Nursing Research Quiz Review
Which of the following is needed to help the researcher determine whether or not findings are relevant to application in the clinical setting? A. practical significance B. average significance C. statistical significance D. nonsignificance
(Right answer on quiz was practical significance but she gave credit for) C. statistical significance
In a phenomenological study, which is an example of data? A. "I didn't want to get out of bed, I couldn't face the world." B. The lived experience of having a terminal illness C. What is the essence of the phenomenon, struggling with a mental illness D. 110.0 mlD
A. "I didn't want to get out of bed, I couldn't face the world."
Below is a correlation matrix for four variables ( labeled A,B,C,D) Which value in the matrix indicates the A B C D A B .64 C -.59 .45 D -.65 .52 -.27 strongest relationship? A. -.65 B. .64 C. -.59 D. .52
A. -.65
Identify the independent variable in the following research question "What is the effect of acetaminophen compared to ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?" A. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen B. Liver function C. Female adolescents D. None of the above
A. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen
Which is a population? A. All traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in intensive care units in California during 2017 B. Study participants diagnosed with COPD who currently smoke C. Caregivers recruited into a study because they are caring for patients with Parkinson's disease D. Four hundred nurses selected from a membership list of the American Nurses' Association
A. All traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in intensive care units in California during 2017
Researchers collect data at a single point in time in which type of study? A. Cross-sectional studies B. Longitudinal studies C. Time-series studies D. Crossover studies
A. Cross-sectional studies
Which is a primary source for answering clinical questions for evidence-based nursing? A. Disciplined research B. Input from an authority C. Intuition D. Nurses' clinical experience
A. Disciplined research
Telephone interviews provide the best quality data for survey research. A. False B. True
A. False
The Belmont Report articulated broad principles of ethical conduct in research with human study participants. Which is not one of the Belmont Report's three broad ethical principles? A. Informed consent B. Respect for human dignity C. Beneficence D. Justice
A. Informed consent
In which section of a research article would the following sentence most likely appear: "The sampling plan called for the recruitment of 150 mother-infant dyads from an inner-city neighborhood"? A. Method section B. Introduction C. Results section D. Discussion
A. Method section
Which Boolean operator expands a search in a bibliographic database? A. OR B. AND C. IF D. NOT
A. OR
Which statement expresses a relationship? A. People who smoke have more absences from work than people who do not smoke B. Infant mortality among low-income women is relatively high. C. Mechanical ventilated patients with asthma experience difficulties weaning. D. High levels of fatigue are experienced by family caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
A. People who smoke have more absences from work than people who do not smoke
In a clinical trial, which phase establishes safety and tolerance of the experimental intervention? A. Phase 1 B. Phase 2 C. Phase 3 D. Phase 4
A. Phase 1
A researcher's statement of purpose indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of study is this? A. Phenomenological B. Ethnographic C. Experimental D. Grounded theory
A. Phenomenological
Which statement about qualitative design is true? A. Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive. B. Qualitative researchers strive to achieve constancy of conditions in terms of research settings. C. The goal of many qualitative designs is to permit causal inferences. D. Most qualitative designs involve an explicit, preplanned comparison.
A. Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.
Which statement is true? A. Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection. B. The quality of qualitative studies depends on the appropriateness of the statistical analysis. C. Qualitative research does not require approval by an Institutional Review Board or ethical review committee. D. Qualitative research requires careful control of confounding variables.
A. Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.
What is a central feature of nonexperimental (observational) studies? A. Researchers do not manipulate the independent variable. B. Researchers do not manipulate the dependent variable. C. Data are collected through the observation of participants' behaviors. D. Researchers always intervene.
A. Researchers do not manipulate the independent variable.
Which is a major barrier to evidence-based practice in nursing? A. The absence of necessary skills, among many nurses, for locating and critically evaluating nursing studies B. The unfamiliarity of most nurses with the concept of evidence-based practice C. The abundance of clients for whom EBP is not relevant D. The absence of a relevant evidence hierarchy for most nursing studies
A. The absence of necessary skills, among many nurses, for locating and critically evaluating nursing studies
What limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer questions about human experiences and health outcomes? A. The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human characteristics B. The shortage of well-trained researchers C. The scarcity of ideas on what to study D. The shortage of theories about human behavior
A. The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human characteristics
In a true experimental design, what does the researcher manipulate? A. The independent variable B. The dependent variable C. The confounding variable D. The mediating variable
A. The independent variable
There are three well-known criteria for establishing a causal relationship, attributed to John Stuart Mill. Which is one of those criteria? A. The relationship between the cause and the effect cannot be explained as being caused by a third factor (confound). B. Causality only occurs in qualitative studies. C. A cause and effect must occur simultaneously. D. A cause must come after the effect.
A. The relationship between the cause and the effect cannot be explained as being caused by a third factor (confound).
Grounded theory focuses on the manner in which people make sense of social interactions. A. True B. False
A. True
In quantitative research, a population is the entire group of interest. Researchers specify population characteristics through eligibility criteria. Eligibility criteria consist of inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. A. True B. False
A. True
In quantitative research, a population is the entire group of interest. Researchers specify population characteristics through eligibility criteria. Eligibility criteria consist of inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. A. True B. False
A. True
The number of quantitative study participants in the final sample is known as the sample size. A. True B. False
A. True
Which measure exemplifies ratio-level measurement? A. Urine output in millilitres per hour B. Body temperature C. levels on a pain scale D. Employment Status
A. Urine output in millilitres per hour
A nurse researcher gathered data from a national sample of nurses regarding fatigue and burnout by means of a mailed questionnaire. This is an example of: A. a survey B. outcomes research C. a secondary analysis D. an evaluation
A. a survey
Problem statements typically include the following component(s). Choose the best answer. A. all of the above B. knowledge gaps C. possible solutions to the problem D. problem identification
A. all of the above
Which is a continuous variable? A. height B. agree or disagree C. marital status D. employed or not employed
A. height
In nursing intervention research, which of the following would occur in the pilot phase? A. obtain information on the benefits and feasibility of the intervention B. use qualitative research to understand the problem C. examine effectiveness of the intervention in the real world D. conceptualize the problem
A. obtain information on the benefits and feasibility of the intervention
"Hypotheses state researchers' expectations about relationships between study variables". Is this statement true or false? A. true B. false
A. true
A nurse researcher wants to describe the relationship between marital status ( married vs unmarried) and having the diagnosis of postpartum depression ( yes vs. no). Which would the researcher use in analysis? A. Spearman's rho B. A crosstabs table ( Chi Square) C. A correlation matrix D. Pearson's product moment correlation co-efficient
B. A crosstabs table ( Chi Square)
Who could sign the informed consent form for a 12-year-old child to participate in a study? A. The child himself or herself B. A father C. A grandmother D. A sibling
B. A father
Every study contains which? A. A theory B. A framework C. A schematic model D. A conceptual model
B. A framework
Which is not a standard feature of a true experimental design? A. Control B. A placebo C. Randomization D. An intervention
B. A placebo
"For the thousands of patients on chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting are common side effects. To date, interventions have been only moderately successful in reducing these effects. New interventions that can reduce or prevent these side effects need to be identified to improve the quality of life of these patients." Which does this best represent? A. A hypothesis B. A problem statement C. A statement of purpose D. A research question
B. A problem statement
A researcher is investigating the effect of bed angle of hospitalized patients (15°, 30°, 45°) on the patients' heart rate. This is an example of what type of study? A. A qualitative study B. A quantitative study C. A constructivist inquiry D. The type of study would depend on the researcher's
B. A quantitative study
Identify the independent variable in the following research question "What is the effect of acetaminophen compared to ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?" A. Female adolescents B. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen C. Liver function D. None of the above
B. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen
It is important that researchers design rigorous study methods to eliminate: A. The need for CONSORT flowchart B. Biases C. The rejection of null hypothesis D. Inferences
B. Biases
Which type of research involves an intervention? A. Methodologic Research B. Clinical Trials C. Secondary Analyses D. Survey Research
B. Clinical Trials
The guidelines for critiquing the discussion section of a quantitative research report includes assessment of A. choice of statistical tests used in the study B. Clinical significance of the findings C. whether the researcher selected the most appropriate design to answer the research question
B. Clinical significance of the findings
An important function of a research design in a quantitative study is to exert control over which variables? A. Mediating variables B. Confounding variables C. Carryover variables D. Outcome variables
B. Confounding variables
Which is the weakest form of sampling for quantitative studies? A. Purposive sampling B. Convenience sampling C. Quota sampling D. Consecutive sampling
B. Convenience sampling
"Women who jog regularly are more likely to have amenorrhea than those who do not jog regularly" is an example of which type of hypothesis? A. Nondirectional B. Directional C. Null D. Complex
B. Directional
As as researcher, you conduct a study to describe and understand cultural patterns related to HIV risk in women who work in sex trades. This is an example of: A. Phenomenology B. Ethnography C. Quantitative Study D. Grounded Theory
B. Ethnography
When researchers withhold information from the people collecting research data (e.g., information about who received an intervention and who did not), the researchers are taking steps to minimize which type of bias? A. History bias B. Expectation bias C. Selection bias D. Attrition bias
B. Expectation bias
Phenomenologists seek to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by the researcher(s). A. True B. False
B. False
Sampling in qualitative research is guided more by the need for random selection than by the desire for rich sources of information. A. True B. False
B. False
Which qualitative tradition focuses on the manner in which people make sense of and resolve problems that arise within social contexts? A. Phenomenology B. Grounded theory C.Ethnography D. Narrative analysis
B. Grounded theory
Which design question is relevant in both quantitative and qualitative studies? A. How will confounding variables be controlled? B. How often will data be collected? C. Will the independent variable be manipulated? D. Who will be blinded?
B. How often will data be collected?
Which statement about sampling is true? A. The use of strata in a sampling strategy can reduce the representativeness of the sample. B. In a population of geriatric patients, those with and without a diagnosis of dementia would comprise two strata. C. The most basic units of a population are referred to as strata. D. Strata are a means of equating the accessible population with the target population.
B. In a population of geriatric patients, those with and without a diagnosis of dementia would comprise two strata.
In quantitative research, what is the major advantage of using a questionnaire? A. Questions can be clarified in needed. B. Lower cost. C. Higher response rate. D. Diversity of audience is not a problem.
B. Lower cost.
Nurse researchers randomly assigned 50 participants to a 3-month smoking cessation intervention and 50 to be in the control group. At the end of the study, there were 40 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group. Which threat to internal validity would be especially salient in this study? A. Selection B. Mortality C. Maturation D. Temporal ambiguity
B. Mortality
Which of the following statements is a null hypothesis? A. Among patients with Parkinson's disease, an outdoor fall is more likely to result in injury than an indoor fall. B. Patients with Parkinson's disease are as likely to fall indoors as outdoors. C. Among patients with Parkinson's disease, the risk of falling is higher outdoors than indoors. D. The greater the amount of time spent outdoors by patients with Parkinson, the greater the likelihood of a fall.
B. Patients with Parkinson's disease are as likely to fall indoors as outdoors.
Which of the following can create a research bias? A. Providing suboptimal care to underserved groups B. Recruiting all who volunteer for a study C. Using a culturally tailored intervention D. Excluding women from research on prostate cancer
B. Recruiting all who volunteer for a study
A problem statement has many components. Which is least likely to be a component of a written problem statement for a quantitative study? A. Scope of the problem B. Researchers' views about fixing the problem C. Gaps in what is known D. Consequences of not fixing the problem
B. Researchers' views about fixing the problem
Which is most likely to be a statement of purpose for a quantitative study? A. The purpose was to describe the experiences of people with untreated obstructive sleep apnea. B. The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of music for decreasing agitation in nursing home residents. C. The purpose was to explore the lived experiences of refugee women from Syria in need of health care. D. The purpose was to describe processes of families in managing the care of children with chronic illnesses at home.
B. The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of music for decreasing agitation in nursing home residents.
In recruiting participants for a study about the experience of coping with a cancer diagnosis, the researcher tells people that the study is about their health beliefs. Which ethical right does this violate? A. The right to freedom from harm B. The right to full disclosure C. The right to protection from exploitation D. The right to privacy
B. The right to full disclosure
What is the function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. To identify dilemmas B. To review the ethical aspects of a study before it gets underway C. To oversee the humane treatment of animals in research D. To authorize Certificates of Confidentiality
B. To review the ethical aspects of a study before it gets underway
Reliability refers to repeatability of findings; if a measure is used a second time, it will yield the same results. A. False B. True
B. True
In thinking about sampling for a qualitative study, a researcher might ask which question? A. How many people do I need to achieve adequate power? B. Who would be a rich information source for my study? C. Will my sample be representative of the target population? D. To which group will I be able to generalize my findings?
B. Who would be a rich information source for my study?
Choose the best answer: An independent variable is: A. a variable that is an outcome B. a variable that is changed or controlled to test the effects on the dependent variable C. a variable that is being measured. D. a variable that is being tested
B. a variable that is changed or controlled to test the effects on the dependent variable
The use of randomization for assigning participants to conditions eliminates: A. unnecessary manipulation. B. bias. C. ethical problems. D. need for a control group.
B. bias.
Type 1 error in research is: A. failure to reject a false null hypothesis. B. incorrect rejection of null hypothesis. C. regression towards the mean D. endorsement of the null hypothesis
B. incorrect rejection of null hypothesis.
Which is a categorical variable? A. age B. male or female C. level of education D. weight
B. male or female
Central tendency indicates what is "typical." The three indexes of central tendency are: A. mean, correlation, mode B. mean, median, mode C. mode, validity, standard deviation D. standard deviation, mean, mode
B. mean, median, mode
The research question "What is the meaning of spirituality to patients in end-of-life care?" is: A. not appropriately worded. B. most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach. C. most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach. D. amenable to either a qualitative or a quantitative approach.
B. most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach.
You are a nurse working in a hospital who is interested in basing patient care on the best available information. Consider the following research results. With a sample of 500, a correlation coefficient of .10 that is statistically significant at the .05 level, would you make a change in clinical practice based on this result? A. yes B. no
B. no
"Patient characteristics will predict hospital readmission after discharge." What kind of hypothesis is this? A. null B. nondirectional C. this is not a hypothesis D. directional
B. nondirectional
"The purpose of this study is to examine patient characteristics that predict hospital readmission following discharge." The independent variable is: A. predict B. patient characteristics C. hospital readmission D. discharge
B. patient characteristics
In a mixed methods study, which sampling strategy would the researcher most likely use? A. convenience B. purposive C. random D. quota
B. purposive
When evaluating a research report for relevance to your patients, it is most important to consider A. the readability of the report B. similarity of the sample to your patients C. type 1 error D. type 2 error
B. similarity of the sample to your patients
Research questions can be formed by rewording the statement of purpose. A. false B. true
B. true
What is the mode in the following example: 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 A. 251 B. 22 C. 23 D. 26
C. 23
What is an operational definition of obesity? A. A condition characterized by excessive body fat B. A condition that is a high priority topic for nurse practitioners C. A score of 30 or greater on the body mass index (BMI) D. A condition associated with heightened risk of health problems
C. A score of 30 or greater on the body mass index (BMI)
Which would be a primary source for a research literature review? A. A systematic review published in the journal Nursing Research B. A metasynthesis published in the journal Qualitative Health Research C. An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health D. A meta-analysis appearing in the Journal of Advanced Nursing
C. An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health
What is empirical evidence? A. Evidence derived from deductive reasoning B. Evidence based on custom or on an expert/authority C. Evidence based on objective reality and measured through one's senses D. Evidence derived from inductive reasoning
C. Evidence based on objective reality and measured through one's senses
For individual-level efforts for putting research into practice, nurses follow five major steps. What is the first step in the process? A. Appraising and synthesizing research evidence B. Searching for and obtaining relevant research evidence C. Framing a clinical question that can be answered with research evidence D. Integrating evidence with other factors, such as patient preferences
C. Framing a clinical question that can be answered with research evidence
There are four levels of measurement. Variables measured at which two levels are often called continuous variables? A. Nominal and Ordinal B. Ordinal and Ratio C. Interval and Ratio D. Ordinal and Interval
C. Interval and Ratio
Which is a major source of ideas for research problems? A. Journal clubs B. Nursing code of ethics C. Nurses' personal clinical experience D. Evidence hierarchies
C. Nurses' personal clinical experience
In a study on patient's fear of falling, a nurse researcher administered a questionnaire and asked about the participants educational attainment (1= high school, 2= some college, 3= college degree, 4= graduate degree). What is the level of measurement of the variable educational attainment? A. Ratio B. Interval C. Ordinal D. Nominal
C. Ordinal
Within which qualitative tradition would the following question be addressed? "What is the essence of men's experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?" A. Grounded theory B. Ethnography C. Phenomenology D. Qualitative description
C. Phenomenology
A sample of both users and nonusers of electronic cigarettes was followed over a 10-year period to assess whether there were any long-term adverse effects. What type of design was this? A. Time series B. Case control C. Prospective D. Crossover
C. Prospective
Which is a fundamental assumption in the constructivist paradigm? A. A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand. B. The nature of reality has changed over time. C. Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans. D. Phenomena are not haphazard and result from prior causes.
C. Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans.
In which section of a research article would the following sentence most likely appear? "Patients who coughed were significantly more likely to have spontaneous dislodgement of small-bore nasogastric tubes than patients who did not." A. Discussion B. Method section C. Results section D. Introduction
C. Results section
What is data saturation? A. Sampling to the point at which new information continues to be obtained B. Sampling to the point at which you cannot recruit more participants C. Sampling to the point at which redundancy of information is achieved. D. None of the above
C. Sampling to the point at which redundancy of information is achieved.
Which is not an issue that qualitative researchers attend to in planning a study? A. Selecting a study site B. Identifying equipment that will be needed for field work C. Selecting scales to measure key concepts D. Choosing a research tradition to guide the study
C. Selecting scales to measure key concepts
A qualitative researcher studied women's decision to delay childbearing until their late 30s. Initial study participants referred friends who had made similar decisions. What type of sample is being used with such referrals? A. Convenience B. Volunteer C. Snowball D.Purposive
C. Snowball
Which sentence would be least acceptable in a research literature review? A. All of these studies suggest that patients' health behaviors can be modified through nurse-led interventions. B. Results from several studies are consistent with the conclusion that interruptions are a major cause of medication errors. C. The findings from many studies prove that daytime sleepiness lowers a person's quality of life. D. Several studies have found that a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with increased depressive symptoms.
C. The findings from many studies prove that daytime sleepiness lowers a person's quality of life.
Which statement about data collection in qualitative studies is true? A. Qualitative researchers are as likely as quantitative researchers to gather biophysiologic data. B. Qualitative researchers typically incorporate scales into their data collection protocols. C. The main source of data for qualitative studies is in-depth interviews. D. The research tradition that uses the greatest diversity of data sources is phenomenology.
C. The main source of data for qualitative studies is in-depth interviews.
Which statement about research articles is true? A. Most journal articles reporting quantitative studies are written in the active voice. B. Personalized aspects of a research project are usually described in journal articles to make them more lively and inviting. C. The use of research jargon in research articles can make the articles difficult to read and comprehend. D. The stories described in quantitative research reports are easier to understand than the stories in qualitative reports.
C. The use of research jargon in research articles can make the articles difficult to read and comprehend.
Taller people will weigh more than shorter people. A. This is a null hypothesis. B. This is a nondirectional hypothesis. C. This is a directional hypothesis. D. This is not a hypothesis.
C. This is a directional hypothesis.
What is the purpose of an evidence hierarchy? A. To guide researchers in selecting a research design B. To promote the creation of systematic reviews C. To rank order evidence according to the strength of evidence provided D. To provide an incentive structure for those undertaking research
C. To rank order evidence according to the strength of evidence provided
Choose the best answer: Adherence to ethical standards involving research is often straightforward. The rights of vulnerable groups, however, may need extra protection. Example(s) of vulnerable groups may include: A. pregnant women B. people with dementia C. all of the above D. children
C. all of the above
A nurse researcher tested whether sucrose (vs. sterile water) had a beneficial effect on infant pain during immunizations. Neither those administering the intervention nor the parents of the infants knew which infants received the sucrose. This strategy is an example of: A. randomization. B. crossing over. C. blinding. D. attrition.
C. blinding.
Identify the dependent variable in the following research question "What is the effect of pain on facial behavior and heart rate in infants 0 to 12 months of age?" A. infants living at home B. pain C. facial behavior and heart rate D. infants 0 to 12 months
C. facial behavior and heart rate
Grounded theory seeks to discover a main concern or problem, and the behavior that is designed to resolve it. The central phenomenon in grounded theory studies is known as: A. the case study. B. the constant comparison. C. the core phenomenon. D. the hermeneutic circle.
C. the core phenomenon.
Anonymity occurs when: A. participants sign a consent form B. Anxiety C. the researcher cannot link participants to their data. D. Adulthood
C. the researcher cannot link participants to their data.
In a mixed methods design , the researcher uses___________ or multiple approaches to to converge on a better understanding of "truth". A. sequencing B. bracketing C. triangulation D. Constant comparison
C. triangulation
A researcher initiated an innovative cigarette cessation intervention. Seventy participants received the intervention, and their cigarette smoking 3 months later was compared to smoking at baseline. What type of design is this? A. A time-series design B. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design C. A crossover design D. A one-group pretest-posttest design
D. A one-group pretest-posttest design
In which study would a researcher most benefit by having a Certificate of Confidentiality? A. A study of factors affecting postpartum depression B. A study of the effects of yoga on stress among women C. A study of caregiver burden among caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease D. A study of heroin abuse among rehabilitation patients using opioid pain medicine
D. A study of heroin abuse among rehabilitation patients using opioid pain medicine
Which is always a feature of quasi-experimental research? A. Matching B. A control group C. Randomization D. An intervention
D. An intervention
In a sample of 250 patients with cancer, the scores on a scale that measured resilience ranged from 10- to 70. There were two peaks in the distribution, at the scores of 25 and 55. What would this distribution be called? A. Normal B. Asymmetric C. Unimodal D. Bimodal
D. Bimodal
In phenomenological studies, researchers strive to ensure that their own preconceived beliefs and opinions do not influence the emerging data, using which strategy? A. Constant comparison B. Participant observation C. Hermeneutics D. Bracketing
D. Bracketing
Which is a potential drawback of convenience sampling in qualitative research? A. Convenience sampling is only useful at the end of the sampling process. B. Convenience sampling is too expensive. C. Convenience sampling is inefficient. D. Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.
D. Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.
What is the most important type of information to include in a literature review? A. Clinical anecdotes B. Case reports from relevant clinical settings C. Opinions from experts D. Findings from prior studies
D. Findings from prior studies
In which section of a research article would the following sentence most likely appear? "The older adult population in Thailand has grown from 7.2 million in 2010 to a projected 11 million in 2020." A. Discussion B. Method section C. Results section D. Introduction
D. Introduction
Which is not a characteristic of qualitative research design? A. It often involves triangulation of data sources. B. It tends to be holistic. C. It is flexible and can be revised during the course of data collection. D. It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.
D. It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.
Which research topic would most likely be the focus in a qualitative study? A. Risk factors associated with serious complications with abdominal surgery B. Outcomes of patients admitted during the day versus the night to a hospital system's trauma department C. Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis D. Mental health experiences of military veterans living with chronic illness
D. Mental health experiences of military veterans living with chronic illness
Correlation coefficients describe intensity and direction of a relationship. When one variable increases in value as the other decreases, we call this a: A. Zero Relationship B. None of the Above C. Positive Relationship D. Negative Relationship
D. Negative Relationship
Which of the following results would not be credible? A. When compared to single birth mothers, mothers of twins reported a significantly greater number of problem solving coping strategies (p<.01). B. Self esteem is a strong predictor of mental health (p<.02). C. Participants in the intervention group had significantly lower BP than controls (p<.05). D. Participants who exercised for 120 minutes per week had lower BP as compared to those that did not exercise (p<.09).
D. Participants who exercised for 120 minutes per week had lower BP as compared to those that did not exercise (p<.09).
Which statement is true? A. Recruiting participants from different neighborhoods results in random assignment. B. Random assignment selectively assigns subjects to groups. C. Grouping participants with similar features together is the best way to achieve random assignment. D. Random assignment is essential in true experiments.
D. Random assignment is essential in true experiments.
The researcher has identified 66 potential references for a literature review through electronic database searches and a descendancy search. What would most likely be the next step? A. Coding the characteristics of each study B. Reading each article in detail C. Entering information onto a literature review protocol D. Reviewing the abstracts
D. Reviewing the abstracts
Which statement is true? A. The rigor of a qualitative study is often referred to as its scientific merit. B. A central feature of qualitative studies is research control. C. Bias is a concern in quantitative studies but not in qualitative studies. D. Rigorous research methods facilitate researchers' ability to make appropriate inferences.
D. Rigorous research methods facilitate researchers' ability to make appropriate inferences.
In the context of a study, what is sampling? A. Identifying a set of criteria for selecting study participants B. Determining who is eligible to participate in a study C. Ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study D. Selecting a subset of the population to represent the entire population
D. Selecting a subset of the population to represent the entire population
Which best describes a typical sample in qualitative studies? A. Large and randomly selected B. Small and randomly selected C. Large and selected not at random D. Small and selected not at random
D. Small and selected not at random
Which is a key criterion for being included in a sample for a phenomenological study? A. The person must belong to a particular culture or social group. B. The person must have considerable factual knowledge (rather than experience) about the phenomenon being studied. C. The person must be willing to be exposed to the phenomenon under study. D. The person must have experienced the phenomenon being studied.
D. The person must have experienced the phenomenon being studied.
In evaluating a primary studies literature review, what is the key question that a reviewer should address? A. Was the research question in the study appropriate? B. Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study? C. Did the authors include an adequate literature review in their research report? D. To what extent do the study findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)?
D. To what extent do the study findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)?
Which is a question that researchers may ask when deciding how to control confounding variables? A. From whom should information about the design be withheld? B. When will the research data be collected? C. Where and how often will data collection occur? D. What factors, other than the independent variable, could affect the outcome?
D. What factors, other than the independent variable, could affect the outcome?
Which research question is an example of a descriptive question for a quantitative study? A. What is it like to experience sudden confusion? B. Does postpartum depression predict toddlers' temperaments? C. What is the experience of loneliness like among caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease? D. What is the prevalence of elevated salivary cortisol in adolescents?
D. What is the prevalence of elevated salivary cortisol in adolescents?
A researcher randomized nursing home residents to a fall prevention intervention or to "usual care." After outcome data are collected, control group members were offered the chance to receive the intervention. This control group strategy is called: A. a comparison group. B. an attention control group. C. an alternative treatment control group. D. a wait-listed control group.
D. a wait-listed control group.
A pretest in a pretest-post test design corresponds to: A. a measure of attitudes toward the intervention. B. outcome data collected after intervention. C. outcome data for those who did not receive the intervention. D. outcome data collected both at baseline and after the intervention.
D. outcome data collected both at baseline and after the intervention.
"Does stress during a woman's first trimester of a pregnancy affect the infant's birth weight?" This is a: A. portion of a problem statement. B. statement of purpose. C. hypothesis. D. research question.
D. research question.
Ethnographers strive to: A. interpret the meaning of a phenomenon B. understand the emic perspective C. understand the essence of a phenomenon. D. understand human cultures.
D. understand human cultures.