NUTR 1030 CHP. 2
epidemiologists often rely on ____ people to obtain health data
- surveys of - physical examinations of
diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient ____ diseases
deficiency
what type of research is conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations?
epidemiological
nutrition scientists conduct ____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices
experimental
the FTC enforces consumer protection laws an investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims that appear on the internet. the letters FTC stand for ____ ____ ____
federal trade commission
cohort studies can be retrospective or ____
prospective
a ____ is a personal endorsement of a product
testimonial
a(n) ____ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome.
variable
wotf are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers?
- presented at professional nutrition conferences - presented in peer-reviewed journals
wotf occurs after completion of an experiment?
- scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis - scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals - scientists summarize the findings
wotf are ways to be a careful consumer of nutrition information from the internet?
- search multiple websites - do not trust information on websites that do not indicate valid sources - avoid websites that provide online diagnoses and treatments
prior to publishing the results of an experiment,
- the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts
wotf are examples of scare tactics?
- your doctor is not telling you all you need to know about your disease - the medical community is hiding information from you just to make money
who are the subjects in a case-control study?
- person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation - person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation
what motivates the promoter of a product? are they more interested in your health or in selling the product? is the source of scientific information from a peer-reviewed journal? these questions are all examples of
how to evaluate nutrition information
a prospective study means that the research study will ____ in time
look forward
in a double-blind study:
neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subjects' group assignments
a journal that enlists outside reviewers to provide critical analysis of each article is called a ____ ____ journal
peer review
generally, a fake medicine or treatment used to disguise the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a _______.
placebo
when an experimental subject reports positive or negative reactions to a treatment even though they received the placebo is called the ____ ____
placebo effect
what is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?
prospective
a member of a treatment group
receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated
the best approach to solving nutrition imbalances include consulting a ____
registered dietition
the most reliable nutrition advice is based on
research
a study is called ____ when the investigators are aware of which subjects are in the control group and which are in the treatment group
single-blind
T/F: the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendation in the light of new, substantiated findings
true
experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ____, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in ____
vivo; vitro
major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. these include which of the following?
- claims that sound too good to be true - recommendations based on a single study - recommendations that promise a quick fix
a true nutrition expert
- is usually a registered dietitian - has extensive college coursework in nutrition, food science, and chemistry - has experience in the application of scientific methodology
wotf are true statements about pseudoscience?
- it does not adhere to valid scientific methodology - it is a presentation of inaccurate information - it uses vague or unprovable claims
a control group is important for which of the following reasons?
- it is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment - it enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study - it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect
the RD credential indicates that the person
- participates in continuing education - has completed rigorous classroom and clinical training in nutrition
national standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ____ research findings
NHANES
a(n) ____ is a report of personal experiences
anecdote
some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or ____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests
bias
a website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information
biased
observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ____
causation
in a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time
cohort
a valid experiment requires both a treatment and ____ group
control
in vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because
there are physiological differences between humans and other animals
which statement is true about testimonials?
they are often biased in favor of a product
the participants in an experiment who are NOT given the treatment being tested are known as the ____ group
control
when two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship
correlation
when a population's intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases and the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases, this an example of a(n) ____ correlation
direct
the study of deitary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as:
epidemiology
a systematic way of testing a hypothesis is called a(n)
experiment
