytic hypochromic anemia. Which of the following pathogenic mechanisms may cause anemia in this patient a. Decreased erythrocyte life span b. Failure of mechanism of compensatory erythropoiesis c. Disturbances of the iron cycle d. All the above e. Only A & C are correct
All the above
An acute asthma attack is associated with a. Bronchoconstriction b. Bronchial mucosal edema c. Hypersecretion of mucous d. Hypoxemia e. All the above
All the above
Anemia arises due to deficiency of a. Iron b. Vitamin B12 c. Folate d. All the above e. Only A & B
All the above
It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increases the risk of a. Cerebral vascular accident (stroke) b. Renal disease/renal failure c. Ischemic heart disease d. All the above
All the above
Signs of bronchogenic carcinoma include a. Chronic cough b. Bone pain c. Weight loss d. Hoarse voice e. All the above
All the above
A 30-year-old is diagnosed with emphysema. Changes in this patient's lungs are caused by: a. Viral infections b. Destruction of alveolar macrophages c. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency d. Pneumonia
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
A 49-year-old male presents reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial? a. Administer a diuretic to decrease volume. b. Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply. c. Encourage exercise to increase heart rate. d. Give an antibiotic to decrease infection.
Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply.
A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions and is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of the disease is a. Bacteria b. Viruses c. Fungi d. Parasites
Bacteria
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? a. Begin lifestyle modifications. b. Begin antihypertensive drug therapy. c. Recheck blood pressure in 4 to 6 weeks. d. Encourage smoking cessation.
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
Which of the following is characteristics of stable angina? a. Chest pain that occurs with exertion and/or emotional stress b. Severe, crushing chest pain lasting greater than 20 minutes c. Chest pain at rest d. Chest that radiates to the left arm and neck e. Bradycardia
Chest pain that occurs with exertion and/or emotional stress
As a result of a severe head injury, a patient is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea. What term should the nurse use when charting this condition? a. Cheyne-Stokes b. Frank Starling c. Apnea d. Orthopnea e. Eupnea
Cheyne-Stokes
What is the most likely cause of chronic bronchitis in a 25-year-old? a. Chronic asthma b. Air pollution c. Cigarette smoke d. Recurrent pneumonia
Cigarette smoke
A 50-year-old is diagnosed with lung cancer. The health history includes a 30-year history of smoking, exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation. What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer? a. Radiation exposure b. Asbestos c. Air pollution d. Cigarette smoking e. Working in the blood lab
Cigarette smoking
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease? a. Ethnicity b. Family history c. Gender d. Age e. Cigarette smoking
Cigarette smoking
In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the nurse assesses for active bleeding after intravascular clotting because a. Prothrombin is activated b. Clotting factors are depleted c. Inflammatory mediators are released d. Tissue factor (TF) is inactivated
Clotting factors are depleted
After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 mm Hg to 135/85 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? a. Continue lifestyle modifications only. b. Continue lifestyle modifications plus diuretic therapy. c. Continue lifestyle modifications plus ACE inhibitor therapy. d. Continue lifestyle modifications plus beta-blocker therapy.
Continue lifestyle modifications only.
A 65-year-old diagnosed with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals both bluish skin and mucous membranes. What term will the nurse use to document these observations? a. Cyanosis b. Dyspnea c. Hyperpnea d. Orthopnea e. Hyperventilation
Cyanosis
Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called a. Hemophilia A b. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) c. Hagemen disease d. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I cannot get enough air." What term should the nurse use to document this condition? a. Cyanosis b. Dyspnea c. Hyperpnea d. Orthopnea e. Hyperventilation
Dyspnea
Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema should be assessed for which most common presenting factor? a. A productive cough b. Cyanosis c. Dyspnea d. Cor pulmonale e. Right-sided heart failure
Dyspnea
Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include a. Electrocardiogram b. Cardiac catheterization c. Echocardiogram d. All the above
Electrocardiogram
An 80-year-old develops pneumonia in the hospital. An assessment identifies that the patient is cyanotic and tachycardic and has developed a fever and a cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space. This symptomology supports which medical diagnosis? a. Empyema b. Emphysema c. Pleuritis d. Chyle e. All the above
Empyema
The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is a. Iron administration b. High protein diet c. Erythropoietin injection d. Vitamin B12 and folate supplements
Erythropoietin injection
Which of the following factors does not contribute to high blood pressure? a. Genetic factors b. Stress c. Exercise d. Diet e. Age
Exercise
Treatment for hemophilia includes a. Heparin administration b. Factor I replacement c. Factor VIII replacement d. Platelet transfusion
Factor VIII replacement
About 5-10% of high blood pressure cases can be tracked back to a known cause. Which of the following is not one of those causes? a. Tumors of the adrenal gland, either the cortex or the medullar regions b. Tumor of the anterior pituitary c. Chronic kidney disease d. Five-day a week swimming routine e. Hormone abnormalities, e.g., use of birth control pill, hyperthyroidism
Five-day a week swimming routine
Which of the following substrates, when lacking or deficient, will result in megaloblastic anemia? a. Iron b. Folate and vitamin B12 c. Vitamin K d. Ferrous sulfate e. Hemoglobin
Folate and vitamin B12
A 30-year-old White female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats well, usually moderate red meat consumption. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. A nurse determines which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis? a. Race b. Diet c. Age d. Genetic
Genetic
Which statement applies to the disorder hemophilia A? a. It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. b. There is usually a total lack of factor IX in the blood. c. Males and females can be carriers. d. Hematomas and easy bruising are common even after minor trauma
Hematomas and easy bruising are common even after minor trauma
A 5-year-old was diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia. Which type of anemia does the nurse suspect the patient has? a. Sideroblastic b. Hemolytic c. Pernicious d. Iron deficiency
Hemolytic
The process of platelet aggregation and stoppage of bleeding is termed a. Thrombocytopenia b. Hemostasis c. Coagulopathy d. All the above
Hemostasis
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of a. Atherosclerosis b. Angina c. Myocardial infarction d. Hypertensive crisis
Hypertensive crisis
When a nurse is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes a. Hyperchromic b. Hypochromic c. Macrocytic d. Microcytic
Hypochromic
A nurse is reviewing the results of an arterial blood gas (ABG) and finds reduced oxygenation of arterial blood. What term should the nurse use to describe this condition? a. Hypoxia b. Hypoxemia c. Ischemia d. Hypocapnia e. Hypoventilation
Hypoxemia
The definition of congestive heart failure is: a. Cessation of all cardiac activity. b. Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. c. Insufficient circulating blood in the body. d. Erratic in heart rate and mean arterial pressure e. The demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply.
Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
All the following have been shown to decrease the risks for cardiac disorders/diseases EXCEPT a. Cessation of smoking b. Regular exercise c. Increase in age d. Weight reduction e. Stress reduction
Increase in age
Asthma is thought to be caused by: a. An autosomal recessive disorder b. An autosomal dominant disorder c. An X-linked disorder d. Autoimmune e. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). The most likely cause is a decrease in a. Ferritin b. Gastric enzymes c. Intrinsic factor d. Erythropoietin
Intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of a. Iron b. Intrinsic factor c. Folate d. Erythropoietin
Intrinsic factor
In individuals with pernicious anemia, antibodies form against: a. Vitamin B12. b. Intrinsic factor or parietal cells. c. Mucus-producing glands. d. Hydrochloric acid.
Intrinsic factor or parietal cells.
A patient who demonstrates chronic gastrointestinal bleeding is diagnosed with anemia. What is the primary cause of the patient's anemia? a. Vitamin B12 deficiency b. Iron deficiency c. Folate deficiency d. Bone marrow failure
Iron deficiency
The cause of the most common form of anemia is a. Iron deficiency b. Intrinsic factor deficiency c. Folate deficiency d. Erythropoietin overproduction
Iron deficiency
A 21-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Her hematocrit is 32%. Which of the following treatments would the nurse expect to be prescribed for her? a. Iron replacement therapy b. Splenectomy c. A bone marrow transplant d. No treatment is necessary
Iron replacement therapy
A diagnosis of hypertension is made if the blood pressure a. Is less than 120 mmHg systolic, and 80 mmHg diastolic on two occasions b. Is between 120-139 mmHg systolic, and between 80-89 mmHg diastolic on first attempt c. Is higher than 140 systolic, and 90 mmHg diastolic on three separate occasions d. Is between 130 mmHg systolic, and 80 mmHg diastolic
Is higher than 140 systolic, and 90 mmHg diastolic on three separate occasions
A 73-year-old has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. A potential cause for the right heart to fail is: a. Hypertension b. Left sided heart failure c. Acute pneumonia d. Pericarditis
Left sided heart failure
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is: a. Asthma b. Lung cancer c. Right-sided heart failure d. Left-sided heart failure
Left-sided heart failure
Which of the following is not a lifestyle change essential to maintaining a healthy, i.e., normal blood pressure? a. Less travel abroad b. Diet and reduced salt intake c. Exercise d. Reduced alcohol consumption
Less travel abroad
Which of the following can result from a malabsorption problem? a. Aplastic anemia b. Sickle cell anemia c. Thalassemia major d. Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Treatment of essential hypertension in a non-acute state include all the following EXCEPT a. Diuretics b. ACE inhibitors c. Angiotensin receptor blockers d. Morphine e. Calcium channel blockers
Morphine
Which of the following occurs when disseminated intravascular coagulation develops? a. Increased thrombocytes and blood clotting b. Hemolysis with loss of blood cells c. Massive sepsis and hemorrhage d. Multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors
Multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors
A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Based upon the lab findings indicating a patient has elevated levels of cardiac troponins I and T, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred? a. Raynaud disease b. Myocardial infarction c. Orthostatic hypotension d. Angina
Myocardial infarction
Which of the following cardiac markers, when elevated, indicate myocardial infarction? a. Alkaline phosphatase b. Lactate dehydrogenase c. Troponin - I d. CK-MB e. Only C & D
Only C & D
How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia? a. Oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion. b. Acidosis depresses respirations. c. Inflammatory exudate absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air. d. Infection reduces effective compensation by the heart.
Oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion.
What are the typical signs and symptoms of anemia? a. Chest pain, palpitations b. Right sided heart failure, loss of vision c. Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue d. Bradycardia, heat intolerance
Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? a. Iron deficiency b. Pernicious c. Sideroblastic d. Hemolytic
Pernicious
Which of the following is classified as a macrocytic-normochromic anemia? a. Iron deficiency b. Pernicious c. Sideroblastic d. Hemolytic
Pernicious
A 58-year-old female presents in the clinic with fatigue, weight loss, and tingling in her fingers. Laboratory findings show low hemoglobin and hematocrit, a high mean corpuscular volume, and normal plasma iron. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia? a. Hemolytic anemia b. Pernicious anemia c. Iron deficiency anemia d. Aplastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Aspiration of oral secretions increases a patient's risk for which complication? a. Pneumonia b. Bronchiectasis c. Pneumothorax d. Emphysema
Pneumonia
Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension. a. Primary/essential b. Secondary c. Congenital d. Acquired
Primary/essential
A patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary symptoms common to left heart failure are a result of: a. Inflammatory pulmonary edema b. Decreased cardiac output c. Pulmonary vascular congestion d. Bronchoconstriction
Pulmonary vascular congestion
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a. Severe, crushing chest pain b. ST-segment elevation c. Dysrhythmias d. Pain radiating to the lower leg
ST-segment elevation
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension. a. Primary/essential b. Secondary c. Orthostatic d. Malignant
Secondary
A 40-year-old develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Upon obtaining the history, which finding is the most likely cause of this condition? a. Snake bites b. Blood transfusion c. Sepsis d. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Sepsis
A 43-year-old patient develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which of the following event is the most likely inciting factor? a. Bee sting b. Sepsis c. Blood transfusion d. Aspirin overdose e. Idiopathic
Sepsis
A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure? a. Significant edema to both lower legs and feet b. Hypertension c. Decreased urine output d. Dyspnea upon exertion
Significant edema to both lower legs and feet
A patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change? a. Eating meat b. Living arrangements c. Drinking tomato juice d. Smoking cigarettes
Smoking cigarettes
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? a. Calcium b. Magnesium c. Sodium d. Potassium
Sodium
A 21-year-old female was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In addition to fatigue and weakness, which of the following clinical signs and symptoms would she most likely exhibit? a. Hyperactivity b. Spoon-shaped nails (clubbing) c. Gait problems d. Petechiae
Spoon-shaped nails (clubbing)
A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2-3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing a. Stable angina b. Unstable angina c. Prinzmetal angina d. Myocardial infarction (MI)
Stable angina
Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia? a. Sudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum b. Insidious onset, diffuse interstitial infection c. Viral infection causing nonproductive cough and pleuritic pain d. Opportunistic bacteria causing low-grade fever with cough and thick greenish sputum
Sudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum
A nurse takes an adult patient's blood pressure and determines it to be normal. What reading did the nurse obtain? a. Systolic pressure between 140 and 150 mm Hg b. Systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg c. Systolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg regardless of diastolic pressure d. Systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg
Systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg
Select the statement related to tuberculosis: a. The microbe is present in the sputum of all patients with a positive TB skin test. b. The infection is transmitted primarily by blood from an infected person. c. TB is usually caused by an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to many drugs. d. The microbe is quickly destroyed by the immune response.
TB is usually caused by an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to many drugs.
A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds the barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Based on these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? a. Pleural effusion b. Pleuritis c. Tension pneumothorax d. Hemothorax e. Empyema
Tension pneumothorax
A 60-year-old with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. When giving a report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as: a. Exudative b. Purulent c. Infected d. Transudative e. None of the above
Transudative
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure? a. Incompetent tricuspid heart valve b. Chronic pulmonary disease c. Intravenous drug abuse d. Infarction in the right atrium e. Uncontrolled essential hypertension
Uncontrolled essential hypertension
A newborn has bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria (blood in the urine). The newborn most likely experiencing a. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding b. Aspirin therapy during pregnancy c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation d. Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting chest pain and is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by a. arterial wall thinning and weakening. b. abnormally dilated arteries and veins. c. abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls. d. autonomic nervous system imbalances.
abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls.
The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is: a. idiopathic vasospasm. b. arterial emboli from a heart valve. c. atherosclerosis. d. venous emboli.
atherosclerosis.
Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a/an: a. X-linked recessive gene. b. autosomal recessive gene. c. autosomal dominant gene. d. chromosomal defect.
autosomal recessive gene.
Pernicious anemia is treated with: a. vitamin B12 by oral intake b. cyanocobalamin by intramuscular injection. c. ferrous fumarate by intramuscular injection, Z track. d. folate by oral intake.
cyanocobalamin by intramuscular injection.
A patient with left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit a. jugular vein distention. b. dyspnea. c. peripheral edema. d. hepatomegaly.
dyspnea.
A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nosebleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. The most likely cause of this disease is: a. congenital heart defects. b. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. c. group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infections. d. acute pericarditis.
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infections.
A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has: a. mild to moderate atherosclerosis b. impending myocardial infarction (MI) c. electrical conduction problems in the heart. d. decreased myocardial oxygen demand.
impending myocardial infarction (MI)
Microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes are commonly found because of: a. iron deficiency. b. polycythemia. c. disseminated intravascular coagulation. d. hemophilia A.
iron deficiency.
A 20-year history of smoking causes airways to be obstructed as a result of: a. excessive mucus production. b. loss of elastic recoil. c. infection and inflammation. d. airway edema.
loss of elastic recoil.
Foam cells in a fatty streak are a. deposited adipose cells b. injured neutrophils c. macrophages that engulf low-density lipoprotein (LDL) d. lipid-laden mast cells
macrophages that engulf low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by: a. type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant. b. alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema. c. mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema. d. the collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi. e. None of the above
mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema.
A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. A nurse recalls his untreated hypertension led to a. ventricular dilation and wall thinning. b. myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. c. inhibition of renin and aldosterone. d. alterations in alpha and beta receptor function.
myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling.
Confirmation of the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction would include: a. specific changes noted on the EKG, i.e., ST elevation b. marked leukopenia c. elevation of cardiac isoenzymes, e.g., CK-MB or Troponin. d. a nonspecific pattern of pain. e. only A & C are correct
only A & C are correct
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by a. pulmonary congestion. b. decreased systemic vascular resistance. c. jugular vein distention. d. peripheral edema.
pulmonary congestion.
In patients with congestive heart failure, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drugs are useful because they: a. reduce the formation of angiotensin II and the secretion of aldosterone b. slow the heart rate. c. strengthen myocardial contraction. d. block arrhythmias. e. enhance sodium retention
reduce the formation of angiotensin II and the secretion of aldosterone
A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion and is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain occurs when a. cardiac output has fallen below normal levels. b. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand. c. myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits. d. the vagus nerve is stimulated.
the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand.
Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is due to a. the release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells. b. air trapping with resultant excessive alveolar pressure. c. excessive alpha-1-antitrypsin. d. autoantibodies against pulmonary basement membrane.
the release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.
A 60-year-old female has survived a myocardial infarction. The nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because: a. there is a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance. b. there is too much stress on the heart. c. the cells become hypertrophic. d. the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.
the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.
Pneumonia is caused by: a. use of anesthetic agents in surgery. b. atelectasis. c. chronic lung changes were seen with aging. d. viral or bacterial infections.
viral or bacterial infections.