NUTR 132 FINAL EXAM
What is Baby Led Weaning?
A safe, practical, and natural alternative where you place food infront of infant and allow them to feed themselves
What is the "let-down" reflex?
Allows milk to flow from the alveoli when the infant nurses
Anorexia
def- An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significantly low body weight. symptoms-Significantly lower body weight compared to those of similar stature, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image physical complications- lack of control, abuse, distorted body image
Bulminia
def-An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, sense of lack of control while eating. symptoms- self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, excessive exercise, fasting physical complications-Swollen salivary glands, irritation of the esophagus, stomach ulcers psychological- depression, lack of control, impulsive
What are some health compromising eating behaviors in adolescents?
excessive dieting, meal skipping, use of unconventional nutritional and non-nutritional supplements, fad diets
Theories on what has led to the obesity epidemic
external cues to overeating- more availble foods, human sensations, and larger portions physical inactivity-inactivity epidemic
What contributes to the woman's weight gain besides the fetus?
extra fluid
Failure to thrive
failure to follow a predicted pattern or sudden change of growth pattern may suggest nutritional problems
What is colostrum? What is in it?
first form of milk produced by the mammary gland contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and proteins (antibodies) that fight disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses
Normally, does a woman have to avoid certain foods while she is breast feeding?
fish to prevent mercury poisoing
Give examples of intense vs. low intensity levels of activity.
intense levels of activity- sprinting, lifting, sprints while swimming low levels of activity- jogging, distance swimming, fast walking
What causes eating disorders?
interactions among brain biology, personality, and environmental influences.
How much caffeine is acceptable while breastfeeding?
limit caffeine intake to 300 mg per day
What is the best/healthiest way to lose weight? What are characteristics of a sound weight-loss plan?
long-term lifestyle changes, emphasis on healthy active living with acceptable dietary and behavior modifications Characteristics: rate of loss, flexibility, intake, behavior modification, overall health control calorie intake, increased physical exercise, and behavior modification
What are the milk producing glands?
mammary glands
What is Body Mass Index(BMI) and what values are considered healthy, overweight and obese?
measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height, and applies to most adult men and women aged 20 and over A BMI of 18.5 - 24.9 is considered healthy. A BMI of 25 - 29.9 is considered overweight A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
Should infants be fed cow's milk during the 1st year?
no
What is the disease risk difference between lower body fat and abdominal fat (Pear vs. Apple shape)
pear- gynoid obesity *more common in menstruating women apple- android obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes *more common in post-menopausal women
What are the benefits of breast milk compared to formula?
provides natural antibodies and immune factors such as ear infections less constipated and gassy lower the risk of sudden infant death syndrome provides up to 55% of total cal as fat
Be familiar with approaches/tips to getting toddlers to eat
schedule regular meal and snacks, make eating fun, offer a variety of foods, allow child to eat slowly, and present food in relaxed manner
What is the target heart rate range for exercise?
target range: calculate MHR lower limit: .50* MHR upper limit: .85*MHR target range: Lower limit- upper limit, beats per min
What is lactation?
the secretion of milk by the mammary glands
What is the placenta, why is it important?
the special organ that grows inside the uterus to support new life The only way nutrition can reach the developing fetus
What is Nursing Bottle Syndrome?
tooth decay b/c the teeth are soaked in liquid b/c infant sleeps with bottle in their mouth
What food groups are most likely lacking in adolescents' diets?
vegetable and fruit
What are the differences between formula and breastmilk? Why might an infant need formula rather than breastmilk?
Breast milk has more fat, the fat composition changes within each feeding, and micronutrient needs can be met through breast milk Infants might need formula b/c of milk protein allergies
What are desirable measurements for men and women?
Desirable measurements= <40 in (men), <35 in (women) Upper body obesity= >40in (men) and >35in (women)
What are some common nutrition problems in infants and toddlers?
Diarrhea and constipation
Are calorie requirements increased or decreased during pregnancy? How much?
Increased, consume 350-450 more calories per day. 450 during third trimester
Are the calorie requirements increased or decreased for lactating women?
Increased, require approx 500 cals a day
What are the infants' nutritional needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals compared to an adult? Are they increased or decreased?
Increased: calcium- essential for achieving peak bone mass, vitamin D- calcium absorption, iron- younger children need more than adults
How much alcohol is acceptable while breastfeeding?
Limit to one drink occasionally, takes 1.5 hours to metabolize one drink
What is maximum heart rate(MHR)? How can you estimate it (know the formula)?
MHR- the heartbeat rate that will achieve a cardiovascular conditioning effect for a person, max heart rate MHR= 220- age, equals beats per minute
What measurement do health professionals use to assess central obesity?
Measured by the circumference of the abdomen at the natural waist.
Is honey good for infants before age 1? Why?
No, can lead to food borne illness
Are vitamin and mineral supplements necessary for most athletes?
No, unless athlete has a low-calorie diet or is vegatarian
What are the different sources to produce ATP in your body (PCr, carbs., fats or protein) for low, moderate and intense exercise levels? And, for different durations.
PCr- all exercise initially, primarily for short bursts of activity(liftings, jumping) Carbs(anaerobic)- high intensity exercise, especially lasting 30 sec- 2 mins(sprints) Carbs(aerobic)- exercise lasting 2 mins- several hours, the higher the intensity(running a 6-mile) the greater the use( jogging, swimming, power walking) Fat(aerobic)- exercise lasting more than a few minutes, the lower the intensity, the greater the use( long-distance running & cycling) Protein(aerobic)-low amount during all exercise, important during endurance exercises ( long-distance running)
What is Ellyn Satter's Division of Responsibility for Infants?
Parents are responsible for the what and infants are responsible for how much they eat
What are the recommendations for a "Pregame" meal and "Recovery" meal for endurance athletes?
Pregame- light meal 2-4 hours prior to event: primarily carbs, low fat, little fiber, moderate protein, avoid fatty fried foods Recovery- carb intake most important for replenishing glycogen, appropriate amount of high protein foods, high fluid and electrolyte intake
What stimulates the hormones to produce and secrete breast milk? And, what are the hormones?
Prolactin stimulates milk production hormones:insulin and cortisol
Are dietary protein needs more or less for exercise?
Protein needs are more for exercise
What are the developmental signs that an infant is ready for food?
Psychological capabilities Physical ability: child is no longer thrusting their tongue and pushing food out of mouth, head and neck control, and the ability to sit up with support
What are the benefits of physical activity?
Reduces blood pressure, enhances heart function, reduces stress,improves blood glucose regulation, improves immune function, and reduces risk of cancer
What are good food sources of folate?
Refined grains: ready-to eat cereals and breakfast replacement bars Leafy greens, orange juice
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome(FAS)? And, how do you prevent it?
Symptoms: poor fetal and infant growth, physical deformities(facial), mental retardation, irritability, hyperactivity, short attention span and limited hand-eye coordination prevent by not consuming alcohol during pregnancy
Be familiar with mechanisms for regulating hunger and appetite: nerves, nutrient levels in blood, and hormonal signals (leptin and ghrelin)
The hormone ghrelin signals the brain that you are hungry The hormone leptin promotes a sense of fullness Nerves in the stomach signal when you are full
What is the "training effect?" What happens inside the body?
Training effect-increases the ability to convert food energy to ATP Inside the body- more glucose can be transported from the bloodstream to cells, increases muscles ability to store glycogen, increases muscle triglyceride content, increase insulin sensitivity, and increases efficiency of cardio & respitory systems
Treatment: types and who is on the treatment team, for eating disorders?
Types- nutrition therapy, psychological therapy and pharmacological therapy Team- experienced physicians, registered dieticians, and psychologists Therapists/psychologists- emotions and behaviors Registered dietitians- educate about food, metabolism, weight gain or loss Experienced physicians- vitals and blood work
What vitamin is given as an injection to most newborns and why?
Vitamin K b/c newborns cant produce enough vitamin K to allow for effective blood clotting if infant is injured
Is exercise recommended during pregnancy? Why or Why not?
Yes, prevents pregnancy complications and promotes an easier delivery, may reduce risk of GDM
What is a teratogen? What are examples?
any chemical, biological, or physical agent that causes birth defects Exs: alcohol, drug use and environmental toxins
What is the rationale for using caffeine or creatine?
caffeine- promotes mental alertness, improves vigilance, and decreases perception of fatigue creatine- increases PCr in muscles to keep ATP concentration high
Explain the behavior modification strategies for weight management discussed in class.
change shopping habits, plan ahead for meals and physical activity, change the environment to control portions and excessive eating, self monitoring, and set goals.
Other disorders discussed in class
Binge eating disorder, PICA, purging disorder
Normal weight gain for pregnant women (1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester)
1st (0-13 weeks) 1-4.5 lb 2nd (13-26 weeks) 1-2 lb per week 3rd (26-40 weeks) 1-2 lb per week 25-35 lb in total
What percentage of calories come from snacking in teenagers' diets?
25%
Compare anaerobic and aerobic glucose metabolism.
Anaerobic- limited oxygen(intense activity), glucose=>> lactic acid, replenishes ATP quickly but can't sustain ATP production bc of lactic acid buildup Aerobic- low to moderate intensity, can sustain ATP production for several hours bc no lactic acid buildup
Why is it not recommended to be underweight at the onset of pregnancy? What disease may occur if excessive weight is gained?
B/c it can negatively effect fetal growth, infants will have lower birth weight or might be premature If excessive weight is gained- babies have an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome
What are the four factors affecting your energy output?
Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR), Thermic Effect of Food (TEF), Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Physical Activity
What are the recommendations for feeding infants according to the Academy of Pediatrics. When should solids be introduced?
Before 6 months, nutritional needs can be met through breast milk Should be introduced after 6 months
What are the protein and carbohydrate needs after strength and power activities?
Consuming carbs & protein promotes recovery Carb- consume 1-1.5 grams per kg of body weight Protein- consume 20 grams of high quality protein 1-2 hours after exercise
What are fluid needs for exercise? When are sports drinks needed?
Fluid needs: 2-3 hours before:2-3 cups, after: 2 cups for each pound of body weight lost Sports drinks- needed when exercise exceeds 60 minutes
Which vitamin is important even before conception? And why? What does it reduce the risk of?
Folate b/c its essential for the healthy development of a fetus. Folate reduces the risk of neural tube defects
What are unsafe food choices(may cause choking) for infants?
Foods that a round, larger than half a inch in diameter, soft or sticky texture Peanut butter, hot dogs, grapes,raw carrots
What is a growth chart? What is it used for?
Growth Charts- data to monitor growth patterns, specific to weight,age, and gender
What are the discomforts of pregnancy that we discussed in class. And, what causes them?
Heartburn- hormone changes and a growing belly can cause stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus Constipation- intestinal muscles relax during pregnancy Nausea and Vomiting- increased sense of smell b/c pregnancy hormones Sore back- A growing uterus, a shifting center of gravity, and loosening ligaments add up to back pain for many pregnant women