NUTR 132 Exam #2

What is the difference between starch and fiber?

Both starch and fiber are long chains of glucose molecules, but we are unable to digest the bonds between the glucose units in fiber. Therefore, fiber moves through the small intestine undigested while starch is broken down into glucose and absorbed.

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids, often referred to as the building blocks of proteins, are compounds that play many critical roles in your body. They're needed for vital processes like the building of proteins and synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters. Amino acids are organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, along with a variable side chain group.

What are trans fats? How are they made? Are they beneficial or not.

Artificial trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. The primary dietary source for trans fats in processed food is "partially hydrogenated oils.

What is atherosclerosis? What causes it?

Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium. It's caused by high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol. ... When bad cholesterol, or LDL, crosses the damaged endothelium, the cholesterol enters the wall of the artery. That causes your white blood cells to stream in to digest the LDL.

What dietary habits are recommended to promote heart health?

Be sure to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and fewer processed foods. Eating foods low in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol and high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol. Limiting salt (sodium) in your diet also can lower your blood pressure.

The calories/gm for fat

Carbohydrate provides 4 calories per gram, protein provides 4 calories per gram, and fat provides 9 calories per gram. For more information about these three macronutrients, visit the FNIC webpages for Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats.

What is protein denaturation and what does it affect?

Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bonds, the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after a denaturation process.

How to minimize consumption of trans fats

Eat a dietary pattern that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish and nuts. Use naturally occurring, unhydrogenated vegetable oils such as canola, safflower, sunflower or olive oil most often.

Foods that contain high quality proteins

Eggs. Almonds Chicken Breast Oats Cottage Cheese

Forms (simple-mono and disaccharides and complex-polysaccharides) with examples of food sources

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. The long polysaccharide chains may be branched or unbranched.

Know the benefits of each type of fiber

Helps control blood sugar levels. In people with diabetes, fiber — particularly soluble fiber — can slow the absorption of sugar and help improve blood sugar levels.

Immediate symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes

High blood glucose readings. Frequent infections. Increased urination. Increased thirst. Increased appetite without weight gain. Unexplained weight loss. Unusual breath. Kidney problems.

What does enriched/fortified carbohydrate mean?

If a food has been enriched, nutrients lost during the milling process are added back. Many breads, flours, and rice are enriched with B vitamins and iron. Fortified means vitamins or minerals have been added to a food that weren't originally in the food

What happens to excess amino acids in the body? Can they be stored?

If your calorie intake is low that day, your cells can convert excess amino acids to molecules that can burn as fuel. On the other hand, if you consume plenty of calories, your body has no choice but to convert the extra protein to fatty acids and store them in your adipose tissue

Digestion and absorption (including any enzymes)

In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. Large, complex molecules of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids must be reduced to simpler particles before they can be absorbed by the digestive epithelial cells.

Be familiar with insulin and glucagon and know how each affects blood sugar levels

Increases glucose uptake by the cellsIncludes muscle and fat cells Promotes glycogen synthesis Promotes fat synthesis if excess calories

What are the 3 pathways for glucose from the liver?

Into the bloodstream for transport to organs, brain, muscles, kidneys, and adipose tissues to be used for energyProduction of glycogen for storage of glucoseProduction of fat, if excess calories are consumed

What are ketone bodies used for in the body and what are they made from?

Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or absent in the diet. When glucose levels are high in your body, it is busy storing the excess as fats, building proteins, and in general growing. This is known as the absorptive state. When you fast, or are being starved, the glucose levels in your blood quickly decrease. This triggers the body to enter the postabsorptive state.

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. What are they and what are physical signs of each?

Kwashiorkor occurs in people who have a severe protein deficiency. Having a diet that's mainly carbohydrates can lead to this condition. The symptoms of kwashiorkor include: edema, or puffy or swollen appearance due to fluid retention.

What happens when too little carbohydrate is consumed?

Make glucose from protein tissue(muscle) Make ketone bodies from breakdown of fat fragments

What is the difference between natural and added sugar?

Natural sugars are named as such simply because they occur naturally in a particular food, meaning humans had nothing to do with its creations. Added sugar is generally what is added to foods to provide flavor.

Be familiar with food sources of the different kinds of fats(saturated, mono and polyunsaturated)

Nuts. Plant oils such as canola, vegetable, or plant oil. Certain fish like salmon, tuna, and anchovy, which contain omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. Olives. Avocados.

What are the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acid

Omega-3 fish oil contains both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that are important in preventing and managing heart disease. Findings show omega-3 fatty acids may help to: Lower blood pressure.

Know the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

People with type 1 diabetes may also experience irritability and mood changes, and unintentionally lose weight. People with type 2 diabetes may also have numbness and tingling in their hands or feet.

Calories/ gram for carbohydrates

Protein and carbohydrates both contain 4 calories per gram, while fat provides 9 calories per gram. Calculating your calorie needs can help you determine how many grams of protein, carbohydrates and fat you should consume each day.

The calories/gm for protein

Protein and carbohydrates both contain 4 calories per gram, while fat provides 9 calories per gram. Calculating your calorie needs can help you determine how many grams of protein, carbohydrates and fat you should consume each day.

Functions of carbohydrates

Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose Sparing the use of proteins for energy Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis Biological recognition processes Flavor and Sweeteners Dietary fiber

What are dietary carbohydrate needs/requirements? RDA, AMDR, AI for fiber, calorie limits for added sugar

RDA is 130 grams/day for adults Average U.S. intake is 180-330 grams Recommendations: AMDR: 45%-65% of total calories Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains AI is 25 grams/day for women AI is 38 grams/day for men Goal of 14 grams/1000 kcal Average U.S. intake: 14 grams/day for women 17 grams/day for men Small amounts of added sugars allowed within different calorie allowances: 4 tsp. for 1,600 calories 5 tsp. for 1,800 calories 8 tsp. for 2,000 calories 9 tsp. for 2,200 calories 10 tsp. for 2,400 calories 11 tsp. for 2,600 calories

How is fat rancidity prevented?

Rancidity can be prevented using the following methods: Adding antioxidants (substances which prevent oxidation) to food.

"refined" carbohydrate

Refined include sugars and refined grains that have been stripped of all bran, fiber, and nutrients. These include white bread, pizza dough, pasta, pastries, white flour, white rice, and many breakfast cereals. They digest quickly and their high glycemic index causes unhealthy spikes in blood sugar levels.

Know the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

Soluble fiber is "soluble" in water. When mixed with water it forms a gel-like substance and swells. Soluble fiber has many benefits, including moderating blood glucose levels and lowering cholesterol. Insoluble fiber does not absorb or dissolve in water. It passes through our digestive system in close to its original form. Insoluble fiber offers many benefits to intestinal health, including a reduction in the risk and occurrence of hemorrhoids and constipation.

Examples of foods containing soluble and insoluble fiber

Soluble fiber is found in oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables. Insoluble fiber is found in foods such as wheat bran, vegetables, and whole grains.

RDA for adults for protein

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is a modest 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. The RDA is the amount of a nutrient you need to meet your basic nutritional requirements

What are the building blocks of proteins?

The basic building block of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids in the proteins you eat and in the proteins within your body, and they link together to form large protein molecules.

Long term problems associated with uncontrolled diabetes

The consequences of uncontrolled diabetes can be very serious, and some can eventually be fatal. They include: Heart disease and a higher risk for heart attack and stroke. Eye and vision problems, including blindness.

What is the final breakdown product of protein digestion?

The end product of protein digestion are amino acids unlike that of carbohydrate which maybe glucose, galactose or fructose. The end product of fat digestion are triglycerides, free fatty acids and glycerol. The end products of protein digestion are very different from those of carbohydrates.

The difference between chylomicron, VLDL, LDL and HD

The main difference between VLDL and LDL is that they have different percentages of the cholesterol, protein, and triglycerides that make up each lipoprotein. VLDL contains more triglycerides. LDL contains more cholesterol. VLDL and LDL are both considered types of "bad" cholesterol.

Functions of proteins and examples like antibodies, hemoglobin,

They are coded for by our genes and form the basis of living tissues. They also play a central role in biological processes. For example, proteins catalyse reactions in our bodies, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep us healthy as part of the immune system and transmit messages from cell to cell

The treatment for Type 2 diabetes

Treatments include diet, exercise, medication, and insulin therapy.

The three structural forms of lipid

Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

The functions of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in the body.

Triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols are the most common members of the lipids family, the class of nutrients made up primarily of dietary fats. Lipids are naturally occurring compounds that all share one trait in common: they're insoluble in water. Although fats often get a bad rap, the body needs a certain amount of lipids to function properly. However, trouble can occur if your body's lipid levels are either too high or too low.

The difference in structure between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. They differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds. ... Monounsaturated fats: This type of unsaturated fat contains only one double bond in its structure.

The difference in properties of fats at room temperature (solid vs. liquid) depending on the fatty acid structure

Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. They differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds. They can be further categorized as: Monounsaturated fats: This type of unsaturated fat contains only one double bond in its structure.

Why is a vegetarian diet good for disease prevention

Vegetarian diets can help prevent chronic diseases, American Dietetic Association says. ... Appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases

What happens to protein synthesis if essential amino acids are missing

Your body doesn't store any excess amino acids you consume, which is why you need them in your diet each day. If essential amino acids are missing in your foods, your body's first response is to break down muscle tissue to access the amino acids it contains so it can use them elsewhere.

What is an emulsifier?

a substance that stabilizes an emulsion, in particular a food additive used to stabilize processed foods.

What is the difference between complete and incomplete protein?

here are two main types of protein: complete and incomplete. Complete proteins contain every essential amino acid. Incomplete proteins lack one or more of the essential amino acids. A complete protein will give your body access to all of the amino acids that it lacks the ability to make itself. This is important because the body needs every amino acid (essential and non-essential) to build and repair tissue. Since the body can make non-essential amino acids, it needs the essential amino acids from dietary sources. Eating complete proteins will ensure that your body has access to all the amino acids it needs.

Essential fatty acids and examples of foods that contain them

omega 3 Walnuts Salmon Canola Oil. omega 6 Flaxseed oil hempseeds

Protein complementation is and examples of food combining?

which is a strategy of combining incomplete proteins to form a complete protein. For example, legumes can be combined with grains to provide sufficient amounts of the amino acids methionine and lysine.